all about understanding oneself

1. LESSON 4
The Self From
The Perspective
Of PSYCHOLOGY

2. QUESTIONS TO PONDER:
Why are there many
versions of
the self in psychology?
What role do individual
differences play in the
determination of the
self?

3. WHAT IS
PSYCHOLOGY?
Psychology is the field of the social sciences
that deals with the description, explanation,
prediction and control of behavior (Ciccarelli
and Meyer, 2006) It is deals with the study
of human behavior and connected with it is
the concept of the self.
Issues in Psychology are the following:
1. Mind – body problem of philosophy
2. Nature – Nurture Controversy

4. William James
(1842-1910)
● American Philosopher and
Psychologist

5. Professor of Psychology
and Philosophy at Harvard
University
One of the great
pragmatists
01 “Theory of the Self”
02
03 04
Table of contents
Wrote a book entitled
“The principles of
Psychology”

6. THE “ME” AND “I”
1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self.
2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never static.
3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from
one object to another.
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and
independent of consciousness itself.
5. Consciousness can focus on a particular object and not.

7. I
S E L F
ME

8. The ‘Me’ Self
▪ A separate object or individual that the person to
when discussing or describing their personal
experiences.
Examples:
1. The gifts were sent to ME.
2. The person is smiling at ME.

9. The ‘Me’ Self
• James called the ‘ME’ self as the empirical ME.
• Divided into three components: the material
self, the social self, and the spiritual self.

10. The Material Self
• Consist of the things or objects that belong to
the person or entities that a person belongs to.
(e.g. The person’s body, his family, clothes, his
money)
01

11. The Social Self
• Refers to the person is in a particular social
situation.
• Changes in behavior usually result from the
different social situations the person finds
himself in.
02

12. The Spiritual Self
• Refers to the self that is more concrete or
permanent when compared to the material
and social selves.
• The most subjective and intimate part of the
self.
• Always engaging in the process introspection
(self-observation)
03

13. The ‘I’ Self
• James called the ‘ME’ self as the empirical ME.
• Divided into three components: the material
self, the social self, and the spiritual self.

14. Pure Ego = person’s soul or mind
• Comprises the totality of the person’s
identity
• Self that knows and recognized who they a
and what they have down
Example: I borrowed the book from the libra
I bake a cake

15. OTHER SELVES IN
PSYCHOLOGY

16. Global and
Differentiated
Self Models
The Global Self
▪ Represents the overall value that a person
places upon himself.
▪ The groups of people that you interacts
with everyday strongly influences you.
▪ The global self is the product of all
experiences that he had in the society
which accounts for the kind of person
he presently is.

17. Global and
Differentiated
Self Models
The Differentiated
Self
▪ Murray Bowen (1913-1990)
- came up with the concept of a
differentiated self.
- observed that there are two
forces
affecting the person:
Togetherness Individuality
BALANCE

18. Global and
Differentiated
Self Models
The Differentiated
Self
▪ Affected by the presence of others and
has the ability to separate feelings
and thoughts
▪ Has own personality and unique
characteristics
▪ Enables the person to develop and sustain
his unique identity, make his own choices, and
accept responsibility for his behavior and still be
able to stay emotionally connected with his
family and friends.

19. Real and Ideal
Self-Concepts
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)
• Proposed a personality theory known
as the ‘Person-Centered Theory’
• Self-concept – used to refer how a
person thinks about or perceives
himself.
Two types of self-concept:
a. The real-self concept
b. b. The ideal-self concept

20. Real and Ideal
Self- Concepts
The real self-concept
• Refers to all information and perception the
person has about himself.
The ideal self-concept
• Refers to what the person aims for himself
to be
WHO DO I
WANT TO
BE?

21. Real and Ideal
Self- Concepts THE REAL SELF-CONCEPT
CONGRUENCE
THE IDEAL SELF-CONCEPT
HAPPY
AND
SATISFIED

22. Real and Ideal
Self- Concepts
The Self-Discrepancy
Theory
• By Edward Tory Higgins (1987)
• Self-guides - internalized standards to which
people use to compare themselves
• When the self is found to be deviating from
these guides, the result is self-discrepancy.
Causes emotional discomfort

23. MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED
SELVES
Multiple Selves Theory
- suggests that there exists in the individual different aspects of the
self
- A unified being is essentially connected to consciousness,
awareness, and agency
A psychologically healthy individual is a person who is able to make sense of the sometimes confusing
and conflicting aspects of themselves and integrate them into a single, unified self.

24. TRUE AND FALSE SELVES
THE TRUE SELF THE FALSE SELF
✔ CREATIVE
✔ Spontaneously experiencing
each day of their lives
✔ Appreciate being alive
✔ High level of awareness in the
person of who he is
✔ Recognizes his strengths
Accepts his limitations
✔ Enjoys winning and success
✔ Learns from mistakes
✔ Lacks spontaneity
✔ Dead and empty
✔ The mask that hides the true
person for fear of pain of
rejection and failure
✔ At times, enable the person to
form superficial but productive
social relationships
D.W.
WINNICOTT
(1896-1971)

25. TRUE AND FALSE SELVES
D.W.
WINNICOTT
(1896-1971)

26. The self as a proactive
and agentic
The Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura (1925 – 2021)
Seen as
proactive
and agentic
Capacity to
exercise
control over his
life

27. The self as a proactive
and agentic
Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Paradigm
Albert Bandura (1925 – 2021)

28. The self as a proactive
and agentic
Albert Bandura (1925 – 2021)
The Social Cognitive Theory
• learning through observation
• suggested that human beings are
proactive, self regulating, self-reflective,
and self-organizing
• The human agency is the essence of
being human

29. FEATURE
S
OF
HUMAN
AGENCY
Actions performed by the person with full
awareness of his behavior.
Example: Kenneth went online to apply for a passport
because he wants to travel outside his country.
I. INTENTIONALITY

30. FEATURE
S
OF
HUMAN
AGENCY
Person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of
his behavior.
Example: Kenneth chose an interview date for his passport
application where most likely he will be on-leave
II. FORETHOUGHT

31. FEATURE
S
OF
HUMAN
AGENCY
Process in which the person is motivated and
regulates his behavior as he observes his progress
in achieving his goals.
Example: Kenneth saves a larger portion of his salary in
the bank so he can have enough cash to travel to Japan.
III. SELF-REACTIVENESS

32. FEATURE
S
OF
HUMAN
AGENCY
The person looking inward and evaluating his
motivations, values, life goals, and other people’s effect
on him.
Example: Kenneth believes that he has to enjoy and
experience life a little while still able and capable.
IV. SELF-REFLECTIVENES

33. SELF-REGULATION
• A person reactively attempts to minimize the discrepancies between
what he has already accomplished and what he still wants to
achieve.
TAKE ACTION REFLECT
PREPARE
REVISE
MAINTAIN

34. ACTIVITY #1: MY BETTER
HALF
✔ Make a self portrait of your
A. Real Self vs. Ideal Self (GIRLS)
B. True Self vs. False Self (BOYS)
✔ Reflection
A. Which of the selves discussed in the perspective of
psychology is true/ applicable for you?
B. Cite Experiences that will support your answer