The document discusses different types of city forms including the radiocentric, gridiron, and linear cities. It provides examples like Moscow as a radiocentric city with concentric rings radiating from the Kremlin. Chandigarh and San Francisco are discussed as examples of gridiron cities with orthogonal street grids. Navi Mumbai is presented as a linear city developing along transportation routes. The document also covers models of urban land use including the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models.
The document provides guidelines for urban planning techniques and practices in India according to UDPFI (Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation) standards. It outlines the need for guidelines to promote orderly and efficient urban development. The urban planning system involves perspective plans, development plans, annual plans and project plans. Norms and standards are provided for land use distribution, infrastructure, commercial facilities, recreation, transportation, and population densities for different sizes of urban areas. Recommendations include increasing densities in metro areas and encouraging renewable energy and waste management techniques.
Human settlements can range in size from small hamlets of under 100 people to massive megalopolises containing millions. Early settlements were often located in places that provided natural defenses, access to resources like water and fertile soil, and opportunities for trade and transport. Over time, as settlements grew, their layouts and functions also evolved, with some becoming more planned and specialized in areas like administration, industry, commerce, or tourism.
The document discusses the principles and concepts of neighborhood planning. It explains that neighborhood planning aims to create small residential units of 2,000-5,000 people to foster a sense of community. Key aspects of neighborhood planning include limiting the size to a walkable area, using boundary roads, incorporating green spaces, designing internal streets for safety, providing a mix of housing, locating shops and community centers in central areas, and including facilities like schools and parks within 1 km to encourage social life. The principles of neighborhood planning aim to balance residential development with community spaces and recreation to recreate the lost neighborhood relationships of modern cities.
GARDEN CITY(garden city concept), the perfect blend of city and nature.
the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions.
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
Urban morphology, elements of urban designAbdul Rab
This document provides an overview of urban design topics including urban morphology, elements of urban design, and the nature of urban design projects in public and private developments. It defines urban morphology as the study of the form and development of human settlements. It then discusses some key elements of urban design like buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation, and landscaping. Finally, it describes how urban design projects are carried out through public-private partnerships, with the private sector taking on financial and operational risks and the public sector providing funding or subsidies.
1. Early humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers but began settling in caves near water sources for shelter.
2. Around 10,000-5,000 BC, humans learned agriculture and began living in permanent settlements of huts and mud houses near their cultivated fields.
3. As populations grew and chiefdoms formed, social stratification emerged between rich elites living in fortified castles and poorer peasants and artisans living in surrounding areas, laying the foundations for early civilizations.
The document discusses different types of city forms including the radiocentric, gridiron, and linear cities. It provides examples like Moscow as a radiocentric city with concentric rings radiating from the Kremlin. Chandigarh and San Francisco are discussed as examples of gridiron cities with orthogonal street grids. Navi Mumbai is presented as a linear city developing along transportation routes. The document also covers models of urban land use including the concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models.
The document provides guidelines for urban planning techniques and practices in India according to UDPFI (Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation) standards. It outlines the need for guidelines to promote orderly and efficient urban development. The urban planning system involves perspective plans, development plans, annual plans and project plans. Norms and standards are provided for land use distribution, infrastructure, commercial facilities, recreation, transportation, and population densities for different sizes of urban areas. Recommendations include increasing densities in metro areas and encouraging renewable energy and waste management techniques.
Human settlements can range in size from small hamlets of under 100 people to massive megalopolises containing millions. Early settlements were often located in places that provided natural defenses, access to resources like water and fertile soil, and opportunities for trade and transport. Over time, as settlements grew, their layouts and functions also evolved, with some becoming more planned and specialized in areas like administration, industry, commerce, or tourism.
The document discusses the principles and concepts of neighborhood planning. It explains that neighborhood planning aims to create small residential units of 2,000-5,000 people to foster a sense of community. Key aspects of neighborhood planning include limiting the size to a walkable area, using boundary roads, incorporating green spaces, designing internal streets for safety, providing a mix of housing, locating shops and community centers in central areas, and including facilities like schools and parks within 1 km to encourage social life. The principles of neighborhood planning aim to balance residential development with community spaces and recreation to recreate the lost neighborhood relationships of modern cities.
GARDEN CITY(garden city concept), the perfect blend of city and nature.
the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions.
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
Urban morphology, elements of urban designAbdul Rab
This document provides an overview of urban design topics including urban morphology, elements of urban design, and the nature of urban design projects in public and private developments. It defines urban morphology as the study of the form and development of human settlements. It then discusses some key elements of urban design like buildings, public spaces, streets, transportation, and landscaping. Finally, it describes how urban design projects are carried out through public-private partnerships, with the private sector taking on financial and operational risks and the public sector providing funding or subsidies.
1. Early humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers but began settling in caves near water sources for shelter.
2. Around 10,000-5,000 BC, humans learned agriculture and began living in permanent settlements of huts and mud houses near their cultivated fields.
3. As populations grew and chiefdoms formed, social stratification emerged between rich elites living in fortified castles and poorer peasants and artisans living in surrounding areas, laying the foundations for early civilizations.
Town planning and architecture
HISTORY OF GARDEN CITY
FEATURES OF GARDENCITY
EXAMPLES O GARDEN CITY
REFERENCE -TOWN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE ,R S AGRAWAL
This document discusses urban morphology and the determinants of urban form. It begins by defining key terms like form, urban form, and urban morphology. It then describes the two main types of urban form - organic and grid oriented. The main determinants that shape urban form are described as natural (e.g. topography, climate) and man-made (e.g. political, religious, economic). Specific examples of each determinant are provided with images to illustrate how the determinant influenced the urban form. The document also includes a glossary defining terms commonly used in urban design like urban block, public realm, grain, and density.
History of Town Planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
The document discusses urban design and its key principles and elements. It defines urban design as the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages, dealing with groups of buildings, streets, and public spaces at a larger scale than architecture. It outlines the differences between architecture, urban design, and urban planning in terms of scale, orientation, and time frames. The core elements of urban design discussed include buildings, public spaces, streets, transport, and landscape. Principles like character, continuity and enclosure, public realm, ease of movement, and diversity are also summarized.
This document provides information about Sir Patrick Geddes, a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist, and pioneering town planner. It discusses his influential thinking in fields like urban planning and sociology. Some of Geddes' key contributions mentioned include introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning, coining the term "conurbation" to describe merged urban areas, and founding the Scots College international teaching establishment. The document also outlines some of Geddes' principles for urban planning projects in places like Bombay and his concepts around the relationships between a place, its folk/people, and their work.
This document discusses the history and evolution of urban planning and settlement design. It describes early river valley civilizations and features of cities from ancient times, including the Indus Valley and cities in Greece, China, and India. It then covers the development of modern planning principles and new planned cities in the 20th century, highlighting concepts from Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities, Tony Garnier's industrial cities, and Clarence Stein's Radburn design. The document also outlines key aspects of urban planning like transportation networks, land use planning, and social infrastructure standards.
Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner known as the "Father of Modern Town Planning". He introduced concepts like the "region" in architecture and planning. Geddes believed that a region influences and is influenced by the cities within it, represented by his "Geddian Trio" of activity, work, and place. He coined the term "conurbation" to describe merged cities and regions influenced by new transportation technologies. Some of Geddes' plans included the master plan for Tel Aviv which emphasized pedestrians, greenery, and civic spaces. He also developed the "constellation theory" of regional planning around groupings of interconnected cities.
Ebenezer Howard proposed the garden city concept as a solution to problems in late 19th century cities. He envisioned self-sufficient towns of around 30,000 people, surrounded by greenbelts, that combined the benefits of town and country living without their drawbacks. Letchworth Garden City, built in 1903, was the first to implement Howard's ideas of concentric design and separation of housing, industry and agriculture. The garden city movement aimed to reform urban planning and integrate people more with nature.
The linear city model proposes an urban plan consisting of elongated, parallel zones specialized for different functions like industry, housing, and agriculture. As the city expands, additional zones would be added linearly instead of spreading wider. The model was first developed in the 19th century but promoted in the 1920s Soviet Union under Milyutin. It aimed to separate functions like housing from pollution-causing industry through zoning along transportation lines like rivers or railroads. A linear settlement is a similar but smaller concept, usually following a transport route like a road, and may lack a defined center.
Introduction to human settlement and housingty0385
Human settlements are places where humans live and are influenced by various factors. Settlements have evolved over time from primitive and non-organized groups to modern organized cities and urban areas. The document discusses the major phases of evolution of human settlements from primitive groups to modern urban areas. It also discusses how early settlements arose in river valleys that had fertile soil and water for agriculture, which allowed surplus food and the rise of early cities with specialized populations. Environmental factors like water sources, landscape, and vegetation influenced where early humans chose to settle.
Ancient Indian cities had sophisticated town planning systems based on Vedic texts. Towns were classified by size, from small villages to large capital cities, and by shape, including rectangular, square, circular and mystic symbolic designs. Larger cities had defined areas for temples, tanks, palaces, markets and residential zones for different castes. Streets were arranged in a grid pattern with widths specified in ancient units of measurement. Overall town planning principles focused on providing resources, security and social organization according to religious scripts.
Sir Patrick Geddes was a pioneering Scottish town planner in the late 19th/early 20th century. Some of his key contributions included:
- Introducing the concepts of "region" and "conurbation" to urban planning.
- Arguing that rural development, urban planning, and city design require different approaches and shouldn't follow a single process.
- Developing the concept of the "valley section" to illustrate how a region influences and is influenced by its cities.
- Coining the term "conurbation" to describe the merging of cities, towns, and urban areas through population growth and expansion.
- Advocating a sequential approach to planning of regional survey, rural development
The document provides an overview of the evolution of town planning in India from ancient to modern times. It describes the major periods of development:
- Ancient period saw the rise of the Indus Valley civilization and planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Vedic and Buddhist texts also discussed early town planning principles.
- Medieval towns were dominated by churches and castles and tended to be irregular in layout for defensive purposes.
- Mughal cities like Agra, Delhi, and Shahjahanabad were redesigned with gardens and parks incorporated.
- The British established colonial cantonments and hill stations outside existing Indian towns during the pre-independence period. New Delhi was
Urban renewal is a comprehensive strategy aimed at dealing with urban decline and decay through policies and actions that improve economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions in problematic urban areas. It involves rearranging land use, ownership, and functions through redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation, and infrastructure improvements. Urban renewal is needed in old, congested urban areas where dilapidated buildings, lack of facilities, and obsolete land uses have reduced the potential and livability of cities. In India, rapid urbanization has overwhelmed aging infrastructure, leading to decay in city cores, making urban renewal crucial to revive cities with long histories.
The document discusses various topics related to town planning and planning concepts including:
- Definitions of town planning and the role of planners
- The planning process including identification of problems, data collection/analysis, forecasting, implementation, and review
- Types of surveys including regional, town, land use, density, and traffic surveys
- Different types of plans including structural, comprehensive, and developmental plans
The document discusses satellite towns, which are smaller metropolitan areas located near but independent from larger cities. Satellite towns help decentralize populations and activities to reduce overcrowding in major cities. They have local governance and facilities, but rely on parent cities for some employment and education. The document outlines the need for satellite towns due to urban growth issues, and describes their characteristics, objectives in developing infrastructure, and the process of city and regional planning to integrate satellite towns with parent cities.
The document describes the evolution of human settlements from early nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to permanent agricultural communities and eventually urban settlements. Early humans lived as nomads but began settling near sources of food and water as they learned farming. River valleys were popular early sites as they provided fertile land and resources. Settlements grew into organized communities with social hierarchies, division of labor, and new building types like castles and temples. Advanced civilizations featured specialized occupations, trade networks, and dense urban areas with infrastructure and cultural institutions.
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
The document discusses the human settlement patterns from pre-historic to modern times. It explains that early humans lived in caves, trees, and constructed temporary huts for safety and security. With the Neolithic age, permanent settlements of rectangular houses made of wood and thatch emerged. Over time, villages and towns formed and non-agricultural fortified settlements were built. The document then outlines different phases and classifications of human settlements from primitive to organized forms, and rural to urban types across historical periods.
This document discusses and compares large collective works from ancient Egypt and Central Asia. It describes the early monumental enclosures built at Abydos in Egypt, which preceded the pyramids, and estimates the labor required for their construction. Details are provided on pharaoh Djoser's complex at Saqqara, including reconstructed drawings. Labor estimates are also given for the Great Pyramids at Giza. In Central Asia, the document outlines early irrigation systems in Mesopotamia, showing a map of settlements and canals from the Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods. It includes a schematic of the irrigation system at Nippur from around 2000 BCE and a 1973 photo of annual canal cleaning in northern
Town planning and architecture
HISTORY OF GARDEN CITY
FEATURES OF GARDENCITY
EXAMPLES O GARDEN CITY
REFERENCE -TOWN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE ,R S AGRAWAL
This document discusses urban morphology and the determinants of urban form. It begins by defining key terms like form, urban form, and urban morphology. It then describes the two main types of urban form - organic and grid oriented. The main determinants that shape urban form are described as natural (e.g. topography, climate) and man-made (e.g. political, religious, economic). Specific examples of each determinant are provided with images to illustrate how the determinant influenced the urban form. The document also includes a glossary defining terms commonly used in urban design like urban block, public realm, grain, and density.
History of Town Planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
The document discusses urban design and its key principles and elements. It defines urban design as the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages, dealing with groups of buildings, streets, and public spaces at a larger scale than architecture. It outlines the differences between architecture, urban design, and urban planning in terms of scale, orientation, and time frames. The core elements of urban design discussed include buildings, public spaces, streets, transport, and landscape. Principles like character, continuity and enclosure, public realm, ease of movement, and diversity are also summarized.
This document provides information about Sir Patrick Geddes, a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist, and pioneering town planner. It discusses his influential thinking in fields like urban planning and sociology. Some of Geddes' key contributions mentioned include introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning, coining the term "conurbation" to describe merged urban areas, and founding the Scots College international teaching establishment. The document also outlines some of Geddes' principles for urban planning projects in places like Bombay and his concepts around the relationships between a place, its folk/people, and their work.
This document discusses the history and evolution of urban planning and settlement design. It describes early river valley civilizations and features of cities from ancient times, including the Indus Valley and cities in Greece, China, and India. It then covers the development of modern planning principles and new planned cities in the 20th century, highlighting concepts from Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities, Tony Garnier's industrial cities, and Clarence Stein's Radburn design. The document also outlines key aspects of urban planning like transportation networks, land use planning, and social infrastructure standards.
Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner known as the "Father of Modern Town Planning". He introduced concepts like the "region" in architecture and planning. Geddes believed that a region influences and is influenced by the cities within it, represented by his "Geddian Trio" of activity, work, and place. He coined the term "conurbation" to describe merged cities and regions influenced by new transportation technologies. Some of Geddes' plans included the master plan for Tel Aviv which emphasized pedestrians, greenery, and civic spaces. He also developed the "constellation theory" of regional planning around groupings of interconnected cities.
Ebenezer Howard proposed the garden city concept as a solution to problems in late 19th century cities. He envisioned self-sufficient towns of around 30,000 people, surrounded by greenbelts, that combined the benefits of town and country living without their drawbacks. Letchworth Garden City, built in 1903, was the first to implement Howard's ideas of concentric design and separation of housing, industry and agriculture. The garden city movement aimed to reform urban planning and integrate people more with nature.
The linear city model proposes an urban plan consisting of elongated, parallel zones specialized for different functions like industry, housing, and agriculture. As the city expands, additional zones would be added linearly instead of spreading wider. The model was first developed in the 19th century but promoted in the 1920s Soviet Union under Milyutin. It aimed to separate functions like housing from pollution-causing industry through zoning along transportation lines like rivers or railroads. A linear settlement is a similar but smaller concept, usually following a transport route like a road, and may lack a defined center.
Introduction to human settlement and housingty0385
Human settlements are places where humans live and are influenced by various factors. Settlements have evolved over time from primitive and non-organized groups to modern organized cities and urban areas. The document discusses the major phases of evolution of human settlements from primitive groups to modern urban areas. It also discusses how early settlements arose in river valleys that had fertile soil and water for agriculture, which allowed surplus food and the rise of early cities with specialized populations. Environmental factors like water sources, landscape, and vegetation influenced where early humans chose to settle.
Ancient Indian cities had sophisticated town planning systems based on Vedic texts. Towns were classified by size, from small villages to large capital cities, and by shape, including rectangular, square, circular and mystic symbolic designs. Larger cities had defined areas for temples, tanks, palaces, markets and residential zones for different castes. Streets were arranged in a grid pattern with widths specified in ancient units of measurement. Overall town planning principles focused on providing resources, security and social organization according to religious scripts.
Sir Patrick Geddes was a pioneering Scottish town planner in the late 19th/early 20th century. Some of his key contributions included:
- Introducing the concepts of "region" and "conurbation" to urban planning.
- Arguing that rural development, urban planning, and city design require different approaches and shouldn't follow a single process.
- Developing the concept of the "valley section" to illustrate how a region influences and is influenced by its cities.
- Coining the term "conurbation" to describe the merging of cities, towns, and urban areas through population growth and expansion.
- Advocating a sequential approach to planning of regional survey, rural development
The document provides an overview of the evolution of town planning in India from ancient to modern times. It describes the major periods of development:
- Ancient period saw the rise of the Indus Valley civilization and planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Vedic and Buddhist texts also discussed early town planning principles.
- Medieval towns were dominated by churches and castles and tended to be irregular in layout for defensive purposes.
- Mughal cities like Agra, Delhi, and Shahjahanabad were redesigned with gardens and parks incorporated.
- The British established colonial cantonments and hill stations outside existing Indian towns during the pre-independence period. New Delhi was
Urban renewal is a comprehensive strategy aimed at dealing with urban decline and decay through policies and actions that improve economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions in problematic urban areas. It involves rearranging land use, ownership, and functions through redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation, and infrastructure improvements. Urban renewal is needed in old, congested urban areas where dilapidated buildings, lack of facilities, and obsolete land uses have reduced the potential and livability of cities. In India, rapid urbanization has overwhelmed aging infrastructure, leading to decay in city cores, making urban renewal crucial to revive cities with long histories.
The document discusses various topics related to town planning and planning concepts including:
- Definitions of town planning and the role of planners
- The planning process including identification of problems, data collection/analysis, forecasting, implementation, and review
- Types of surveys including regional, town, land use, density, and traffic surveys
- Different types of plans including structural, comprehensive, and developmental plans
The document discusses satellite towns, which are smaller metropolitan areas located near but independent from larger cities. Satellite towns help decentralize populations and activities to reduce overcrowding in major cities. They have local governance and facilities, but rely on parent cities for some employment and education. The document outlines the need for satellite towns due to urban growth issues, and describes their characteristics, objectives in developing infrastructure, and the process of city and regional planning to integrate satellite towns with parent cities.
The document describes the evolution of human settlements from early nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to permanent agricultural communities and eventually urban settlements. Early humans lived as nomads but began settling near sources of food and water as they learned farming. River valleys were popular early sites as they provided fertile land and resources. Settlements grew into organized communities with social hierarchies, division of labor, and new building types like castles and temples. Advanced civilizations featured specialized occupations, trade networks, and dense urban areas with infrastructure and cultural institutions.
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
The document discusses the human settlement patterns from pre-historic to modern times. It explains that early humans lived in caves, trees, and constructed temporary huts for safety and security. With the Neolithic age, permanent settlements of rectangular houses made of wood and thatch emerged. Over time, villages and towns formed and non-agricultural fortified settlements were built. The document then outlines different phases and classifications of human settlements from primitive to organized forms, and rural to urban types across historical periods.
This document discusses and compares large collective works from ancient Egypt and Central Asia. It describes the early monumental enclosures built at Abydos in Egypt, which preceded the pyramids, and estimates the labor required for their construction. Details are provided on pharaoh Djoser's complex at Saqqara, including reconstructed drawings. Labor estimates are also given for the Great Pyramids at Giza. In Central Asia, the document outlines early irrigation systems in Mesopotamia, showing a map of settlements and canals from the Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods. It includes a schematic of the irrigation system at Nippur from around 2000 BCE and a 1973 photo of annual canal cleaning in northern
Understanding history of architecture through lost cities, case cahokia civi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
It is the people that make history. The lives of people living in the past has shaped what today is left is as a larger world. Every civilization has its own historic implications. Understanding the history of architecture is an important tool for contemporary design. In the present state of rapid modernization, we have started to embrace the future but have forgotten that detailed analysed history is what leads us to a better tomorrow. These studies are essentially a comparison between how the people lived and how they wanted to be perceived as a living. Apart from known and architecturally celebrated ancient towns like Mohen-jo-daro, Harappa etc., there lies an unending list of mysterious cities like Atlantis, Kahokia, Catalhoyk, Pavlopetri, Tikal, Timgad, Machu Pichu, etc. They are still under research as relevant and requisite data to get them included in textbooks are still missing. However, each of these places has a unique story of its own. Each of them is like fairy tale story with charm and ecstasy. Their lifestyle, neighbourhood, habits, strengths and downfall are all very relevant to their socio-economic setting. An in-depth analysis of their civilization will certainly help us in establishing a better understanding of the human race as a whole. This in turn would help us in designing future cities. This paper will involve the study and analysis of Kahokia civilization with reference to various aspects of architecture and socio-economic setting. A journey of their rise and fall is being attempted to be traced and analysed.
Keywords: History, Mystery, Unique, Architecture, Socio-economic, Future, Kahokia.
TECHNIQUES AND PRATICES OF AGROECOLOGY OLD ERAvirgo_az
This document summarizes various agricultural techniques and practices used in old eras, including:
1) Agroforestry practices like fruit orchards were common, as evidenced by pollen found in archaeological sites.
2) Irrigation and terracing were widespread techniques used in places like the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Andes mountains.
3) Drainage systems like raised fields and canals were used in parts of Asia and Latin America to manage water.
4) Sustainable practices included intercropping, crop rotations, and using organic materials and biological controls to manage soils and pests. However, some early cultivation systems like in parts of China were not sustainable and led to issues like erosion,
Human settlements can be classified in several ways, including by population size, geographical distribution, physical form, functions, and time dimension. Key classifications include rural vs urban settlements, with urban defined as having a population over 50,000 and density over 1,000 per square mile. Settlements are also classified by their population sizes from small villages to large cities. Their physical forms can take geometric shapes like linear, rectangular, circular or star-like patterns. Classification is difficult to standardize due to wide diversity globally.
The document discusses issues with current linear agricultural practices and land consumption, and proposes vertical farming as an alternative. Specifically:
1) Current agriculture is unsustainable due to finite land and increasing population pressures, leading to widespread deforestation and environmental degradation.
2) Vertical farming in "Sky Farm" skyscrapers is proposed as an alternative, which could grow enough food for 40,000 people using only 1.34 hectares of land instead of hundreds through highly efficient water and space use.
3) "Sky Farm" would be fossil-fuel free and could improve food security while reducing agriculture's environmental impact through waste recycling and renewable energy.
The document discusses vertical farming and its benefits of reducing environmental damage, transportation costs and emissions while ensuring a constant food supply. It questions if we are facing a food shortage and need to change our living habits and connections at global, national, urban and landscape scales from social, economic, political and environmental contexts. It also discusses indeterminacy in architecture, changes in communication, climate change impacts, population growth, deforestation and urban agriculture as ways to minimize land and resource use and teach self-sufficiency.
This document discusses human settlements. It begins by defining human settlements and describing their history. Early human settlements formed for protection, access to resources like water, farmland, and materials. The document then discusses why the first permanent settlements began, with people starting agriculture and needing to stay in one place. It describes how early settlements chose defensive locations with access to necessities. The document outlines effects of modern human settlements like pollution, resource consumption, and vulnerability to climate impacts. It classifies rural and urban settlements and describes common settlement patterns. Sustainable urban planning is presented as key to addressing environmental challenges from settlements.
The document discusses the agricultural practices and way of life of early Filipinos. It describes how they transitioned from hunter-gatherers to cultivating plants and herding animals around 10,000 years ago, allowing them to grow in numbers and live in settled communities. It then provides details on their staple foods, styles of dress, social structure led by village chiefs or datus, and arts that developed.
This document summarizes key concepts from the works of several scholars related to social evolution. It discusses hunter-gatherer divisions of labor by gender, age, season and task specialization. It also outlines Gordon Childe's definitions of savagery, barbarism and civilization. Several case studies of major collective works from different time periods and regions are presented, including raised fields, water management systems, fortifications and structures like nuraghi and pyramids. The level of labor coordination and estimated workforce required for various projects is also examined.
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
This document discusses the transformation of forests in Java under Dutch colonial rule. It describes how the Dutch initially relied on the Kalang community of skilled woodcutters and shifting cultivators to harvest timber. In the 18th century, the Dutch tried to control the Kalangs and forests. In the 19th century, the Dutch enacted scientific forestry laws restricting villagers' access and activities in forests. The laws aimed to control timber extraction and protect newly planted commercial forest stands.
The document discusses the history of Jericho, the oldest continuously inhabited city. It attributes Jericho's 14,000 year survival to key environmental advantages, including abundant water from a natural spring, fertile soil, and strategic location. The Natufian people established the first settlement in Jericho around 14,000 years ago, taking advantage of the region's biological and geographical resources that also facilitated the development of agriculture. Jericho's reliable access to water and protective geographical features have enabled it to endure as a human settlement for millennia.
The document describes the early civilization of Mesopotamia that developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 4000 BC. Key factors in the rise of civilization included the establishment of advanced cities that supported specialized workers through surplus agricultural production, leading to complex institutions for governance, religion, and economic management which relied on early forms of record keeping like cuneiform writing. Improved irrigation techniques also supported agriculture and population growth in urban centers.
The document discusses regenerative agriculture as a solution to the environmental damage caused by industrial agriculture. It summarizes the history of agriculture as a series of transformations that increased productivity but also caused environmental degradation. Regenerative practices like holistic grazing management, cover cropping, and permaculture can help repair landscapes by restoring healthy soil, water cycles, and biodiversity. This represents an eighth transformation to a more sustainable model of agriculture.
Urban Rooftop Microfarms for Australian Commercial Buildingsx3G9
The document discusses the concept of microfarming, which refers to small-scale food production, often within urban environments. It provides examples of microfarming throughout history, including possible rooftop farms in ancient Babylon called the Hanging Gardens. The document argues that microfarming can make significant contributions by reducing waste, fossil fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions, while providing fresh food and jobs locally. Organic hydroponics is discussed as a form of microfarming that creates nutrients from organic wastes rather than inorganic fertilizers, though the nutrient mixes can be variable.
This document provides an overview of urban agriculture and microfarming concepts and projects. It discusses:
1. The definition of microfarming as small-scale food production, often within urban environments. Examples include rooftop farms and small plots.
2. Examples of pioneering microfarm projects, from the possible Hanging Gardens of Babylon to modern projects in cities like Toronto, Singapore, and Israel integrating hydroponics, aquaponics, and organic waste recycling.
3. The potential benefits of urban microfarming including improved food security, environmental benefits from local production and waste recycling, and economic opportunities.
GEO1-Geography of Natural Resources.pdfMilesCerafica
The document provides information about natural resources and human geography. It discusses topics like energy resources and industrialization, renewable and non-renewable resources, land resources, and resource management. Renewable resources include biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar, and wind. Non-renewable resources include oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy. Land degradation and desertification are also covered.
The Vertical Shift - Avoiding the Malthusian Catastrophe - Gordon GraffSBCBreakfastSessions
The document discusses ways to avoid a Malthusian catastrophe of population growth outpacing food production through land consumption. It outlines how human agricultural land use has already claimed 38% of the earth's land area, with 80% of potentially arable land in use. To feed the additional 2.5 billion people expected by 2050 will require an area the size of Brazil. Initiatives proposed include dramatically improving land efficiency through vertical farming projects like SkyFarm, which can produce the same yield as 1,369 acres of conventional farming on only 1.34 hectares of land. These initiatives aim to avoid issues like massive starvation, irreversible ecological damage from further land clearing, and make agriculture independent of fossil fuels.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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For more information about PECB:
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
5. GAI3
GAI3
SAFETY &
SECURITY
TO PROTECT
THEMSELVES FROM
PREDATORS & ENEMIES
TO PROTECT THEMSELVES
FROM ADVERSE WEATHER
CONDITIONS LIKE
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
,STORMY WINDS AND RAIN
TO SAFEGUARD THEIR FOOD
SUPPLIES & DOMESTIC ANIMALS
WHY HUMAN NEEDS A SHELTER?
VJ
6. GAI3
GAI3
Settlement is a process of grouping
of people and acquiring of some
territory to build houses as well as for
their economic support.
It is defined as any form of human
habitation which ranges from a single
dwelling to a large city.
Its a process of opening up and
settling of a previously uninhabited
area by the people.
SETTLEMENT
7. GAI3
GAI3MAMMOTH BONE HUT -
MOLDAVA
PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE LIVE IN CAVES
PALEOLITHIC AGE
NOMADS AND HUNTERS
SHELTER - CAVE,TREES
MESOLITHIC AGE
NOMADS AND HUNTERS
SHELTER – TEMPORARY
Huts were built using mammoth bone
followed by houses of wood, straw &
rock.
8. GAI3
GAI3
NEOLITHIC AGE
FARMERS AND HERDERS
SHELTER – PERMANENT
- Neolithic houses were rectangular and
made using tree trunks.
-The roof was usually made from timber
beams with a reed thatch covering.
- The houses usually had a hearth which
was used for cooking: unlike the earlier
Mesolithic people, Neolithic people
cooked food indoors
9. GAI3
GAI3
PRIMITIVE
NON
ORGANIZED
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
PRIMITIVE MAN
(tree tops, branches , tree holes & caves)
PALEOLITHIC - OLD STONE AGE
NOMAD
TEMPORARY SHELTER (ISOLATED DWELLING-HAMLET)
( Huts were built using mammoth bone ,wood , straw & rock)
MESOLITHIC - MIDDLE STONE AGE
FARMERS & HERDERS
PERMANENT SHELTER (FORMATION OF VILLAGE)
(The roof was usually made from timber beams with a reed thatch covering)
NEOLITHIC - NEW STONE AGE
CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN - WINNER BECAME THE KING
NON AGRICULTURAL FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS WERE BUILT WITH
MOATS ALL AROUND (FORMATION OF TOWN)
(people started migrating to this town centre for better wages & employment)
BRONZE AGE
DUE TO EXCESSIVE MIGRATION
DEVELOPMENT CAME OUT OF FORTS TO ACCOMDATE MORE PEOPLE
GIVING RISE TO A BIGGER SETTLEMENTS (FORMATION OF LARGER
TOWNS & CITIES)
IRON AGE
PRIMITIVE
ORGANIZED
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
STATIC URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
OR CITIES
PHASE 1
PHASE2
PHASE 3
DIFFERENT PHASES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
10. GAI3
GAI3
DYNAPOLIS
30 MILES IN DIAMETER
17TH CENTURY ONWARDS
METROPOLIS
100 SQKM IN DIAMETER
MEGALOPOLIS
1000 SQKM IN DIAMETER
ECUMENOPOLIS
WHOLE EARTH WILL BE COVERED BY
ONE HUMAN SETTLEMENT
(population explosion will be the decisive
factor)
UPCOMING PHASE
UNIVERSAL
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
DYNAMIC URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
11. GAI3
GAI3
CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT
HUMAN SETTLEMENT
RURAL SETTLEMENT URBAN SETTLEMENT
ISOLATED DWELLING
HAMLET
VILLAGE
TOWN
CITY
CONURBATION
12. GAI3
GAI3
SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY PATTERN
1 FAMILY
5 0R 6 UNITS OF FAMILIES
UP TO SEVERAL 100 PEOPLE
UP TO 10 TO 20 THOUSAND PEOPLE
UP TO 100,000 PEOPLE
UP TO HALF A MILLION PEOPLE
ONE OR TWO MILLION PEOPLE
SEVERAL MILLION
PEOPLE
PRIMATE
13. GAI3
GAI3
ADMINISTRATIVE
New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhi Nagar
INDUSTRIAL
Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Salem, Coimbatore,Modinagar, Surat
TRANSPORT
Kandla, Kochi, Road and Rail Junctions like MughalSarai,
COMMERCIAL TOWNS
Kolkata, Mumbai, Saharanpur, Indore, Chennai, etc.
MINING TOWNS
Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Digboi, Ankaleswar
CANTONMENT
Meerut, Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Pathankot,
EDUCATIONAL
Roorkee, Pilani, Manipal, Aligarh, Varanasi, etc.
RELIGIOUS
Puri, Mathura, Madurai, Tirupati, Katra, Amritsar,
TOURIST
Nainital, Mussorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi,
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CITIES
14. GAI3
GAI3
EKISTICS
▪The term Ekistics was first coined by the renowned planner
▪DOXIADIS (1903-75)
▪ It is defined as the SCIENCE OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS drawing on the research and experience of
diverse disciplines
▪Including urban, regional, city and community planning and
architecture
as well as behavioral science including human psychology,
anthropology, culture and politics.
15. GAI3
GAI3
15 EKISTICS UNITS – CA DOXIADIS
MAN - 1
ROOM - 2
HOUSE - 5
HAMLET - 40
VILLAGE - 250
NEIGHBOURHOOD - 1500
SMALL POLIS – 10,000
POLIS / CITY – 75,000
SMALL METROPOLIS - 5,00,000
METROPOLIS – 4 MILLION
MEGALOPOLIS – 150 MILLION
SMALL EPERO POLIS- 750 MILLION
EPEROPOLIS – 7500 MILLION
ECUMENOPOLIS – 50,000 MILLION PEOPLE
SMALL MEGALOPOLIS – 25 MILLION
16. GAI3
GAI3
The physical elements / components comprises of
1)SHELTER
( The superstructures of different shape, size, type and materials erected by
mankind for security, privacy, and protection from the elements and for his
singularity within a community )
2) INFRASTRUCTURE
( The complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from the shelter people,
goods, energy or information )
3) SERVICES
( Cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social
body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition )
“The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to
which these elements provide the material support.
18. GAI3
GAI3
LOWER END- THE INDIVIDUAL,
THE ROOM, AND THE
DWELLING
INCREASE IN SIZE
OTHER EXTREME END - THE
CITY, THE URBAN CONTINENT,
AND THE "WORLD-WIDE CITY“
WHICH HE CALLED AN
ECUMENOPOLIS
FIRST DIMENSION
(RELATIVE TO SCALE)
19. GAI3
GAI3
SECOND DIMENSIONS - EKISTICS ELEMENTS
(MAN'S FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS)
NATURE
MAN/ANTHROPOS
SOCIETYSHELL
NETWORK
20. GAI3
GAI3
DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
WATER SUPPLY:
Settlements are located near water bodies such as RIVERS, LAKES, AND SPRINGS
Water supply is a main factor as it is used for DRINKING, COOKING, WASHING,
IRRIGATION AND TRANSPORTATION PURPOSES
TOPOGRAPHY:
Topography refers to the SHAPE AND ELEVATION OF THE LAND. It includes features
like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts.
Farmers preferred to settle IN FLAT, OPEN AREAS SUCH AS PLAINS AND VALLEYS
FOR CULTIVATION which has rich fertile soil
MOUNTAINS WERE LESS FRIENDLY to human settlement. Steep mountains were hard to
cross. Their jagged peaks, cold temperatures, and rocky land made farming difficult.
DESERTS ALSO DISCOURAGED SETTLEMENT. They were hot and dry. They contained
very little water for farming.
VEGETATION:
There are many kinds of vegetation, such as TREES, BUSHES, FLOWERS, GRASS, AND
REEDS.
plants were a source of FOOD and useful products out of plants, including BASKETS,
21. GAI3
GAI3
2) CULTURAL FACTOR
These include aspects like CASTE, COMMUNITY, ETHNICITY AND RELIGION.
In India it is commonly found that the MAIN LAND OWNING CASTE resides at the
CENTRE of the village and the OTHER SERVICE PROVIDING CASTES ON THE
PERIPHERY.
This leads to SOCIAL SEGREGATION AND FRAGMENTATION of a settlement into
several units
3) HISTORICAL OR DEFENCE FACTOR
In the past and also today’s context mostly border areas were conquered or attacked
frequently by outsiders.
SECURITY concerns favored the EVOLUTION OF NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS.
building on high ground allowed people the chance TO LOOK OUT FOR ENEMIES
Surrounding a settlement with water also helped with DEED DEFENCE
4) ACCESSIBILITY
Need to COMMUNICATE with other areas of trade and travel
Settlements are often located along TRANSPORT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATION
LINES road and trail lines
Settlement needs communication network
22. GAI3
GAI3
CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENT
1 ) ON THE BASIS
OF LOCATION
PLAIN VILLAGES
PLATEAU VILLAGES
COASTAL
VILLAGES
FOREST VILLAGES
DESERT VILLAGES
2 ) ON THE BASIS OF
FUNCTION /
OCCUPATION
FARMING VILLAGES
FISHERMEN’S
VILLAGES
LUMBERJACK
VILLAGES
PASTORAL VILLAGES
3 ) ON THE BASIS OF
SHAPE OF SETTLEMENT
NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT
LINEAR PATTERN
RECTANGULAR PATTERN
SQUARE PATTERN
CIRCULAR PATTERN
STAR / RADIAL PATTERN
DISPERSED SETTLEMENT
SEMI COMPACT SETTLEMENT
T-SHAPED PATTERN
CHECKER BOARD PATTERN
FAN SHAPED PATTERN
ELONGATED PATTERN
DOUBLE PATTERN
CROSS-SHAPED ETC.
Y SHAPED PATTERN
CRUCIFORM PATTERN
24. GAI3
GAI3
1 ) ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION
SIZE
MEGA CITIES
( MORE THAN 5 MILLION POPULATION)
METROPOLITAN
(ONE MILLION TO FIVE MILLION
POPULATION)
CITY
(ONE LAKH TO ONE MILLION POPULATION)
TOWN
(LESS THAN ONE LAKH POPULATION)
2 ) ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION
ADMINISTRATIVE
New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhi
Nagar
INDUSTRIAL
Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Salem,
Coimbatore,Modinagar, Surat,
TRANSPORT
Kandla, Kochi, Road and Rail Junctions like
MughalSarai,
COMMERCIAL TOWNS
Kolkata, Mumbai, Saharanpur, Indore, Chennai,
etc.
MINING TOWNS
Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Digboi, Ankaleswar
CANTONMENT
Meerut, Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Pathankot,
EDUCATIONAL
Roorkee, Pilani, Manipal, Aligarh, Varanasi, etc.
RELIGIOUS
Puri, Mathura, Madurai, Tirupati, Katra, Amritsar,
CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT
Class Population
Class I (city) 1,00,000 and above
Class II (town) 50,000 – 99,999
Class III 20,000 – 49,999
Class IV 10,000 – 19,999
Class V 5,000 – 9,999
Class VI less than 5,000
31. GAI3
GAI3
ANCIENT TOWN PLANNING PRINCIPLES IN INDIA
DANDAKA NANDYAVARTA SARVATOBHADRA SWASTIKA PRASTARA PADMAKA KARMUKHA CHATURMUKHA
ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND PURPOSE
ANCIENT TOWNS
EIGHT TYPES
MANASARA VASTU SASTRA
32. GAI3
GAI3
CHANAKYAS ARTHA SASTRA - HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENT & CASTE SYSTEM
PRIEST AND
MINISTERS
DEPRESSED
CLASS
CEMETRY
FOREST
FOOD
AND
GOODS
TRADERS
SKILLED
WORKERS
KSHATRIYA
S
TREASURY
GOLDSMIT
H
INDUSTRIES
DOCTORS
ARTISTS
PALAC
E AND
TEMPL
E
N
WALL AROUND THE TOWN, ‐ 6 dandas (10.8m) high
and 12 dandas (21.6m) wide.
beyond this wall there should BE THREE MOATS OF
14‘, 12’AND 10’ WIDE to be constructed four arm‐lengths
apart.
depth – 3/4th of width.
city located near A PERENNIAL WATER BODY
east west and three north – south roads, should divide the
town
the MAIN ROADS should be 8 DANDAS(14.4M) wide
and OTHER ROADS 4 DANDAS(7.2M) WIDE.
1 well for 10 houses.
shape might be circular, rectangular or square as would
suit the topography.
33. GAI3
GAI3
JAIPUR CITY PLANNING CONCEPTS
Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer
capital SHIFTS from AMER, 11 KM (7 MILES) FROM JAIPUR
to accommodate the GROWING POPULATION AND INCREASING SCARCITY OF WATER
VIDYADHAR BHATTACHARYA CHIEF ARCHITECT OF Jaipur
City was planned based on the principles of VASTU SHASTRAAND SHILPA SHASTRA
The city was divided into nine blocks
State buildings and palaces were occupied in two blocks
Remaining seven blocks allotted to the public.
1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8 9
34. GAI3
GAI3
The main streets of the city were 111FT. WIDE
Secondary streets 55 FT WIDE
The smaller ones 27FT. WIDE.
CHAUPAR – It’s a square that occurs at THE INTERSECTION OF EAST WEST ROADS WITH THRE
NORTH SOUTH ROADS.
Each chaupar is around 100M X 100M
The distance between two chaupars is about 700M which is ideal for PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT.
Used for PUBLIC GATHERING ON FESTIVE OCCASIONS.
INHABITABLE DUE
TO DEEP SLOPE
PALACE PRECINT
WESTERN GATE
CHAND POL
(MOON GATE)
EASTERN GATE
SURAJ POL
(SUN GATE)
CHAUPAR
NORTHERN GATE
(AMER GATE )
SETTLEMENT
40. GAI3
GAI3
MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION – UR CITY
FAMOUS FOR ZIGGURAT
OLDEST SETTLEMENT OF THE WORLD
UR was an important SUMERIAN CITY-STATE in ancient Mesopotamia IRAQ
It was a FERTILE LAND RICH, ALLUVIAL SOIL laid down by the TWIN RIVERS, THE TIGRIS
AND
EUPHRATES and was ENORMOUSLY PRODUCTIVE
The RIVER CHANGED ITS COURSE, settlement came to an END
In order to HARNESS THE POWER OF THE FLOOD, an elaborate system of CANALS, DAMS
AND
FLOODGATES was developed.
GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS, PRIESTS
& SOLDIERS
MERCHANTS, TEACHERS
LABOURERS, FARMERS &
CRAFT-MAKERS
SLAVES
(CAPTURED FROM BATTLE)
SUPREME POWER
TOP LEVEL PEOPLE
MIDDLE LEVEL
PEOPLE
BOTTOM LEVEL
PEOPLE
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
41. GAI3
GAI3
GREAT ZIGGURAT UR CITY ,IRAQ
Sumerians place their important TEMPLES on PLATFORMS OR, IN THE CASE OF ZIGGURATS,
on a stepped series of platforms.
They are built out of a core of MUD-BRICK with an outer skin of fired bricks, set in BITUMEN
MORTAR, to protect it AGAINST FLOOD DAMAGE
42. GAI3
GAI3
Good irrigation system gave ABUNDANT CROPS, not everybody needed to work on farms.
The CHISEL WORKERS made sculptures, THE GEM CUTTERS made gems, and THE FULLER
stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The METAL WORKERS made weapons.
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
FORTIFICATIO
N GATE
COURT OF
NANNA
ZIGGURA
T
GIPARU
SACRED
PRECINT
CITY
WALL
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
EUPHRATES
RIVER
CANA
L
WEST
HARBOU
R
NORTH
HARBOUR
E.DUBLALMAH
PLACE OF JUDGEMENT
UR SETTLEMENT LAYOUT
44. GAI3
GAI3
BAKER SQUARE
ENTRANCE
PASSAGE
COURTYARD WITH
TWO FURNACE
LARGE COURTYARD
FURNACE
SHOPS &
BUSINESS
RELATIVELY LONG
AND NARROW SHOPS
WORKSHOPS AND
STORE ROOM
LOW WINDOWS ACTS
LIKE A COUNTER
THE KAHN
3 SEPARATE
ENTRANCE
19 GROUND FLOOR
ROOMS
MAY BE HOTEL
THREE STOREY HIGH
THE COOK HOUSE
HOUSE CONVERTED
INTO FAST FOOD
RESTAURANT
BREAD OVEN
INDOOR SEATING IN
OLD DOMESTIC
CHAPEL
FOOD PREPARATION
CAN BE VIEWED BY
PASSERS THROUGH
LOW WINDOW
PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY
45. GAI3
GAI3
Each house had a DOMESTIC CHAPEL
where cult structures and the FAMILY
BURIAL-VAULT was kept.
KITCHENS, STAIRWAYS,
WORKROOMS, LAVATORIES were all
part of the household structures.
The houses were packed in very tightly,
with EXTERIOR WALLS of one household
immediately ABUTTING THE NEXT ONE
THE INTERIOR COURTYARDS and
wide STREETS PROVIDED LIGHT
CLOSE-SET HOUSES protects the
EXTERIOR WALLS IN HEATING
especially during the hot summers.
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF PRIVATE HOUSES IN UR
CITY
Four main residential areas of the city included HOMES WITH BAKED MUD BRICK
FOUNDATIONS arranged along long, narrow, winding streets and alley ways.
Typical houses included an OPEN CENTRAL COURTYARD with two or more main living rooms in
which the families resided.
The use of BITUMEN AS A MORTAR, particularly in the construction of large structures such as city
walls, also provided an effective PROTECTION AGAINST DAMP
PRIVATE HOUSES PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY
49. GAI3
GAI3
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION:
Time period 3300 -1300 B.C
Indus valley civilization is bordered around
India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
Flourished along River Indus
Bronze age civilization
Inhabitants developed new techniques in
handicraft and metallurgy
City is famous for URBAN PLANNING
Innovative use of baked bricks
Elaborate drainage & water supply system
Trade and transport were the main occupation
Pioneers of cotton cultivation
They have good knowledge with
measurement like length , mass and time
Mohenjodaro people have fine knowledge about personal hygiene with fine bath facilities
Main streets and roads were set in a line varying from 4m to 10m with fire burnt bricks
Roads are suitable for wheeled traffic
Lanes are joined with streets and designed with lamp post
City follow the grid pattern
Main streets divide the city at right angles dividing the city onto squares
51. GAI3
GAI3
City was divided into two parts higher city and lower city
Higher city(Acropolis)was safeguarded by walls which look like a fort usually occupied by
rulers
Acropolis comprises of assembly halls, religious structure, granaries and great bath
Lower part of the city was occupied by former and common people spread over a square mile
Rich ruling class people dwell in the multi roomed house while poor live in small tenements
Public buildings and big houses are situated in the broad roadsEncroachments on roads and lanes are strictly not permitted
Bathrooms were attached to rooms
Each house is equipped with well, attached toilets and cover drain which in turn connects to
main drain line
Houses are made out of burnt bricks and gypsum and even double storied
Rooms are designed around courtyard
Each house has well connected sink and it is further linked with underground sink
53. GAI3
GAI3
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- CITADEL OF MOHENJODARO
A planned city based on a street grid of rectilinear buildings
Spread around 300 hectare
City divided into citadel and lower city
Citadel – mound of mud bricks of 12m height encloses great bath, granary residential area
for 5000 citizens and two large assembly halls
City has central market place and a public well
Large granary building in massive wooden super structure with air ducts to dry the grain
Colonnaded courtyard steps leads to a built brick pool water proofed by bitumen water
proofing
Pool of size 12x7x2.4m
Granary of size is 150’x75’x15’
Granary indicates high level of a agricultural civilization
Flood by Indus is thought to be the cause of destruction
58. GAI3
GAI3
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Greek civilization developed in the mainland, that extends into
the Mediterranean Sea.
Greek mainland was rocky and barren and therefore bad for
agriculture
Greeks lived along the coastal islands where the soil was also
good for farming .
The Aegean and Mediterranean Seas enhanced the
communication and trade with other places.
PLANNING CONCEPTS OF GREEK TOWNS
Old cities such as Athens had IRREGULAR STREET PLANS reflecting their gradual organic
development.
New cities, especially colonial cities established during the Hellenistic period, had a GRID-IRON
STREET
PLAN
Usually City is divided in to ACROPOLIS, AGORA & TOWN
The period of ancient Greek history can be divided into four
as follows:
•1100 B. C. –750 B. C Greek Dark Ages
•750 B. C. –490 B. C. Archaic Period
•5000 B. C. –323 B. C. Classical Period
•323 B. C. –147 B. C. Hellenistic Period
60. GAI3
GAI3
Its an ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens
It has the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance
The most famous being the Parthenon.
The acropolis combined Doric orders and Ionic orders
ACROPOLIS ATHENS
63. GAI3
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AGORA - ATHENS
Located to the
northwest of
the Acropolis
Most important
gathering place in a
Greek city.
Open area where the
council of the city met to
take decisions.
It emerged as the heart
of Greek intellectual life
and discourse.
A place for combined
social, commercial and
political activities.
Usually located on a
flat ground for ease of
communication
It is also located close
to the Acropolis.
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TOWN - ATHENS
The town was where the people lived.
This was the domain of women, who did not have any public role.
Early Greek towns had an irregular street pattern, resulting from its organic growth.
Later Hellenistic towns were made up of formal rectilinear pattern.
The town was made up of only residential houses
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SETTLEMENT PATTERN - MESSENE CITY - HELLENISTIC PERIOD
Under the Hellenistic period they created
urban centers (new cities),
Urban centres followed a Hippodamian
structure.
The Hippodamian system was an urban
planning concept that follows orthogonal grid
system,
This plan was pre-determined, strictly
geometric in nature, and based on the virtues of
the democratic constitution.
Hippodamian system resulted in the creation
of public space of human scale
In the Hellenistic era, city were fulley walled
The location of Ancient Messene is not
random
Surrounded by the mountains of Ithome and
Eva, both acting as natural fortifications for the
city,
new city was geographically located in the
centre of the new state of Messenia
there was a dominant water feature within the
city's walls (the Klepsydra spring), feeding the
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The romans were NOT SEAFARING PEOPLE AND COLONISTS like the Greeks.
The ancient capital Rome founded near RIVER TIBER was protected by SEVEN SURROUNDING
HILLS.
They did not depend on mere colonization but THEY CONQUERED FIRST BY WAR AND THEN
RULED BY LAW.
The STREETS which divided these blocks were 15 TO 16 FT. WIDE
The two main streets, connect the PRINCIPAL GATES,
All the streets had WELL-BUILT SEWERS BENEATH THEM
The ancient Romans also employed REGULAR ORTHOGONAL STRUCTURES inspired by Greek
and Hellenic examples
The basic plan consisted of a CENTRAL FORUM WITH CITY SERVICES, surrounded by a
COMPACT, RECTILINEAR GRID OF STREETS.
A RIVER sometimes flowed near or through the city, PROVIDING WATER, TRANSPORT, AND
SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
They would lay out the STREETS AT RIGHT ANGLES, IN THE FORM OF A SQUARE GRID.
ALL ROADS WERE EQUAL IN WIDTH AND LENGTH, EXCEPT FOR TWO, which were slightly
wider than the others.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF ROME CIVILIZATION
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TYPICAL HOUSE ARRANGEMENT IN STREET
One of these ran east–west, the other, north–south, and intersected in the middle to form the centre of
the grid.
All roads were made of carefully fitted flag stones and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and
pebbles.
Bridges were constructed where needed.
Each SQUARE marked BY FOUR ROADS WAS CALLED AN INSULA the Roman equivalent of a
modern city block
EACH INSULA WAS ABOUT 80 YARDS (73 M) SQUARE.
Areas OUTSIDE CITY LIMITS were left open as FARMLAND.
A portcullis covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were
constructed along the city walls.
An AQUEDUCT was BUILT OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS.
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ROME CIVILZATION - TIMGAD
TIMGAD ALGERIA
ROMAN MILITARY TOWN
It’s a Roman military colony
Timgad adopts the guidelines of Roman town-
planning governed by a remarkable grid system.
The streets were paved with large rectangular
limestone slabs
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MEDIVAL CITY
Medieval period lasted roughly from A.D. 1000 to 1500
Most cities of present-day Europe were founded during this period
Revival of local and long-distance trade
Trading networks required protected markets and supply centers,
functions that renewed life in cities
Long-distance trading led to the development of a new class of
people — the merchant class
MEDIEVAL TOWN - HIRSCH HORN IS NECKAR, GERMANY
This town reveals three important features of urban morphology:
castle, wall, and cathedral.3
castle caps the summit of a fortified spur in the bend of the Neckar
River, affording a clear view of the river and forested valley.
THE FORTRESS
Usually cities were clustered around a fortified place
Reflected in place names — German -burg, French -Bourg, English
-burgh all meaning a fortified castle
The terms burgher and bourgeoisie, originally referred to a citizen of the medieval city
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THE CHARTER
Governmental decree from a regional power granting political autonomy to the town
Freed the population from feudal restrictions
Made the city responsible for its own defense and government
Allowed cities to coin their own money
These freedoms contributed to development of urban social, economic, and intellectual life.
THE MARKETPLACE
Symbolized role of economic activities in the city
City depended on the countryside for food and produce was traded in the market
Center for long-distance trade linking city to city
THE WALL
Symbol of the sharp distinction between country and city
Within the wall most inhabitants were free; outside most were serfs
People inside were able to move about with little restriction
Goods entering the gates were inspected and taxed
Nonresidents were issued permits for entry, but often required to leave by sundown when the
gates were shut
Suburbs called faubourgs sprang up, and in time demanded to be included into the city
If the suburbs were allowed to be part of the city, the wall was extended to include them
At one end stood the fairly tall town hail
Meeting space for city’s political leaders
Market hail for storage and display of finer goods.
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PROBLEMS CREATED FOR CONTEMPORARY URBAN LIFE BY MEDIEVAL CITY MORPHOLOGY AND
LANDSCAPE
Streets were narrow, wandering lanes, rarely more than 15 feet wide
Today, in 141 German cities, 77 percent of streets are too narrow for two- way traffic
THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS
Form and function of the city changed significantly during the
Renaissance (1500 — 1600) and baroque (1600-1800) periods
Rising middle class slowly gave up their freedoms in pursuit of
economic gain
City size grew rapidly because bureaucracies of regional power
structures came to dominate them
Trade patterns expanded with the beginning of European imperial
conquest
City planning and military technology acted to remold and constrain
the physical form of the city
BAROQUE PLANNING: PARIS,
FRANCE
During the 1800s, Napoleon III carried out a building plan in Paris.
Cobblestone streets carefully paved to prevent loose ammunition for rioting Parisians
Streets were straightened and widened, and cul-de-sacs broken down to give army space to
Maneuver
Thousands were displaced as apartment buildings were demolished
Many ended up in congested working-class sections of east and north Paris
The east and north sections are still crowded today
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SOLUTION
EVILS OF INDUSTRIES
Break down of traditional
communities ,handicrafts and art
forms
Formation of slums ,inadequate
housing
no proper ventilation , drainage
congestion
Health disorders
Depletion of natural resources
Pollution of five elements
Emission of co2
capitalism
child labor
unemployment
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INDUSTRIALAGE
Around 18th century began on Britain
It replaced the hand tools with power driven machines
Invention of steam engines and power looms
Out break of many large scale industries
Faster transportation
Drastic growth in the textile industry because of the invention of power looms
Mass production and low cost
More number of institutions were built to provide education
Middle and upper class enjoyed all benefits
MIDDLE
CLASS
WORKING CLASS
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
UPPER
CLASS
Land lords, merchants,
Industrialist
Bosiness men
Professionals, lawyers,
doctors,
Workers
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MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASS :
Middle and upper class enjoyed all benefits
Better housing and food
Fewer diseases and long living
They faced minimal difficulty during industrial revolution
LOWER CLASS :
Long working hours & Low wages
Children and female worked for minimal wages
Over crowding and congestion
Poor sanitation
Breakout of contagious diseases
Settlement started near factories
Hig h amount of Carbon di oxide emission
Diminishing of natural resources
Affected by the Use of pesticides and hazardous chemicals
At the end of 19th century governments assumed more responsibility for improvement of the cities in
Europe.
Germany encouraged co operative housing.
British law empowered state and local authorities to build houseS for rent to the working class
In 1871 in USA, Boson Co operative Co started a scheme of rental
housing for workers with big plots, large rooms& less Plot coverage
City planning was initiated in North America by using zoning Regulations – building to be allowed,
height limits & prohibited land uses
As cities started getting congested, people moved to suburbs for better opportunities & clean
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Tony Garnier (1869- 1948) was the son of Pierre Garnier the architect of the famous Paris Opera
house that
Formed one of the focus points of the 19th century transformation of Paris.
the design of cities as a whole should be approached rational and that industry had to be separated
from living quarters.
On the other hand he showed great sensibility to the symbolic meaning of buildings and the quality of
urban space,
He also considered the city to be a 'rhizome' where citizens could circulate freely, whereas the
modernists advocated strict hierarchical road networks and separation of types of traffic.
In hind sight Garnier was a 'stand alone' case in urban designThe grid patterns are not 'stamped' all
over the city.
The design of the civic centre is based on a disposition of buildings around a central axle.
This shows elements of classic design.
On the other hand all buildings are free standing and the open spaces are enormous. In the whole of
the plan there are few squares, let alone enclosed squares.
The living quarters show an innovative new type of building block with free standing houses and
'urban villas' on an 'island' between streets.
This type of building block had been taken up in recent urban design in the Netherlands.
The result is that there are no enclosed streets.
Trees form very much part of the design Indicating the more important streets and losely planted
within the blocks.
He designed lots of public space in living quarters, indicating that he cared everyday living conditions.
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EBENEZER HOWARD
sociologist,
English founder of the garden city movement
FAMOUS BOOKS
To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform,
Garden cities tomorrow
He explained the garden city concept through “Three magnets theory”
- TOWN (high population density & traffic congestion – disadvantage)
- COUNTRY (fresh air, close to nature & low land value)
- TOWN & COUNTRY (attractive feature of both town, country)
He offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of
both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country
(such as beauty, fresh air and low rents)
Howard was heavily influenced by the utopian visions of Edward Bellamy and his publication
“Looking Backward”(1888)
He studied the industrial evils in Britain and gave the concept “Garden city movement”
Garden Cities were created to avoid the downfalls of industrial cities of the time such as urban poverty,
overcrowding, low wages, dirty alleys with no drainage, poorly ventilated houses, toxic substances, dust,
carbon gases, infectious disease and lack of interaction with nature
First proposed garden cities were Letchworth and Welwyn in 1903 and 1920 respectively.
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central park and shopping street are surrounded by
dwellings in all directions at a density of 12families
per acre
The streets for houses are formed by a series of
concentric ringed tree lined avenues
Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km
420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which
run in the center of concentric rings , houses the
schools and churches and acts as a continuous public
park.
outer circle of factories and industries
whole is surrounded by a permanent green belt of
5000 acres
Town area is about of 1000 acres
Garden city was designed for healthy living and industry
land will remain in a single ownership of the community or held in trust for the community
Circular city growing in a radial pattern.
Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that radiated from the central park/garden
a large central park containing public buildings (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. )
are placed around the central garden.
central park surrounded by a shopping street with indoor shops and winter gardens.
“GARDEN CITY” layout
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CENTRAL PARK CONTAINING
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
PUBLIC BUILDINGS LIBRARY,THEATRE
MUSEUM,HOSPITAL ,CONCERT HALL
SHOPPING STREET
DWELLINGS
FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIES
5000 ACRES OF GREEN BELT
RADIATING BOULEYARDS
“GARDEN CITY” layout
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FRAMED NEW CONCEPTS
PATRICK GEDDES
Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer,
philanthropist and pioneering town planner
FAMOUS WORKS
Ramsay Garden and the Outlook Tower, both in Castle hill
FAMOUS BOOKS - Cities in evolution
He introduced the concept of "region" to and
coined the term "conurbation“
He was the originator of the idea and technique
of regional survey and city survey
He viewed the family as the central "biological
unit of human society“
According to geddes, healthy homes providing
the necessary conditions for mental and moral
development resulting with beautiful and healthy
children who are able to fully participate in life
He explained that house is an inseparable part
of the neighborhood, the city and the surrounding
open country and the region
He describes the relationship between people
and cities and how they affect one another
He also emphasized that people do not merely
needed shelter, but also food and work, the
recreation and social life
KEY UNITS OF SOCIETY
(PLACE, WORK, FAMILY)
HERBERT SPENCERFREDERIC LE PLAY
PATRICK GEDDES
INFLUENCED BY
CONCEPT OF BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
GEDESSIAN TRIAD
CONSTELLATION THEORY
CONURBATION
GEDDES VALLEY SECTION - REGION
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FOLK
(Organism)
Social aspect
WORK
(Function)
Economical aspect
PLACE
(Environment)
Physical aspect
(GEDDESIAN TRIAD)
The town planning primarily meant ESTABLISHING ORGANIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG PLACE
WORK AND ‘FOLK , which corresponds to triad (GEDDESIAN TRIAD) of organism, function and
environment.
He explains an organism's relationship to its environment as follows
“THE ENVIRONMENT ACTS, THROUGH FUNCTION, UPON THE ORGANISM AND
CONVERSELY THE ORGANISM ACTS, THROUGH FUNCTION, UPON THE ENVIRONMENT.“
(CITIES IN EVOLUTION, 1915)
In human terms this can be understood as a place acting through climatic and geographic processes
upon people and thus shaping them. At the same time people act, through economic processes such as
farming and construction, on a place and thus shape it. Thus both place and folk are linked and through
work are in constant transition.
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GEDDES VALLEY SECTION – “REGION”
Geddes said that "it takes a whole region to make the city”
The valley section is a complex model, which combines physical condition- geology and
geomorphology and their biological associations - with so-called natural or basic occupations such as
miner, hunter, shepherd or fisher, and with the human settlements that arise from them
The valley section illustrated the application of Geddes's trilogy of 'folk/work/place' to analysis of the
MINE FOREST REARING FIELD FARM & FIELD WATER BODIES
MINING CUTTING AND HUNTING GOAT AND COW REARING FARMING & GARDENING FISHING
MINER WOOD LOGER & HUNTING SHEPARD FARMER & GARDENER FISHERMAN
PLACE
WORK
FOLK
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CONSTELLATION THEORY
Four or more cities, which are not economically, politically,
socially equal come together in developing a whole region”
prominent cities in Maharashtra are connected forming
‘CONSTELLATION’ shape.
theory is most prominently used because planning cities in
a particular shape pattern is not possible in Today’s times.
STARS
CONSTELLATION - A group of stars linked
together to form a recognizable pattern
MUMBAI- Economic and Capital city
NASIK- Religious city
AURANGABAD- Administrative city
NAGPUR- Political city
PUNE-Educational importance city
MUMBAI- Economic and Capital city
NASIK- Religious city
AURANGABAD- Administrative city
NAGPUR- Political city
PUNE-Educational importance city
Above five cities need to be
developed for the development of the
region
The distance between the cities
ranges mostly in 100km-300km making
transportation, connectivity, inter-
dependency prosper within the state.
State has gained prime importance
and formed in early 60’s, contributing
15% to country’s industrial output and
13.3% GDP.
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CONURBATION THEORY
He was the first person to coin the term “conurbation”
He describe that conurbation is actually a waves of population inflow to large cities,
followed by overcrowding and slum formation resulting in the merging of several cities
A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other
urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one
continuous urban and industrially developed area
The term is used in North America, a metropolitan area can be defined by the Census Bureau or it
may consist of a central city and its suburbs, while a conurbation consists of adjacent
metropolitan areas that are connected with one another by urbanization.
LONDON
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THE OUTLOOK TOWER INTERPRETER’S HOUSE
(INDEX MUSEUM - SOCIOLOGICAL LAB)
It REPRESENTS THE ESSENCE OF GEDDES’S THOUGHT
- his holism, visual thinking, and commitment to
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY IN THE REGION
He said of it: ‘OUR GREATEST NEED TODAY IS TO
CONCEIVE LIFE AS A WHOLE, to see its many sides in their
proper relations, but we must have a PRACTICAL AS WELL AS A
PHILOSOPHIC INTEREST in such an integrated view of life
Hence the first contribution of this TOWER TOWARDS
UNDERSTANDING LIFE IS PURELY VISUAL, one can also
grasp what a natural region actually is and how a GREAT CITY IS
LINKED TO SUCH A REGION
Now the tower is home to the PATRICK GEDDES CENTRE
FOR PLANNING STUDIES, where an archive and exhibition
ROOF of the Outlook Tower OFFERS SPECTACULAR VIEWS across the Firth of Forth and the
surrounding city region
The tower was conceived as a TOOL FOR REGIONALANALYSIS, index-museum and the
‘WORLD’S FIRST SOCIOLOGICAL LABORATORY’
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LEWIS MUMFORD
American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic.
FAMOUS WORKS
The City in History
Technics and Civilization
The Myth of the Machine
in the name of sanity, he has constantly worked to rescue and extend the qualities of urban life that
will preserve and stimulate the human spirit of western civilization”
He explains that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems.
Urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and their living spaces.
“Cities have some of the human attributes of personality. That they show character, moods, visible
gestures of welcoming or rejecting is something that men have know almost since they began to live in
cities.”
Robert Moses had a comprehensive plan for NY and unprecedented power to carry it out; Lewis
Mumford was one of those critics most responsible for preventing him from driving that plan to
completion.
Mumford called Moses the unbuilder. Displacing neighborhoods and communities.
In 1958 Moses threatened to build a four-lane highway through Washington Square and Mumford
opposed him. Koch said Mumford was a deciding factor.
Mumford’s Critique of the World Trade Center, 1970:“characteristic example of the purposeless
giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city”
Port Authority executives “their duty to funnel more motor traffic into the city, through new bridges
and tunnels, than its streets and its parking spaces can handle..”
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He even criticizes the prevailing culture: And as the machine itself became, as it were, more active
and human, reproducing the organic properties of eye and ear, the human beings who employed the
machine as a mode of escape have tended to become more passive and mechanical. Unsure of their
own voices, unable to hold a tune, they carry a phonograph or a radio set with them even on a picnic:
afraid to be alone with their own thoughts, afraid to confront the blankness and inertia of their own
minds, they turn on the radio and eat and talk and sleep to the accompaniment of a continuous stimulus
from the outside world.”
He says there is “a need for a conception of what constitutes a valid human life, and how much of life
will be left is we go on ever more rapidly in the present direction. What has to be challenged is an
economy that is based not on organics needs, historic experience, human aptitudes, ecological
complexity and variety, but upon a system of empty abstractions: money, power, speed, quantity,
progress…
He claimed that the evolution of language was a key factor that separated humans from other animals.
He claimed the evolution of language was far more important to early human development than the
evolution of physical tools
He asks the eternal question. Why had technological progress brought with it such catastrophic ruin?
He was a witness to the worst 20 years of humankind, Hitler and Hiroshima, and he wanted an
explanation of what went wrong. Was the modern association of power and productivity with mass
violence and destructiveness merely coincidental?
MYTH OF MACHINE : Polytechnic – different modes of technology providing a complex framework to
solve human problems
Monotechnic – technology only for its own sake, which oppresses humanity as it moves along its own
trajectory. An example of monotechnic is the modern American transportation network. Reliance on
cars which become an obstacle to walking, bicycle and light rail.
Large hierarchical organizations are megamachines, a machine using humans as its components.
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PENTAGON OF POWER:
He emphasizes the electronic computer’s insidious impact on personal privacy and autonomy. To him
the computer is merely another overrated tool, vastly inferior to the human brain; in the wrong hands,
however, an extraordinarily dangerous one.
The test of maturity, for nations as well as individuals, is not the increase in power but the increase of
self-understanding, self-control, self direction and self-transcendence. For in a mature society, man
himself, and not his machines or his organizations, is the chief work of art”.
ENDING QUOTE OF LEWIS MUMFORD :I would die happy if I knew that on my tombstone could be
written these words, “This man was an absolute fool. None of the disastrous things that he reluctantly
predicted ever came to pass!”
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CHANDIGARH CITY PLANNING
With the partition in the subcontinent, Lahore, the capital of undivided Punjab fell within Pakistan,
leaving East Punjab without a Capital
It was decided to built a new Capital city called Chandigarh (fort of chandi goddess )
After the death of Nowicki Mayer , Le corbusier was given a chance to build his dream city
The city plan was conceived as post war ‘Garden City’ wherein vertical and high rise buildings were
ruled out, keeping in view the socio economic-conditions and living habits of the people.
MASTER PLAN WAS TO BE REALIZED IN TWO PHASES
Phase-I low density sector - 9000 acres (Sector 1 to 30) for 1,50,000 people
Phase-II high density Sectors - 6000 acres ( Sectors 31 to 47) for 3,50,000 people
The primary module of city’s design is a Sector of size 800 x 1200m
It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres, places of recreations and worship
The shopping street of each sector is linked to the shopping street of the adjoining sectors thus forming
one long, continuous ribbon like shopping street
The central green of each Sector also stretches to the green of the next sector
well designed roads & streets with hierarchy
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LE CORBUSIER CONCEIVED THE MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH AS ANALOGOUS TO
HUMAN BODY
CITIES ALSO FOLLOWS BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA – CITIES ALSO HAVE BRAIN, HEART,
LUNGS, LIMBS AND ARTERIES LIKE HUMAN BEING.
WITH A CLEARLY DEFINED HEAD (THE CAPITAL COMPLEX, SECTOR 1)
THE HEART (THE CITY CENTRE, SECTOR 17)
LUNGS (THE LEISURE VALLEY, INNUMERABLE OPEN SPACE, GREEN SPACES AND
THEIR LINKAGES)
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM(THE NETWORK OF ROADS, THE 7VS’)
AND THE VISCERA (THE INDUSTRIAL AREA).
THE CONCEPT OF THE CITY IS BASED ON FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS
LIVING (Residential sector )
WORKING (Capitol Complex, city centre, Educational Zone (Punjab
Engineering College, Punjab University & Industrial Area )
CARE OF BODY (The Leisure Valley, Gardens, Sector Greens & Open Courtyards )
SPIRIT & CIRCULATION (7 different types of roads known as 7 Vs & V8)
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HEAD
CAPITAL COMPLEX,
SECTOR 1
HEART
CITY CENTRE,
SECTOR 17
VISCERA
INDUSTRIAL AREA
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
THE NETWORK OF ROADS,
THE 7VS’
LUNGS
THE LEISURE VALLEY,
OPEN SPACE,
GREEN SPACES
CONCEPT OF CHANDIGARH CITY
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7 V’S ROAD AND ITS HIERARCHY
THE 7VS ESTABLISHES A HIERARCHY OF TRAFFIC CIRCULATION
RANGING FROM
ARTERIAL ROADS (V1)
MAJOR BOULEVARDS (V2)
SECTOR DEFINERS (V3)
SHOPPING STREETS (V4)
NEIGHBORHOOD STREETS(V5)
ACCESS LANES (V6)
PEDESTRIAN PATHS (V7)
CYCLE TRACKS (V8)
V1 CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIES
V2 ARE THE MAJOR AVENUES OF THE CITY
E.G MADHYA MARG ETC
V3 ARE THE CORRIDORS STREETS FOR VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ONLY
V4…..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORS
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Till 1960
Rio de Janerio
Brazil capital
Brasilia
Brazil new capital city
BRASILIA, BRAZIL
New city built in less than four
years (from 1956 to 1960)
The design competition for the new
capital was won by Lúcio Costa,
whose entry incorporated grandeur
and modernism.
The city was meant to serve as a
basis for a new, egalitarian society – a
society which does not look back to
the past.
Costa and Niemeyer have created an
ultra-modernist, monumental city.
It is impressive in terms of
infrastructure investment and the
grandeur of the civic buildings but it
lacks a sense of place and vitality that
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BRASILIA, BRAZIL
capital of Brazil in 1960.
city was planned by Lucio Costa Urban planner
Oscar Niemeyer was the principal architect,
Roberto Burle Marx was the principal landscape
designer.
It is a modernist dream come true, a gigantic
piece of land art.
city shape resembles a bird or a air plane
UNESCO's World Heritage Sites
Brasilia was designed for automobile transport,
with no traffic lights and few sidewalks in the
center.
Avenues are massive to prevent traffic jams.
Brasilia grew larger than predicted.
It is now surrounded by smaller cities and
settlements that provide cheap labor for the
wealthy capital.
Urban growth in the periphery did not follow a
modernist plan.
Most of these residential areas grew through
land speculation and informal construction.
Brasilia has the highest per capita income of
Brazil's major cities.
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SOUTHERN WING OF THE CITY — SATELLITE VIEW
SOUTHERN WING OF THE CITY - PERSPECTIVE VIEW
BRASILIA , BRAZIL – SETTLEMENT VIEW
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HIGH-INCOME LAGO SUL NEIGHBORHOOD IN CENTRAL BRASILIA.
LOW-INCOME SOL NASCENTE NEIGHBORHOOD IN CEILÂNDIA,
26 KILOMETERS WEST OF THE CAPITAL.
BRASILIA , BRAZIL – SETTLEMENT PATTERN
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LINCOLNPARK
D.CUNITED
U.SSTATECAPITAL
NATIONAL MALL
WARMEMORIAL
LINCOLNMEMORIAL
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
LINCOLNMEMORIAL
REFLECTINGPOOL
WASHINGTON D.C
PIERRE CHARLES L'ENFANT architect of federal capital city
(Washington D.C)
best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington
He designed the city from the scratch with envisioning the grand capital
with
wide avenues, public squares and inspiring buildings
The centre piece of L'Enfant plan was a great public walk
Today's national mall is a wide straight strip of grass and trees that stretc
for two miles from capital hill to the Potomac river.
NATIONAL MALL
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WASHINGTON D.C CITY LAYOUT
President Washington chose an area of land measuring 100 square miles where the Eastern Branch
(today's Anacostia River) met the Potomac just north of Mount Vernon.
"The entire city was built around the idea that every citizen was equally important.
"The Mall was designed as open to all comers. It's a very sort of egalitarian idea.“
The city was planned in the combination of both rectilinear and radial, diagonal boulevard pattern
NATIONAL MALL &
MAIN MONUMENTS
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NEW DELHI
Delhi lies close to the geographical center of the ancient India, British government shifted the capital to
capital to
new delhi from calcutta
Construction of new delhi started at 1911
Edwin lutyens was the chief architect of new delhi
Other architect involved were Herbert baker, Robert Russel
India gains independence with delhi as its capital
Viceroy house became the Rastrapathi bhavan
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Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all the
streets crossing at right angles, much like in
New York.
Dust storms often sweep the landscape in these
parts, so revised with roundabouts, hedges and
trees to break their force.
Delhi layout resembles giving the plans of Rome,
Paris and Washington to study and apply to Delhi.
NEWYORK CITY LAYOUT WASHINGTON DC LAYOUT PARIS LAYOUT
INTIAL DESIGN LAYOUT
NEW DELHI CITY LAYOUT
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NEW DELHI ZONING
Plan of new delhi is purely Geometrical
Tree line streets radiate from central vista and
converge into hexagonal node
The plan reflects Lutyens’ “transcendent fervour for
geometric symmetry,” which is expressed through
amazing sequences of triangles and hexagons, through
sightlines and axis.
At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati
Bhawan, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath
connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while
Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South
end with Connaught Place.
The Secretariat Building, which houses various
ministries of the Government of India including Prime
Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and
were designed by Herbert Baker.
GOVERNMENT COMPLEX
BUNGALOW ZONE
COMMERCIAL DISTRICT
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A sustainable city, or eco-city (also "ecocity") is
acity designed with consideration of
environmental impact, inhabited by people
dedicated towards minimization of required
inputs of energy, water and food, and waste
output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and
water pollution.
SUSTAINABLE CITY,
"There is a sense of great opportunity and
hope that a new world can be built, in which
economic development, social development
and environmental protection as
interdependent and mutually reinforcing
components of sustainable development can
be realized through solidarity and cooperation
within and between countries and through
effective partnerships at all levels."
CHARACTERISTICS OF LESS & MORE SUSTAINABLE
SUSTAINABLE CITY,
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KEY FEATURES OF A SUSTAINABLE CITY
Resources and services in the city are accessible to all
Public transport is seen as a viable alternative to cars
Public transport is safe and reliable
Walking and cycling is safe
Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable Wherever possible, renewable resources are
used instead of non-renewable resources
Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled wherever possible
New homes are energy efficient
There is access to affordable housing
Community links are strong and communities work together to deal with issues such as crime and
security
Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all
Inward investment is made to the CBD
COPENHAGEN DENMARK THE SUSTAINABLE CITY
Copenhagen is truly a green city surrounded by water and parks, with climate-friendly citizens to
match.
Copenhageners excel in combining sustainable solutions with growth and a high quality of life. In fact,
Copenhagen was European Green Capital 2014.
The ambitious green profile of the city has a clear goal: The City of Copenhagen aims to become the
world's first CO2 neutral capital by 2025.
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1) CYCLING AND PEDESTRAIN CULTURE
Cycling has always been Danish tradition but Copenhagen has gone one
step further and made cycling integral to urban planning and design
The city’s airport, rail and suburbs are all connected to the centre by the
metro system
Many public squares and streets are pedestrianised
Reduced noise, air pollution and CO2 emissions
Short journey times and less congestion
Green ways for cycling resulting in faster mode
2) INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Easy transfer between transport modes
One ticket for metro, train and bus
Bicycles are allowed on metro and trains
Online journey planner across different
transport modes
Fall in private car usage finally resulting
in the reduction of carbon di oxide gas
emissions
Reduction of congestion and saves time
and money
3) HIGH QUALITY TAP WATER
Its one of the capital city in which one can drink high quality
water directly from the tap
Citizens can enjoy clean swimming water tanks to
municipalities waste water treatment plants to remove
nutrient salts, minimize discharge of heavy metals and
modernizing its sewer system
Harbor is open to public bath due to modernization of
sewer system
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5) USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
22% of Denmark's total electricity consumption is produced by wind turbines, the highest
rate in the world
They follow most carbon efficient and flexible ways to produce and supply energy, by
integrating renewable energy such as bio mass, surplus wing energy and geo thermal energy
Resulting in the reduction of carbon emission
4)RECYCLING
90% of construction waste has been recycled & 75% of household garbage used for city’s district
heating network
Only 2% waste for send to landfill
Generation of heat and power from residual waste is a core feature of incineration
Incineration has a central role in waste management system
7) KEEPING COOL UNDER CO 2 PRESSURE
Air conditioning results in high electricity consumption
District cooling network were based on free cooling from seawater abstraction along with surplus
heat generated by district heating network
Project is estimated to save 14,000 tonnes of carbon di oxide per year
80% of electricity consumption is reduced by district cooling system
70% of carbon di oxide emission is reduced in district cooling system
8) CARBON NEUTRAL – COPENHAGEN BY 2025
Install more renewable energy
Encourage more cycling
Invest in hybrid buses- consumes less fuel
Retrofit old buildings to conserve energy
Make all buildings Energy efficient
Built green economy- adopt to changing climate change
6) DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM
Waste heat, usually sent into the sea as a byproduct from the incineration plants and Combined Heat
and Power plants (CHPs), is pumped through a 1,300 km network of pipes straight into homes. The
system maintains water temperature providing homes with cheap heat from a waste product.
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CITY VILLAGE
OBSERVE THE TWO IMAGES
EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF THE TWO IMAGE
RURALAREA
1.Harmony
2.Homogenous setting
3.Low density
URBAN AREA
1.Diversity & Hierarchy
2.Heterogenous setting
3.High density
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Cities are ‘MAGNETS’AGGREGATING PEOPLE and activities within an urban form
Cities has its OWN DIVERSITY AND HIERARCHY.
Rural settlements have the homogenous spatial structure, while city appears as a
COMPLICATED
SPATIALARRANGEMENT WITH MACHINERY OF POWER AND CONTROL.
This DIVERSITIES MAKE THE CITY TO EXIST.
Traditional cities also has the same diversity and hierarchy like palace, temple and
warehouse
These were the SYMBOL OF POWER – POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND ECONOMY
The building which survive time till now represents the same value.
City core is invariably composed of BUILDINGS EXPRESSING VALUES AND
HAVING MEANING;
Constant feature of city is “CHANGE”
IMPORTANCE OF SHELTER AND ITS FORM AND SCALE IN THE
CITY
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City is a LIVING ORGANISM, an AUTONOMOUS INDIVIDUAL WITH A
DEFINITE BOUNDARY AND SPECIFIC SIZE.
City doesn’t change by adding mere parts ,but it happens through REORGANIZATION AS
IT REACHES LIMITS OR THERSHOLDS.
City also follows the concept “FORM AND FUNCTION” AND BOTH ARE LINKED.
The whole organism is SELF REPAIRING AND REGULATING towards a DYNAMIC
BALANCE.
It’s a separate spatial and social unit made up of HIGHLY CONNECTED PLACES AND
PEOPLE.
HEALTHY CITY is HETEROGENEOUS AND DIVERSE
Like organism, SETTLEMENTS WERE BORN, GROW AND MATURE & if further
growth is necessary NEW ENTITY HAS TO BE FORMED.
If the city GO BEYOND OPTIMUM SIZE ,it will result in MENTAL DISEASE
condition, chaos and confusion everywhere
Green belts not only ensure INTIMATE CONTACT WITH NATURE BUT ALSO
PROVIDES GOOD HEALTHY GROWTH.
CITY IS A LIVING COMMERCIAL,CULTURAL & FUNCTIONAL
ENTITY
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LANDMARK OF CITY
PARIS
EIFFEL TOWER
USA
STATUE OF LIBERTY
INDIA
TAJ MAHAL
ROME
COLOSSEUM
These landmarks represent their city as a mark .a badge ,a brand sending ripples beyond
the city
boundary
Humans need to understand their place and the relationship with the surrounding
environment
To fulfill the basic need like food, travel, stay and safe we need to be well informed about
the
environment.
Primeval landmarks were at first natural features and then modified natural features.
First landmarks provided basic survival information like turn left ,cross place like this a
safe
place to stay but also embodied important associations like
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Landmarks are important symbols associated with place which increased in significance
with time
through use
It represents a quality of place, depth of tradition and culture in today's context
Landmark have essential characteristics- height, distinctiveness, form, visibility, views
and
they define place.
They also develop cultural, economic or religious meaning.
Landmarks were needed for knowing where we are (static), orientation when moving
(dynamic), expressing values (communication), understanding meanings (relationship
with
culture) and defining place (design)
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AXIS AND ORIENTATION IN CITY
From the early times people of HIGH DEPENDENCE TO THE NATURE
Tremendous FORCES OF NATURE, believed to CHANGE THE PEOPLE BEHAVIOR
which always trying to adapt And synchronize with nature.
SPACE is regarded as a PLACE FOR ENTIRE COSMIC ENVIRONMENT .
HUMAN BEING is regarded as A MICRO COSMOS meanwhile HOUSE is considered as
a MACRO COSMOS.
In the next CITY LEVEL, HOUSE is CONSIDERED AS MICRO COSMOS meanwhile
CITY IS CONSIDERED AS MACRO COSMOS.
The HARMONY should be maintained between MICRO AND MACRO COSMOS.
HARMONY can be achieved by SEVERE ARRANGEMENTS in SPACE ORDERS
AND ORIENTATION
SPACE ORIENTATION determines LINKAGE PATTERN BETWEEN ENTIRE
COSMOS POWER.
Every ROAD IN THE CITY is made by GIVING HONOR TO THE COSMIC, so that
HARMONYAND BALANCE BETWEEN ENTIRE COSMIC FORCES can be achieved.
Imaginary axis appears as a connection between entire cosmic powers.
In the city development plan, THIS IMAGINARYAXIS IS TREATED AS A ROAD
SYSTEM.
An axis of the SUN ORBIT IS THE EASIEST COSMIC FORCE we can feel in everyday,
life.
ROAD JUNCTION is considered as a SACRED PLACE which as a BIG COSMIC