I had the honour of delivering the Keynote Address at the 34th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA) in Lokoja. The conference theme, "Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria: Some Reflections on Options for Policy," is relevant and timely.
The challenges of nation-building are manifesting worldwide, including our continent and country. Violent conflicts and subterranean discord and discontent are prevalent, and the revival of irredentist ethno-regional and religious identities further complicates the situation. I believe that the conference was a great opportunity to discuss these challenges and reflect on practical policy options.
I salute the President of the NPSA, Professor Hassan Saliu, for his leadership and the Executive Committee's effort to mobilize the membership despite a paucity of resources and the prevailing tough economic times. I am optimistic that the NPSA will continue to thrive, and I urge all of us to work towards the continued stability and unity of our country.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
The Role of Tribe on State Management - Kenya a case studyJosiah Kimani
This document is the introduction chapter of a dissertation submitted by Josiah Kimani examining the role of tribes in state management in Kenya. It provides background on research conducted on issues plaguing post-colonial African states like mismanagement, conflict, and poor governance. It outlines the study's aim to examine how tribes can contribute to state management and democratization processes using Kenya as a case study. The introduction presents the dissertation structure, with chapter one providing a literature review and conceptual framework, chapter two analyzing state management and inclusion, chapter three providing historical context on Kenya and analyzing tribe-party dynamics, and chapter four concluding and providing recommendations.
CRJ 200 1Running head CRIMINAL PROCEDURECrimi.docxfaithxdunce63732
CRJ 200 1
Running head: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Criminal Procedure and Criminal Evidence
Fredick Watson
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for CRJ 200: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE, MODULE 2 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT taught by PROFESSOR CAMILLE ARMSTEAD.
Case Development:
Choose the role of Prosecutor of Defense Attorney. You are charged with preparing two witnesses. You must chronicle what is needed to determine what relevant testimony the witness can provide, whether the witness fits the generally accepted requirements to be a witness and whether this individual has any defects that need attention. Make a list of all things related to each witness that you think are necessary to prepare the witness for testimony. Cite your work based on the chapters you have read and any information researched related to witness preparation.
Journal of Social Development in Africa (2000), 15. 1,61-78
Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in
Nigeria: The Marginalisation Question
EDL YNE E ANUGWOM*
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the issue of ethnic conl1icts and thcir implications for
democracy in Nigeria. Ethnic conflict and distrust is identified as the bane of
former democratic experiments in Nigeria. Moreover, since the late 1980s,
ethnicity in Nigeria has assumed disturbing new dimensions. The most crucial of
these arc the issues of marginalisation and agitations by ethnic minorities.
Marginalisation breeds suspicion, distrust, heightens ethnic tensions and may
eventually lead to conl1ict over the sharing and allocation of power and national
resources. Democratic tradition, which is imperative lor development, cannot
blossom in the context of ethnic conflict. Thus,marginalisation, whether apparent
or real, has the potential for disrupting the drive towards democracy. With cries
for marginalisation so rife among ethnic groups, a need arises to address the issue
squarely. This is particularly important given that Nigeria is presently engaged in
another attempt at democracy. Ethnic conflicts in whatever form need to be
resolved in order to allow for democracy to thrive. This paper examines ways in
which ethnic problems in Nigeria may be resolved through the creation of a
realistic and workable federalism modelled largely on the American model.
Introduction
Ethnic conflict has been rightly defined as one of the greatest obstacles to
meaningful development in Africa (see The Courier 1993). In Nigeria, this sort
of competition and rivalry among various ethnic groups is seen as a product of
colonial contact. The ethnic factor, however, did not diminish with the advent of
independence; rather, it bccame a yardstick for measuring contribution to the
national development effort and especially for allocating and distributing power
and national resources. As Nigeria is c urrentl y engaged in another exercise aimed
at establishing a sustainable form of democracy, there is urgent need to address
*Lccturer, Department .
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes a research paper on the crisis of development and ethnic agitations for restructuring in Nigeria. Some key points:
1. Nigeria has experienced a crisis of development for decades due to stringent economic and political conditions that have jeopardized most Nigerians' lives. This has led to ethnic reactions in the form of agitations to restructure Nigeria.
2. Colonial centralization of power in Nigeria lingered after independence and an oligarchy developed that serves international capitalism without prioritizing domestic development. Failure to address issues like corruption have exacerbated poor living conditions and fueled ethnic calls to restructure.
3. Ethnic agitations for restructuring have historical roots from the colonial period and aim to
This document provides an introduction and summary of a book titled "Human Rights, Related Conflicts & State Security in Nigeria 1999-2006" by Joseph Adeyemi Sangosanya. The summary includes:
1) The book examines the issues of human rights, conflicts, and threats to state security in Nigeria between 1999-2006. It analyzes these issues through the lens of political economy and provides accounts from Nigeria's six geopolitical zones.
2) Chapter 1 introduces the topics and provides context on Nigeria's federal system and diversity. Chapter 2 discusses conceptual frameworks for analyzing conflicts, human rights, and state security and their interrelationships.
3) Subsequent chapters provide zonal accounts of these issues
Addressing the regional character of conflicts in west africaKayode Fayemi
This document discusses the regional dimensions of conflicts in West Africa and proposes a framework for human security in the region. It begins by outlining the nature and characteristics of conflicts in West Africa, noting that while some countries have made democratic progress, the region remains vulnerable to crisis and violence. It then analyzes the different thematic and geographic categories in the region in terms of their human security situations. The document argues that understanding the root causes of conflicts requires examining both historical and contemporary factors in a nuanced way. It also discusses regionalism in Africa, noting both the progress that has been made through organizations like ECOWAS but also the ongoing challenges to security arrangements and prospects for cooperative security in West Africa.
This document discusses Nigeria's political history and challenges since independence, highlighting issues of corruption, ethnic tensions, and the marginalization of minority groups. It analyzes how the country has moved from an initial period of unity and development among regional governments to one plagued by military coups, a civil war, and decades of misrule that have undermined trust between groups and fueled unrest, as exemplified by movements in the Niger Delta seeking greater autonomy and control over oil resources. While early post-independence leaders invested in infrastructure, more recent politicians have primarily served narrow interests, with ordinary Nigerians suffering the consequences of poor governance.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
The Role of Tribe on State Management - Kenya a case studyJosiah Kimani
This document is the introduction chapter of a dissertation submitted by Josiah Kimani examining the role of tribes in state management in Kenya. It provides background on research conducted on issues plaguing post-colonial African states like mismanagement, conflict, and poor governance. It outlines the study's aim to examine how tribes can contribute to state management and democratization processes using Kenya as a case study. The introduction presents the dissertation structure, with chapter one providing a literature review and conceptual framework, chapter two analyzing state management and inclusion, chapter three providing historical context on Kenya and analyzing tribe-party dynamics, and chapter four concluding and providing recommendations.
CRJ 200 1Running head CRIMINAL PROCEDURECrimi.docxfaithxdunce63732
CRJ 200 1
Running head: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Criminal Procedure and Criminal Evidence
Fredick Watson
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for CRJ 200: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE, MODULE 2 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT taught by PROFESSOR CAMILLE ARMSTEAD.
Case Development:
Choose the role of Prosecutor of Defense Attorney. You are charged with preparing two witnesses. You must chronicle what is needed to determine what relevant testimony the witness can provide, whether the witness fits the generally accepted requirements to be a witness and whether this individual has any defects that need attention. Make a list of all things related to each witness that you think are necessary to prepare the witness for testimony. Cite your work based on the chapters you have read and any information researched related to witness preparation.
Journal of Social Development in Africa (2000), 15. 1,61-78
Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in
Nigeria: The Marginalisation Question
EDL YNE E ANUGWOM*
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the issue of ethnic conl1icts and thcir implications for
democracy in Nigeria. Ethnic conflict and distrust is identified as the bane of
former democratic experiments in Nigeria. Moreover, since the late 1980s,
ethnicity in Nigeria has assumed disturbing new dimensions. The most crucial of
these arc the issues of marginalisation and agitations by ethnic minorities.
Marginalisation breeds suspicion, distrust, heightens ethnic tensions and may
eventually lead to conl1ict over the sharing and allocation of power and national
resources. Democratic tradition, which is imperative lor development, cannot
blossom in the context of ethnic conflict. Thus,marginalisation, whether apparent
or real, has the potential for disrupting the drive towards democracy. With cries
for marginalisation so rife among ethnic groups, a need arises to address the issue
squarely. This is particularly important given that Nigeria is presently engaged in
another attempt at democracy. Ethnic conflicts in whatever form need to be
resolved in order to allow for democracy to thrive. This paper examines ways in
which ethnic problems in Nigeria may be resolved through the creation of a
realistic and workable federalism modelled largely on the American model.
Introduction
Ethnic conflict has been rightly defined as one of the greatest obstacles to
meaningful development in Africa (see The Courier 1993). In Nigeria, this sort
of competition and rivalry among various ethnic groups is seen as a product of
colonial contact. The ethnic factor, however, did not diminish with the advent of
independence; rather, it bccame a yardstick for measuring contribution to the
national development effort and especially for allocating and distributing power
and national resources. As Nigeria is c urrentl y engaged in another exercise aimed
at establishing a sustainable form of democracy, there is urgent need to address
*Lccturer, Department .
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document summarizes a research paper on the crisis of development and ethnic agitations for restructuring in Nigeria. Some key points:
1. Nigeria has experienced a crisis of development for decades due to stringent economic and political conditions that have jeopardized most Nigerians' lives. This has led to ethnic reactions in the form of agitations to restructure Nigeria.
2. Colonial centralization of power in Nigeria lingered after independence and an oligarchy developed that serves international capitalism without prioritizing domestic development. Failure to address issues like corruption have exacerbated poor living conditions and fueled ethnic calls to restructure.
3. Ethnic agitations for restructuring have historical roots from the colonial period and aim to
This document provides an introduction and summary of a book titled "Human Rights, Related Conflicts & State Security in Nigeria 1999-2006" by Joseph Adeyemi Sangosanya. The summary includes:
1) The book examines the issues of human rights, conflicts, and threats to state security in Nigeria between 1999-2006. It analyzes these issues through the lens of political economy and provides accounts from Nigeria's six geopolitical zones.
2) Chapter 1 introduces the topics and provides context on Nigeria's federal system and diversity. Chapter 2 discusses conceptual frameworks for analyzing conflicts, human rights, and state security and their interrelationships.
3) Subsequent chapters provide zonal accounts of these issues
Addressing the regional character of conflicts in west africaKayode Fayemi
This document discusses the regional dimensions of conflicts in West Africa and proposes a framework for human security in the region. It begins by outlining the nature and characteristics of conflicts in West Africa, noting that while some countries have made democratic progress, the region remains vulnerable to crisis and violence. It then analyzes the different thematic and geographic categories in the region in terms of their human security situations. The document argues that understanding the root causes of conflicts requires examining both historical and contemporary factors in a nuanced way. It also discusses regionalism in Africa, noting both the progress that has been made through organizations like ECOWAS but also the ongoing challenges to security arrangements and prospects for cooperative security in West Africa.
This document discusses Nigeria's political history and challenges since independence, highlighting issues of corruption, ethnic tensions, and the marginalization of minority groups. It analyzes how the country has moved from an initial period of unity and development among regional governments to one plagued by military coups, a civil war, and decades of misrule that have undermined trust between groups and fueled unrest, as exemplified by movements in the Niger Delta seeking greater autonomy and control over oil resources. While early post-independence leaders invested in infrastructure, more recent politicians have primarily served narrow interests, with ordinary Nigerians suffering the consequences of poor governance.
Revisiting ethno nationalism in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes and analyzes the phenomenon of ethno-nationalism in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. It discusses how various ethno-nationalist groups emerged in the late 1990s and 2000s advocating for the rights and interests of marginalized ethnic groups in the Niger Delta amidst environmental degradation, poverty, and political neglect by the Nigerian state. While these groups helped elevate international awareness of the Niger Delta's plight, the document argues that the political elite and some former militant leaders have largely benefited from increased revenues and development funds, rather than the wider population. It posits that if the root causes of ethno-nationalism are not addressed, new counter-hegemonic forces may soon emerge in the
Revisiting ethno nationalism in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the achievements and prospects of ethno-nationalism in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It argues that while ethno-nationalist militancy in the region helped elevate international awareness of issues in the Niger Delta and compelled some concessions from the Nigerian government, the major beneficiaries have actually been political elites and leaders of ethno-nationalist groups rather than the local populations. Using Gramsci's theory of hegemony, the document posits that if the underlying causes of ethno-nationalism are not addressed, counter-hegemonic forces may soon emerge again in the region.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africaijtsrd
This document provides a critical analysis of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. It discusses how xenophobia is a fear or dislike of foreigners and how this has manifested in violent attacks against foreigners in South Africa, particularly in 2008 and 2015. Some of the key factors discussed as triggers for these attacks include high unemployment rates among black South Africans living in poverty, resentment against foreigners for taking jobs or marrying local women, and a perception that foreigners are responsible for increased crime. The document examines the causes and forms of xenophobic attacks across Africa and provides historical examples from Ghana, Kenya, and Angola. It concludes by arguing that educational reforms are needed to reduce xenophobic attitudes.
Politics and Government in Africa (PSC 181.pptxcjaycole93
This document provides a course description for a class on Government and Politics in Africa. The class is intended to introduce students to contemporary African politics and the development of the post-colonial African state. It will examine the process of decolonization, independence periods, and recent political developments. Some of the major challenges discussed include responses to issues like globalization, natural resource management, and corruption. The course will also consider thematic issues such as health, migration, climate change, and the role of non-state actors. It will evaluate efforts towards sustainable development and examine specific country case studies from different regions.
This document discusses corruption, governance, and political instability as metaphors for underdevelopment in Nigeria. It argues that since independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled with high-level corruption among political leaders, weak governance, and political instability. This has led to a legitimacy crisis for the government as citizens lose faith in their leaders. Corruption has been institutionalized and individual wealth accumulation by political elites contrasts with widespread poverty in the country. As a result, national development is hindered and the political environment remains uncertain.
See whats happening right now in Nigerian Politics. Find the latest news on Nigeria News. Visit our website today...: https://elevatenews.com/nigerian-politics/
Oaks grow from little acorns campaigning for democracy abroadKayode Fayemi
The document summarizes the history and work of international campaigns for democracy in Nigeria led by Nigerian activist groups abroad, particularly the New Nigeria Forum. It describes how in the early 1990s, these groups helped raise awareness of human rights issues in Nigeria and mobilize Nigerians living abroad against the military dictatorship. After the 1993 election annulment, the groups organized large protests and meetings with political leaders to further pressure the regime. While making progress, the campaign still faces challenges of disunity among opposition groups and powerful corporate interests supporting the military government. The document argues the campaign has been largely successful in internationalizing criticism of Nigeria's regime, but more work is still needed.
Interfaith Dialogue: Preventing Extremism and Interreligious Conflict in Nort...inventionjournals
This document discusses the root causes of extremism and interreligious conflict in Northern Nigeria. It argues that while religious differences play a role, the main underlying causes are political and socioeconomic. Specifically, it points to the end of Nigeria's inclusive post-independence system in 1966 and the failures of subsequent governments to promote national unity. This created ethnic and religious divisions that were exacerbated by economic decline in the 1980s. Weak governance has allowed these fault lines to be exploited, resulting in over 20 major conflicts between 1980-2015. The spread of extremist ideologies both locally and globally have also contributed to the rising violence. The document argues that interfaith dialogue is needed to curb extremism and build understanding between religious groups
The document discusses cultural pluralism as a challenge for universities in Nigeria to foster dialogue and understanding. It notes that Nigeria has over 400 ethnic groups and two major religions, creating cultural complexity that is sometimes exploited and causes social conflicts. These conflicts negatively impact the university system by intensifying competition between ethnic groups for control over university resources and management. However, the Nigerian constitution and policies aim to promote equity and national unity in higher education through principles like federal character. The document argues that Nigerian universities still manage to contribute to dialogue despite challenges, through policies governing admission diversity and equitable resource allocation.
The document is the text of a speech delivered by Her Excellency Mrs. ‘Funmi Olayinka, Deputy Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria, at the annual lecture of Women in Management and Business. [1] It discusses the low level of participation of women in Nigerian politics despite constitutional protections guaranteeing political participation and international agreements ratified by Nigeria. [2] It notes that women constitute about 49% of Nigeria's population but hold less than 5% of important decision making positions, with an average of only 0.05% representation in the national assembly. [3] The speech aims to analyze the causes of this situation and propose ways to increase women's political participation in Nigeria.
Ghana at a Crossroads – A Presentation by His Excellency John Dramani MahamaKweku Zurek
This document is a speech by former Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama discussing how Ghana is at a crossroads. Some key points:
1) Ghana's economy is in poor shape due to the current government's mismanagement, over-borrowing, and lack of fiscal discipline which has led to high debt, inflation, a depreciating currency, and rising costs of living.
2) Public services are struggling due to lack of funding as over 50% of government revenues go to debt servicing and essential sectors like health and education are owed large arrears.
3) Mahama argues the resources available should have enabled progress but the government has squandered opportunities and left Ghana's future
Towards national integration in nigeria jumping the hurdlesAlexander Decker
This document discusses national integration in Nigeria. It outlines several policies and programs that Nigerian governments have implemented to promote national integration since independence, such as adopting federalism, creating new states, and establishing the Land Use Decree. However, Nigeria's unity remains threatened by socio-cultural, religious, and political divisions between its many ethnic groups. The document argues that achieving true national integration requires overcoming challenges like ethnicity, corruption, weak institutions, and an ineffective political leadership. It concludes that national integration will only be realized through open dialogue and consensus between Nigeria's diverse ethnicities on the future of their country.
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17.docxgitagrimston
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
178
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNIC
POLITICS AND ITS IMPACTS ON POST
COLONIAL GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Felicia H. Ayatse
Akuva, Isaac Iorhen
Department Of Political Science, Federal University,
Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State
Abstract
Nigeria party politic has been polluted by ethnic chauvinism. This
problem is one of the major qualms confronting the progress of liberal
democracy in Nigeria since 1960, to the extent that ethnic sentiment has
gradually crept in to find a place in every faced of Nigerian political activity.
Ethnic sentiment has been one of the factors responsible for most of the
inefficiencies and low productivity in Nigeria. The major focus of this paper
is to trace the historical origin, growth and development of ethnicity and the
effects it has had on post-colonial governance in Nigeria. In the findings of
this paper, it was discovered that ethnic sentiment was deliberately
introduced and propagated in the polity by the British colonial government to
realize colonial and imperialist economic and political objectives. It was also
found that since the end of colonialism in 1960, Nigeria has carried forward
the spirit of ethnicity into the post-colonial Nigeria, this vice has been
discovered to have been responsible for most of the political, administrative,
economic, social and cultural maladies in Nigeria. The data that was used to
support this argument was got from the secondary method of data
acquisition. At the concluding remark, it is suggested that, indigene-settle
phenomenon should be strong discouraged while the Federal Character
principles be genuinely implemented at the federal, state and local
government levels in other to remove the age long ethnic unrest in the
governance of Nigeria.
Keywords: The Origin, Development, Ethnic Politics, Impacts, Post-
Colonial Governance
Introduction
It has been estimated that Nigeria has as much as 350 ethnic groups
based on lingual classification. However, the “United Nations says there are
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
179
250 ethnic groups in Nigeria many consider this as underestimated. A federal
government demographic survey in 1976 identified 394 language groups,
one estimate put it as high as 400 with the highest density of languages in
Taraba and Adamawa States” (www.thenation onlineng.net). The above
statement clearly depicts that Nigeria is multi-lingual in nature. The diverse
nature of the Nigeria state as a result of tribal differences, this therefore lays
the foundation for the exploitation of what goes on in the country. This is
further precipitated on the fact that these ethnic groups though housed in one
country, they do not have the same needs, objectives and aspirations. Based
on these ethnical inclinati ...
This document discusses the impact of religion on civilizations in Africa, India, and the Americas through several newspaper articles and historical texts. In Africa, documents discuss how Timbuktu was once a major intellectual center under Islam with many scholars and libraries. They also discuss how some religious leaders have convinced others that female circumcision is not mandated by Islam. In India, the document discusses the ongoing discrimination and violence faced by Dalits, or "untouchables", despite laws against it, showing the impact of the Hindu caste system. It provides statistics on crimes against Dalits. In the Americas, no documents were included in this packet.
The Concession of Asaba International Airport: Balancing Politics and Policy ...Kayode Fayemi
Today, I had the opportunity to review Professor Sylvester Monye's latest book, "The Concession of Asaba International Airport: Balancing Politics and Policy Execution.” The review was attended by former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GGFR, Governor Sheriff F. Oborevwori of Delta State, former Senate President, H.E Dr Abubakar Bukola Saraki CON, former SGF Boss Mustapha, CFR, and former President Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, GCFR, who chaired the event.
The book offers a master class in policy management in a complex political environment and sheds light on the challenges and intricacies involved in such a monumental project. It was a privilege to gain insight into the experiences and perspectives shared in the book, and I believe it offers valuable lessons for future policymakers and governments undertaking similar endeavours.
Congratulations to Professor Monye on this insightful and thought-provoking work.
Uncommon Grace The Autobiography of Isaac FolorunsoKayode Fayemi
I had the honour of presenting my reflections on the autobiography of Professor Isaac Folorunso Adewole, titled "Uncommon Grace." As someone deeply invested in documentation and history, I found Professor Adewole's decision to narrate his journey from humble beginnings to occupying one of the highest offices in the land both inspiring and invaluable.
In this eloquently written memoir, Professor Adewole provides a comprehensive account of his life, from his ancestral roots to his time as Minister of Health in Nigeria. The unique aspect of this autobiography is that he portrayed himself authentically without taking the help of third-party narratives, which is often seen in accounts of high-ranking officials.
His upbringing was greatly influenced by his father's commitment to education. He became a prominent figure in advocating for the rights of the underprivileged through trade unionism. His story is one of unwavering determination, resilience, and faith. His experiences, including both successes and struggles, provide priceless lessons on leadership, perseverance, and the alignment of personal values with public service.
While reading "Uncommon Grace," I was struck by the deep leadership lessons that are embedded within its chapters. Professor Adewole stresses the importance of inclusivity, servant leadership, and planning, which are all highly relevant in today's complex world. His commitment to accountability, as well as his primary responsibility as a researcher, serves as a guiding light for aspiring leaders across various disciplines.
During his tenure as the Vice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan, he led with visionary leadership and transformative impact. His accomplishments have been meticulously documented in the book, which can serve as a blueprint for rejuvenating institutions and promoting academic excellence.
In the latter part of his autobiography, Professor Adewole shares his experiences as a Minister, detailing the challenges he faced while serving the public with integrity and courage. His reflections on the complexities of public service, coupled with his commitment to the well-being of the nation, offer practical insights for policymakers and citizens alike.
I have carefully read "Uncommon Grace" and it is more than just a memoir. It is a timeless book that is hard to put down once you start reading. While intellectuals may continue to debate whether uncommon grace was made possible by uncommon preparation or the other way around, I applaud Professor Adewole for sharing his ideas, knowledge, and experience with the public. I highly recommend this book to everyone.
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Revisiting ethno nationalism in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes and analyzes the phenomenon of ethno-nationalism in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. It discusses how various ethno-nationalist groups emerged in the late 1990s and 2000s advocating for the rights and interests of marginalized ethnic groups in the Niger Delta amidst environmental degradation, poverty, and political neglect by the Nigerian state. While these groups helped elevate international awareness of the Niger Delta's plight, the document argues that the political elite and some former militant leaders have largely benefited from increased revenues and development funds, rather than the wider population. It posits that if the root causes of ethno-nationalism are not addressed, new counter-hegemonic forces may soon emerge in the
Revisiting ethno nationalism in the niger delta of nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the achievements and prospects of ethno-nationalism in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It argues that while ethno-nationalist militancy in the region helped elevate international awareness of issues in the Niger Delta and compelled some concessions from the Nigerian government, the major beneficiaries have actually been political elites and leaders of ethno-nationalist groups rather than the local populations. Using Gramsci's theory of hegemony, the document posits that if the underlying causes of ethno-nationalism are not addressed, counter-hegemonic forces may soon emerge again in the region.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africaijtsrd
This document provides a critical analysis of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. It discusses how xenophobia is a fear or dislike of foreigners and how this has manifested in violent attacks against foreigners in South Africa, particularly in 2008 and 2015. Some of the key factors discussed as triggers for these attacks include high unemployment rates among black South Africans living in poverty, resentment against foreigners for taking jobs or marrying local women, and a perception that foreigners are responsible for increased crime. The document examines the causes and forms of xenophobic attacks across Africa and provides historical examples from Ghana, Kenya, and Angola. It concludes by arguing that educational reforms are needed to reduce xenophobic attitudes.
Politics and Government in Africa (PSC 181.pptxcjaycole93
This document provides a course description for a class on Government and Politics in Africa. The class is intended to introduce students to contemporary African politics and the development of the post-colonial African state. It will examine the process of decolonization, independence periods, and recent political developments. Some of the major challenges discussed include responses to issues like globalization, natural resource management, and corruption. The course will also consider thematic issues such as health, migration, climate change, and the role of non-state actors. It will evaluate efforts towards sustainable development and examine specific country case studies from different regions.
This document discusses corruption, governance, and political instability as metaphors for underdevelopment in Nigeria. It argues that since independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled with high-level corruption among political leaders, weak governance, and political instability. This has led to a legitimacy crisis for the government as citizens lose faith in their leaders. Corruption has been institutionalized and individual wealth accumulation by political elites contrasts with widespread poverty in the country. As a result, national development is hindered and the political environment remains uncertain.
See whats happening right now in Nigerian Politics. Find the latest news on Nigeria News. Visit our website today...: https://elevatenews.com/nigerian-politics/
Oaks grow from little acorns campaigning for democracy abroadKayode Fayemi
The document summarizes the history and work of international campaigns for democracy in Nigeria led by Nigerian activist groups abroad, particularly the New Nigeria Forum. It describes how in the early 1990s, these groups helped raise awareness of human rights issues in Nigeria and mobilize Nigerians living abroad against the military dictatorship. After the 1993 election annulment, the groups organized large protests and meetings with political leaders to further pressure the regime. While making progress, the campaign still faces challenges of disunity among opposition groups and powerful corporate interests supporting the military government. The document argues the campaign has been largely successful in internationalizing criticism of Nigeria's regime, but more work is still needed.
Interfaith Dialogue: Preventing Extremism and Interreligious Conflict in Nort...inventionjournals
This document discusses the root causes of extremism and interreligious conflict in Northern Nigeria. It argues that while religious differences play a role, the main underlying causes are political and socioeconomic. Specifically, it points to the end of Nigeria's inclusive post-independence system in 1966 and the failures of subsequent governments to promote national unity. This created ethnic and religious divisions that were exacerbated by economic decline in the 1980s. Weak governance has allowed these fault lines to be exploited, resulting in over 20 major conflicts between 1980-2015. The spread of extremist ideologies both locally and globally have also contributed to the rising violence. The document argues that interfaith dialogue is needed to curb extremism and build understanding between religious groups
The document discusses cultural pluralism as a challenge for universities in Nigeria to foster dialogue and understanding. It notes that Nigeria has over 400 ethnic groups and two major religions, creating cultural complexity that is sometimes exploited and causes social conflicts. These conflicts negatively impact the university system by intensifying competition between ethnic groups for control over university resources and management. However, the Nigerian constitution and policies aim to promote equity and national unity in higher education through principles like federal character. The document argues that Nigerian universities still manage to contribute to dialogue despite challenges, through policies governing admission diversity and equitable resource allocation.
The document is the text of a speech delivered by Her Excellency Mrs. ‘Funmi Olayinka, Deputy Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria, at the annual lecture of Women in Management and Business. [1] It discusses the low level of participation of women in Nigerian politics despite constitutional protections guaranteeing political participation and international agreements ratified by Nigeria. [2] It notes that women constitute about 49% of Nigeria's population but hold less than 5% of important decision making positions, with an average of only 0.05% representation in the national assembly. [3] The speech aims to analyze the causes of this situation and propose ways to increase women's political participation in Nigeria.
Ghana at a Crossroads – A Presentation by His Excellency John Dramani MahamaKweku Zurek
This document is a speech by former Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama discussing how Ghana is at a crossroads. Some key points:
1) Ghana's economy is in poor shape due to the current government's mismanagement, over-borrowing, and lack of fiscal discipline which has led to high debt, inflation, a depreciating currency, and rising costs of living.
2) Public services are struggling due to lack of funding as over 50% of government revenues go to debt servicing and essential sectors like health and education are owed large arrears.
3) Mahama argues the resources available should have enabled progress but the government has squandered opportunities and left Ghana's future
Towards national integration in nigeria jumping the hurdlesAlexander Decker
This document discusses national integration in Nigeria. It outlines several policies and programs that Nigerian governments have implemented to promote national integration since independence, such as adopting federalism, creating new states, and establishing the Land Use Decree. However, Nigeria's unity remains threatened by socio-cultural, religious, and political divisions between its many ethnic groups. The document argues that achieving true national integration requires overcoming challenges like ethnicity, corruption, weak institutions, and an ineffective political leadership. It concludes that national integration will only be realized through open dialogue and consensus between Nigeria's diverse ethnicities on the future of their country.
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17.docxgitagrimston
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
178
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNIC
POLITICS AND ITS IMPACTS ON POST
COLONIAL GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Felicia H. Ayatse
Akuva, Isaac Iorhen
Department Of Political Science, Federal University,
Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State
Abstract
Nigeria party politic has been polluted by ethnic chauvinism. This
problem is one of the major qualms confronting the progress of liberal
democracy in Nigeria since 1960, to the extent that ethnic sentiment has
gradually crept in to find a place in every faced of Nigerian political activity.
Ethnic sentiment has been one of the factors responsible for most of the
inefficiencies and low productivity in Nigeria. The major focus of this paper
is to trace the historical origin, growth and development of ethnicity and the
effects it has had on post-colonial governance in Nigeria. In the findings of
this paper, it was discovered that ethnic sentiment was deliberately
introduced and propagated in the polity by the British colonial government to
realize colonial and imperialist economic and political objectives. It was also
found that since the end of colonialism in 1960, Nigeria has carried forward
the spirit of ethnicity into the post-colonial Nigeria, this vice has been
discovered to have been responsible for most of the political, administrative,
economic, social and cultural maladies in Nigeria. The data that was used to
support this argument was got from the secondary method of data
acquisition. At the concluding remark, it is suggested that, indigene-settle
phenomenon should be strong discouraged while the Federal Character
principles be genuinely implemented at the federal, state and local
government levels in other to remove the age long ethnic unrest in the
governance of Nigeria.
Keywords: The Origin, Development, Ethnic Politics, Impacts, Post-
Colonial Governance
Introduction
It has been estimated that Nigeria has as much as 350 ethnic groups
based on lingual classification. However, the “United Nations says there are
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
179
250 ethnic groups in Nigeria many consider this as underestimated. A federal
government demographic survey in 1976 identified 394 language groups,
one estimate put it as high as 400 with the highest density of languages in
Taraba and Adamawa States” (www.thenation onlineng.net). The above
statement clearly depicts that Nigeria is multi-lingual in nature. The diverse
nature of the Nigeria state as a result of tribal differences, this therefore lays
the foundation for the exploitation of what goes on in the country. This is
further precipitated on the fact that these ethnic groups though housed in one
country, they do not have the same needs, objectives and aspirations. Based
on these ethnical inclinati ...
This document discusses the impact of religion on civilizations in Africa, India, and the Americas through several newspaper articles and historical texts. In Africa, documents discuss how Timbuktu was once a major intellectual center under Islam with many scholars and libraries. They also discuss how some religious leaders have convinced others that female circumcision is not mandated by Islam. In India, the document discusses the ongoing discrimination and violence faced by Dalits, or "untouchables", despite laws against it, showing the impact of the Hindu caste system. It provides statistics on crimes against Dalits. In the Americas, no documents were included in this packet.
Semelhante a Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria: Some Reflections on Options for Policy (20)
The Concession of Asaba International Airport: Balancing Politics and Policy ...Kayode Fayemi
Today, I had the opportunity to review Professor Sylvester Monye's latest book, "The Concession of Asaba International Airport: Balancing Politics and Policy Execution.” The review was attended by former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GGFR, Governor Sheriff F. Oborevwori of Delta State, former Senate President, H.E Dr Abubakar Bukola Saraki CON, former SGF Boss Mustapha, CFR, and former President Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, GCFR, who chaired the event.
The book offers a master class in policy management in a complex political environment and sheds light on the challenges and intricacies involved in such a monumental project. It was a privilege to gain insight into the experiences and perspectives shared in the book, and I believe it offers valuable lessons for future policymakers and governments undertaking similar endeavours.
Congratulations to Professor Monye on this insightful and thought-provoking work.
Uncommon Grace The Autobiography of Isaac FolorunsoKayode Fayemi
I had the honour of presenting my reflections on the autobiography of Professor Isaac Folorunso Adewole, titled "Uncommon Grace." As someone deeply invested in documentation and history, I found Professor Adewole's decision to narrate his journey from humble beginnings to occupying one of the highest offices in the land both inspiring and invaluable.
In this eloquently written memoir, Professor Adewole provides a comprehensive account of his life, from his ancestral roots to his time as Minister of Health in Nigeria. The unique aspect of this autobiography is that he portrayed himself authentically without taking the help of third-party narratives, which is often seen in accounts of high-ranking officials.
His upbringing was greatly influenced by his father's commitment to education. He became a prominent figure in advocating for the rights of the underprivileged through trade unionism. His story is one of unwavering determination, resilience, and faith. His experiences, including both successes and struggles, provide priceless lessons on leadership, perseverance, and the alignment of personal values with public service.
While reading "Uncommon Grace," I was struck by the deep leadership lessons that are embedded within its chapters. Professor Adewole stresses the importance of inclusivity, servant leadership, and planning, which are all highly relevant in today's complex world. His commitment to accountability, as well as his primary responsibility as a researcher, serves as a guiding light for aspiring leaders across various disciplines.
During his tenure as the Vice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan, he led with visionary leadership and transformative impact. His accomplishments have been meticulously documented in the book, which can serve as a blueprint for rejuvenating institutions and promoting academic excellence.
In the latter part of his autobiography, Professor Adewole shares his experiences as a Minister, detailing the challenges he faced while serving the public with integrity and courage. His reflections on the complexities of public service, coupled with his commitment to the well-being of the nation, offer practical insights for policymakers and citizens alike.
I have carefully read "Uncommon Grace" and it is more than just a memoir. It is a timeless book that is hard to put down once you start reading. While intellectuals may continue to debate whether uncommon grace was made possible by uncommon preparation or the other way around, I applaud Professor Adewole for sharing his ideas, knowledge, and experience with the public. I highly recommend this book to everyone.
If this Giant Must Walk: A Manifesto for a New NigeriaKayode Fayemi
Yesterday in Lagos, I had the honour of delivering a lecture titled “If this Giant Must Walk; Manifesto for a New Nigeria“ at the Inaugural Memorial Lecture of Prince Emeka Obasi, founder and publisher of Business Hallmark and the inspirational figure behind the Public Policy Research and Analysis Centre - promoters of the revered Zik Leadership and Governance Awards.
My lecture focused on the challenges of nation-building in Nigeria and how we can approach them in a way that promotes progress and unity. I discussed the many sources of concern about our country’s future prospects, including violent conflicts, revisionist contestations of the Amalgamation Act of 1914, discontent with the Nigerian economy, and dysfunctions in the federal system.
Central to my lecture was the call to address these challenges by crafting a new manifesto for Nigeria. This manifesto, I proposed, should champion integrity, compassion, character, competence, and commitment to national unity and progress within a framework of democratic governance and cultural diversity. I firmly believe that by doing so, we can guide Nigeria to stride forward with pride and purpose.
I want to thank the Board and Management of the Public Policy Forum for their kind invitation to speak at this important event and for their commitment to promoting public policy research and analysis in Nigeria. My gratitude also to the late Prince Emeka Obasi, a true inspiration and a builder of bridges across divides, for his contributions to the country. My thoughts are with his family and loved ones.
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...Kayode Fayemi
I had the honour of delivering a keynote lecture titled "Sustainable Leadership Strategies for a Troubled Nation: Reflections of a Scholar-Politician" at the Induction Ceremony for postgraduate students in the Public Governance and Leadership Programme at the Abuja Leadership Centre, University of Abuja.
In my presentation, I focused on demystifying leadership in the African governance context and highlighted the role of leadership in promoting a just and sustainable peace. While acknowledging significant investments in leadership development in Africa, I emphasised the limitations of focusing solely on individual leaders without a robust institutional framework. Successful leadership, I argued, involves teamwork within a well-established infrastructure, addressing complex interplays of policies, politics, and power.
I stressed that leadership goes beyond placing the right individuals in office; it requires managing socio-political currents, consensus-building, and addressing structural drivers of conflict, such as poverty and inequality. Leaders must invest in managing diversity, leading by example, and addressing root causes to promote just peace. I highlighted the importance of a well-thought-out plan when transitioning from campaigning to governing and the need for policies to align with a sustainable and well-consulted plan.
The following outlines strategies that, in my belief, can contribute to the improvement of good governance in our challenging environment. First, understand that leadership is teamwork, not a solo effort. Two, pay attention to the big picture with a nuanced understanding of societal dynamics and focus on solutions; three, have a realistic plan based on wide consultations but be flexible; four, think through how to put a team together and also fund your promises to the electorate; five, don't ignore your civil service or suffocate your government with external consultants; six, own your communication and engage the electorate constantly; seven, change in government is often incremental, not revolutionary. What makes incremental change enduring is sustainability. Eight, sustainability rests on seamless succession and succession planning since governance is a continuum.
Timeless Aketi - Tribute to Arakunrin OluwaRotimi AkeredoluKayode Fayemi
Bisi and I attended the Service of Songs and Night of Tributes held in honour of our dear friend and former Governor of Ondo State, Arakunrin OluwaRotimi Akeredolu. Aketi was exceptional – a sagely intellectual, a dogged lawyer and activist, and a patriotic nation builder. He was one of the most iconic leaders in our region and country before succumbing to his last fight.
Many will fondly remember him as an irrepressible defender of the defenceless and a loud, often undiplomatic voice of the voiceless. As Chairman of the South West Governors Forum, he led from the front in the establishment of the Western Security Network - popularly known as Amotekun. As a patriot and a nationalist, he never lost sight of our common goal - the quest for public good and the building of a prosperous, united, safe, and secure nation.
However, the unanswered question lingers: how can death snatch such a person so full of life from the uncompleted work of national rebirth and renewal? I’ve asked myself the same question repeatedly because every death diminishes us. We all wish Aketi were here with us, but we take solace in the memories we shared, the kindness and wisdom he shared with all and sundry, the service he rendered to the good people of Ondo State, and the necessary battles he fought on behalf of a better Nigeria.
Nigeria has been shortchanged by the loss of this consistent advocate of justice, fairness, and equity. But the struggle must continue, as he would have wanted. Our nation has lost a gem; indeed, one of the brightest in our firmament – I have lost my friend.
Adieu Aketi. Goodnight!
Nation-building is very fragile in Africa Kayode Fayemi - The Africa ReportKayode Fayemi
In this interview with The Africa Report, I discussed the need for electoral reforms, engagement, and dialogue with political rivals, proportional representation in our electoral system, and substantial political actions to address challenges. Additionally, I reflected on recent coups in West Africa, election challenges, overreliance on the judiciary for political decisions, and assessed Buhari's presidency.
Shifts in Global Power Relations and Implications for AfricaKayode Fayemi
In my capacity as Visiting Professor, I delivered a keynote lecture on 'Shifts in Global Power Relations and Implications for Africa,' organised by the African Leadership Centre in the School of Global Affairs at King’s College London.
In my lecture, I discussed three interconnected arguments concerning shifts in global power relations and their implications for Africa. First, I emphasised the role of history in shaping these dynamics. Second, I talked about the pace, process, context, and implications of global power shifts. Finally, I highlighted Africa's centrality in reshaping the world and stressed the importance of it becoming a co-rule maker in the emerging new world order.
The world, including Africa, faces numerous conflicts and challenges, from tensions between Russia and Ukraine to crises in the Middle East and various conflicts within Africa. These issues underscore the necessity to reassess traditional assumptions in international governance. Climate change, pandemics, inequality, demographic shifts, and declining trust in governments further complicate the global landscape.
Scholars discuss the emergence of a multipolar global order which indicates a transition filled with doubts and fears. The need for enlightened leadership is important, but the current political space is dominated by narrow nationalism, xenophobia, and militarism. Some even suggest the world might be on the brink of a third world war.
Amidst this, existential threats extend beyond military conflicts to climate change, triggering fires, floods, hurricanes, and migrations. Africa, too, faces security challenges influenced by global dynamics. The continent experiences turbulence from external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, economic crises, and climate change. Despite historical successes in collective responses to challenges, regional peace initiatives appear to be losing momentum.
Visionary leadership is essential for Africa to navigate the evolving global order. The continent's demographic advantage could be leveraged to collectively influence the new world order. The current geopolitical landscape, evident in voting patterns and attendance at international summits, indicates Africa's potential to play a key role. However, the continent needs to move beyond donor-recipient dynamics in engagements with other nations and establish a clear, shared agenda.
To address weaknesses in engaging with the changing world order, Africa must fill gaps in policy and leadership. Tackling structural drivers of conflict, particularly poverty and inequality, is necessary for sustainable peace. Investment in developing leadership capacities is essential for navigating this rapidly changing world.
Africa in the Turbulence of a World in Search of DirectionKayode Fayemi
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in important areas for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
Africa in the Turbulence of a World in Search of DirectionKayode Fayemi
Being Text of the Annual Lecture Delivered by His Excellency, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, CON, Former Governor of Ekiti State and Former Chairman of the Nigeria Governors’ Forum to the Society for International Relations Awareness (SIRA) on Wednesday 18 October, 2023, Abuja, Nigeria.
Last week, I had the honour of addressing the topic "How to Make Nigeria Work" during the 60th birthday celebration of my dear friend and comrade, Professor Udenta Udenta.
However, it was intriguing to witness the diverse reactions to my speech, which regrettably, have been misrepresented and sensationalised in the media. The sensationalised portions of my presentation have also sparked counterarguments from analysts and critics who did not listen to my full speech and only depended on media snippets. In light of these developments and to ensure an accurate record, I find it necessary to clarify my statements.
I have no doubt in my mind that I have not exhausted all the factors that can make Nigeria work for the benefit of all her citizens and residents. However, I also have no doubt that the subsequent conversation by analysts will not only add new points but also amplify some of the points I have highlighted, rather than misconstrue or sensationalise them.
CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP- Continuity and Change in Nigeria - Kayode...Kayode Fayemi
In continuation of my engagement as a Visiting Professor at the African Leadership Centre, I participated in a roundtable discussion on ‘The Challenge of Leadership: Continuity & Change in Nigeria,’ moderated by Prof Funmi Olonisakin at King's College, University of London. I shared my insights on democratic leadership, the challenges our democracy faces, the false dichotomies between civil society and political society, and the implications of Nigeria's political economy of oil.
Nigeria serves as a complex case study in the journey towards democracy. In the past two decades, our democracy has undergone significant changes, but opinions on progress varies between pessimism and optimism. Meeting the high expectations set after 1999 has been challenging, and we must shift our mindset to see progress as an ongoing struggle.
It is important not to generalise stagnation across all sectors, as there are pockets of progress throughout the country. Rather than solely focusing on outcomes, we should assess the quality and content of democratic and governance reforms. Long-term change requires recognising the cumulative impact of small, incremental shifts, including often overlooked partial reforms at the sub-national level with lasting effects. Transformation rarely happens through a single dramatic shift but results from a complex mix of evolving factors.
Despite the challenges, there are individuals dedicated to reforming Nigeria's governance. The question remains: can we achieve significant improvements even with good intentions and an increase in reform-minded individuals in politics?
CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP: Continuity and Change in NigeriaKayode Fayemi
Kayode Fayemi discusses the challenges facing Nigerian democracy in the past two decades since the transition from military to civilian rule in 1999. Some key points made include:
- While elections marked an improvement over military dictatorship, the transition did not fully transform Nigeria's political culture or overhaul systems and structures. It mainly rearranged the political space.
- Expectations for democracy were inflated, setting the stage for disappointment. Democratic reforms are an ongoing process and progress has been incremental rather than through single dramatic shifts.
- Structural issues like overcentralization of power have undermined governance and democratic development. A fundamental restructuring of Nigeria's federal system is needed to address these challenges and create a more
Reflections of a Scholar-Politician on the Leadership-Peace Nexus and Praxis ...Kayode Fayemi
I delivered a keynote talk at the African Leadership Centre's Postgraduate Conference held at King's College, University of London. It was an honour to have this opportunity to engage with fellow scholars and address the important topic of the leadership-peace nexus in Africa from the perspective of a Scholar-Politician.
Throughout my presentation, I focused on demystifying leadership in the African governance experience and exploring the role of leadership in fostering a just and sustainable peace. I also delved into the relationship between democracy, leadership, and peace in Africa, as well as the crucial role of regional organisations such as the African Union and ECOWAS in peacebuilding. Lastly, I shared my personal journey of transitioning from academia to politics as a scholar-politician, offering insights from my insider experience.
This topic holds great significance to me, as it has shaped my own journey and deepened my understanding of the challenges our societies face. I firmly believe that leadership plays a crucial role in matters of peace, security, and stability. However, it is not enough to engage in theoretical discussions alone; we must also focus on practical implementation. Drawing from my personal experience, I highlighted the importance of bridging the gap between academia, activism, and politics, and leveraging insider knowledge to drive positive change.
My full presentation can be found in the attached document.
Reflections of a Scholar-Politician on the Leadership-Peace Nexus and Praxis ...Kayode Fayemi
I delivered a keynote talk at the African Leadership Centre's Postgraduate Conference held at King's College, University of London. It was an honour to have this opportunity to engage with fellow scholars and address the important topic of the leadership-peace nexus in Africa from the perspective of a Scholar-Politician.
Throughout my presentation, I focused on demystifying leadership in the African governance experience and exploring the role of leadership in fostering a just and sustainable peace. I also delved into the relationship between democracy, leadership, and peace in Africa, as well as the crucial role of regional organisations such as the African Union and ECOWAS in peacebuilding. Lastly, I shared my personal journey of transitioning from academia to politics as a scholar-politician, offering insights from my insider experience.
This topic holds great significance to me, as it has shaped my own journey and deepened my understanding of the challenges our societies face. I firmly believe that leadership plays a crucial role in matters of peace, security, and stability. However, it is not enough to engage in theoretical discussions alone; we must also focus on practical implementation. Drawing from my personal experience, I highlighted the importance of bridging the gap between academia, activism, and politics, and leveraging insider knowledge to drive positive change.
My full presentation can be found in the attached document.
Common Ground: Leading Charge at the SubnationalKayode Fayemi
It was a delight to attend the unveiling of a photo book titled "Common Ground: Leading Charge at the Subnational." This beautifully curated collection, masterfully crafted by Ayo Ogunro, my personal photographer, captures the period from 2019 to 2022 when I had the honour of serving as the chairman of the Nigerian Governors Forum (NGF). The book was introduced to the public during a farewell dinner held for outgoing governors in Abuja.
Within the pages of this exquisite coffee table book lie the moments that defined our tenure and contributed to its success. It artfully portrays how the policies and agenda formulated at the NGF, with the unwavering support of my fellow governors and my Deputy, H.E Aminu Tambuwal of Sokoto State, made a substantial impact on poverty reduction, national economic recovery, governance reforms, as well as infrastructural and sustainable development across our dear nation.
I firmly believe that effective governance and meaningful public engagement rely on meticulous record keeping and documentation. Therefore, I extend my thanks to Ayo Ogunro for his skilful dedication in capturing and preserving my experiences during my time in office. Through his exceptional work, we have immortalised the transformative journey we undertook, ensuring that its legacy endures for generations to come.
Sub National Governance in Nigeria - The Ekiti Example - Copy.docxKayode Fayemi
This document provides an overview of sub-national governance in Nigeria using the example of Ekiti State. It discusses the challenges of governing at the state level, including transitioning from campaigning to governing, developing a clear policy agenda and plan, making important appointments, funding priorities with limited resources, and adapting to changing circumstances. The author, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, draws on his experience as the former governor of Ekiti State to outline his policy agenda and 100-day plan, strategies for mobilizing development partners and financial resources, and lessons for new governors taking office.
Leveraging City-Basin Governance to Boost Water Security in African Municipal...Kayode Fayemi
I had the honour of speaking at a Ministers-Mayors Dialogue, titled "A City-Basin Approach to Water Security in Africa: Solutions and Commitments," which was organised by the United Cities and Local Governments of Africa (UCLG-Africa) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) during the UN's 2023 Water Conference in New York.
This event provided an opportunity to discuss how city-basin governance can be leveraged to enhance water security in African municipalities and unlock their potential to achieve SDG 6 through the Action Plan of Mayors, Local and Regional Governments for Water Security.
Please refer to this document for my full presentation.
Alternative Politics, Political Alternatives, and Innovative Social Change in...Kayode Fayemi
Being Text of a Keynote Address Delivered by HE Dr Kayode Fayemi, CON, at the Conference on Redesigning Democracy Held at the University of Oxford on Thursday 20 October, 2022.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Gamify it until you make it Improving Agile Development and Operations with ...Ben Linders
So many challenges, so little time. While we’re busy developing software and keeping it operational, we also need to sharpen the saw, but how? Gamification can be a way to look at how you’re doing and find out where to improve. It’s a great way to have everyone involved and get the best out of people.
In this presentation, Ben Linders will show how playing games with the DevOps coaching cards can help to explore your current development and deployment (DevOps) practices and decide as a team what to improve or experiment with.
The games that we play are based on an engagement model. Instead of imposing change, the games enable people to pull in ideas for change and apply those in a way that best suits their collective needs.
By playing games, you can learn from each other. Teams can use games, exercises, and coaching cards to discuss values, principles, and practices, and share their experiences and learnings.
Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – CAPEL – June 2024 OEC...
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria: Some Reflections on Options for Policy
1. @kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance
and Nation-Building
in Nigeria
Dr. Kayode Fayemi (CON)
Visiting Professor, African Leadership Centre,
King's College, London, UK
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
34th Annual Conference of the
Nigerian Political Science
Association (NPSA), in Lokoja,
29th April, 2024
Keynote Address Delivered by:
2. 2
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
It is an honour and privilege to be here in Lokoja with you today on the occasion of
the34thannualconferenceoftheNigerianPoliticalScienceAssociation(NPSA).Let
mefromtheoutsetthankHisExcellency,ourhosttheGovernorofKogiState,Alhaji
Usman Ododo, for the warm welcome and hospitality he and his team have
generously extended to us. In doing so, allow me also to extend warm greetings to
His Excellency our esteemed Vice President and NumberTwo citizen of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria, Senator Kasham Shettima, His Excellency, Right Honourable
Tajudeen Abass, Speaker of the Federal House of Representatives, the National
Chairman of theAll Progressives Congress, His Excellency Dr.Abdullahi Ganduje,
the Chairmen of the Peoples Democratic Party and the Labour Party, and other
highly esteemed dignitaries present here with us.
I am aware that the organisation and hosting of this 34thAnnual Conference of the
NPSAhasinvolvednotjustaconsiderableamountofplanningbutalsoastrongdose
of creativity and innovation. I salute the Vice Chancellor and management of the
Federal University, Lokoja for the support extended to theAssociation to make this
conference a reality. I also particularly wish to pay a special tribute to the President
of the NPSA, the indefatigable Professor Hassan Saliu, for the extra mile he and the
membersofhisExecutiveCommitteewenttomobilisethemembershiptomakethis
conference happen despite a paucity of resources and the prevailing tough economic
times across the country and around the world. I must say we all owe it a duty to
ensure that thisAssociation not only survives but that it continues to thrive.
Thethemeofthe34thconferenceoftheNPSAisbothtopicalandtimely.Aroundthe
world, including our continent and country, the challenges of nation-building have
been manifest for several years now. In some cases, the challenges are actually
worsening as evidenced by the many cases of violent conflicts that are being played
out with regard to the governance of the nation-state and discontents with the
nation-building experience.
3. 3
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
InAfricaalone,inthelastfewyears,wehaveseenwarbreakoutinEthiopiaandthe
Sudan. We have also witnessed armed uprisings in places like Cameroun, Tchad,
Central Africa Republic, Kenya, and Mozambique even as old and long-running
conflicts in Somalia, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, the Casamance in
Senegal have continued to fester in their mutation.
Furthermore, across the Sahel belt of the continent, military coups d’etat have been
carried out by segments of the armed forces with the most recent being the takeover
that happened in Niger in 2023. Beyond the Sahel, similar military interventions
have been registered in Guinea Conakry and Gabon. These developments are
unfolding in a generalised context of prolonged violent insecurity underwritten by
an assortment of self-proclaimed Jihadi groups, criminal gangs of drug, gun, and
human traffickers, and armed bands of smugglers, cattle rustlers, kidnappers, and
illegal miners.Across the arc of conflict that runs through theAfrican continent, we
have seen an intensification of violent contestations.
Even in places where violent contestations of the nation-state have not burst out into
the open, clear signs of subterranean discord and discontent are manifest that call
the continued stability and unity of many a polity into question. The revival of
irredentist ethno-regional and religious identities has been observed in various
countries, mirroring at the national level, similar trends in extremely narrow
identity politics around the world.This trend in narrow and discriminatory identity
politics has led to commentators such as the late Stephen Ellis to speak about the
“re-tribalisation” of African politics, except that what European anthropologists
pejorativelyrefertoas“tribes”intheAfricancontextare,asnotedbyArchieMafeje
and others, bigger in size than most of the groups effortlessly categorised as
“nations” in Europe and theAmericas. This, however, is an issue for another day.
4. 4
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
Resurgent identities of various shades have been played out aggressively even in
some of the most unlikely places where the general wisdom for a time was that they
have been among the most successful countries in the task of nation-building after
the defeat of colonialism. The cases of Tanzania and Botswana stand out in
particular. In the former, the Zanzibari nationalism that blossomed for a period
after the departure from office of the late Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, the father of
modern Tanzania, has been replaced in recent times by a Tangayika nationalism
that is demanding the separation of the Mainland from the Island. In the latter, the
Serowe sub-ethnic group has felt alienated from the mainstream of national politics
since the departure from power of the Khama brothers and the self-exile of Ian
Khama, the immediate past President of the country.
Old ethno-regional cleavages that have conditioned politics in places like Kenya,
Ghana, Guinea Conakry, and Guinea Bissau, to cite a few examples, have come to
occupy centrestage in their domestic governance processes and systems. Nigeria is
notexemptfromthesechallengesofnation-building.Indeed,inmorewaysthanone,
thecountryhasbeenthesitewherevirtuallyalloftheknownformsofnationalunity
challenges have been played out. From irredentist ethno-regional groups, religious
extremists, smuggling gangs, and kidnapping syndicates to violent separatist
movements,resourcecontrolmilitants,transborderlivestockthieves,andtraffickers
inpeopleandgunsthecountryhashadatasteofthevariousformsofdislocationand
dysfunction that have undermined nation-building and threatened a wholesale
systemic breakdown.
Matters have not been helped in the Nigerian case by the transformation of old
occupational conflicts between pastoralists and farmers into full-scale inter-ethnic
violencethathasrecurredacrosstheMiddleBelt/northcentralregionand spreadto
other parts of the country. The consequences of the multiple crises that have
wracked the country both simultaneously and in succession have been many and
variedbuttheycanbesummedupinonesentence:Abreakdownintrustamongthe
different groups that make up the Nigerian nation-state.
5. 5
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
Thissituationhasledcommentators,bothNigerianandnon-Nigerian,topredictthe
imminent“failure”,“collapse”,or“disintegration”ofthecountry.Everyyearcomes
with predictions of an anticipated collapse of the country in a game of guesses that
pass for forecasts that is akin to Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot.
The recurrent predictions about the imminent collapse or failure of the Nigerian
state have been bolstered and made to look credible in recent times by various
developments in the polity. The violent activities of separatist activists in the South
East and South western parts of Nigeria, vociferous revisionist contestations of the
amalgamation act of 1914, generalised discontent with the prolonged
underperformance of the Nigerian economy, heightened recrimination, insecurity,
and violence, feelings of marginalisation, exclusion, and injustice, and concerns
about various dysfunctions in the federal system are some of sources of concern
about the future prospects of the country. However, despite the dire warnings and
deliberate scare-mongering, the predictions of an imminent failure or collapse have
proved to be hasty, exaggerated, and misplaced so far. This is mainly because of the
gross underestimation of the many webs of interdependence, historical bonds of
interconnections,andcontemporaryinternet-mixturesthatareanimportantpartof
the dynamics of modern Nigeria. There is, in this, a highly researchable subject
which the NPSAmight wish to pursue.
That said, and in full acknowledgement of the existence of many underlying and
embeddedfactorsthatserveastheenduringpillarsforthecontinuedsurvivalofNigeria
asaunitedcountry,thepointcannotbedeniedthatthenation-building projecthasbeen
underasevereandworseningstrainforsometimenow.Itisanotherwayofsayingthat
thegovernmentandpoliticalactorscannotaffordtobecomplacentorindifferenttothe
demandsthathavebeenaccumulatingforsometimeforare-foundingofthebasisforthe
unity and progress of the country. For, in the end, as much as no Nigerian government
willeveraccepttopresideoverthedissolutionofthecountry,theideathattheunityofthe
country is not negotiable orits inherited frame of governance is not open to questioning
willneedtobejettisoned.
6. 6
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
For, as history teaches us, empires, kingdoms, and republics come and go; those political
systemsthatendureandpassthetestoftimearethosethatareadeptatrecalibratingtheir
governance arrangementstorespondinatimelyandcomprehensivemannertochanging
timesandneeds.
Recentscholarlywritings,notableamongthem -WhyNationsFail:TheOriginsofPower,
Prosperity and Poverty - by Daron Acemoglu & James Robinson among others, have
focused on what makes for successful nation-building and what drives nations to failure.
ThedriversofthecontemporarydifficultiesthatconfrontsNigeriaarevaried,thoughalso
inter-connectedinsofarastheyallpointindifferentwaystoacrisisofgovernancethathas
been allowed by acts of commission and/or omission to build up, become more
complicated, and worsen over time. As captured in popular, everyday discourses, the
various dimensions of this crisis of governance include, among others: A decline in the
moralfibreofsocietyandthecollapseofethicsinpublicandprivatelife;thespreadofthe
cankerworm of corruption in state and society; the collapse of patriotism among leaders
andfollowersalike;anallegedincompatibilityamongthevariousethnicgroupsthatwere
forced without theirconsent into an amalgamation in 1914; the decline in citizen welfare;
andtheperceivedfeelingsofmarginalisationofsectionsofthepopulace.
These popular perspectives on the nation-building challenges facing the country mostly
speaktothesymptomsofamuchdeepermalaiseinstatecraftthatdeservesmuchgreater
attention,especiallyfromthepoliticalsciencecommunity. Therootsofthismalaisecanbe
summarised as comprising: The failure to build, consolidate, and popularise a broad
national leadership consensus on the basis of which actions and performance can be
assessed; the degradation of the basic state-society social bargain on the basis of which
citizenship and leadership can be nurtured and advanced; a paucity of leadership vision
thatembracedaspartofalong-terminvestmentinthequestfornationaltransformation;
the collapse of the national civil service system as a factor of cohesion, coherence, and
continuity in the state and nation-building process; a crisis of population mobility within
the country that has fed a dynamic of distrust; and the twin problems of poverty and
inequalitythatserveasfodderforthealienationofasignificantswatheofthepopulace.
7. 7
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
To the above-mentioned factors that underpin the governance malaise facing the
country must be added the unfortunate trend in extreme parochialism in the
administration of public affairs that has undermined the effective and conscious
management of national diversity.This, in turn, has eroded the sense of belonging in
thepolityandfedintoopenandsilentformsofdissentanddisloyaltyamongsections
of the populace. In the absence of a consistent and an expansive economic growth
record over the long period, dissent and disloyalty have worsened and are ossifying
into a culture of mutual recrimination and distrust that are detrimental to the
nation-building agenda.The zero sum nature of elite competition forpowerhas also
compounded the problems of nation-building, producing as it does a negative
incentive system whereby personality prevails over ideas, institutions are hijacked
and undermined, informal networks of power and privilege trump inclusive
institutions and merit.
The task of nation-building is not a one-off orstatic exercise but is rathera dynamic
and permanent work in progress There is no experience of nation-building that is
perfect from the outset and remains so despite changing times and circumstances.
However, the many proposals that have been making the rounds in Nigerian circles
about how to overcome the contemporary threats to unity and stability have hardly
been helpful in restoring the ideals of nation-building. In fact, if anything, they have,
in some instances, in their rigidity and dogmatism been reduced to
counter-productive slogans and cliches. The popular proposals include the
convening of a sovereign national conference; the adoption of major constitutional
amendments; and the redesign of the federal arrangement to make it less
centralised.Although in the normal order of things, these proposals may not in and
of themselves be wrong and I, equally, subscribe to some of them, what is
problematic is the assumption that they represent magic bullets which once adopted
will automatically resolve all extant problems of nation-building. That is far from
being the case.
8. 8
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
Aswecollectivelyreflectontheoverarchingthemeandpurposeofthisconference,it
seemedtomeimportantandnecessarytoreiterate thatnocountryintheworldand
in human history was created as a fully and permanently united entity from the
outset. This is as true for multi-ethnic and multi-religious countries as it is true for
those that are thought to be more homogenous. Indeed, in every country in our
world, the task of managing diversity and difference in order to forge a common
purpose and vision around which to rally the citizenry is a permanent condition of
life - and a constant demand on leadership. Unity is never given ab initio or
permanently; it requires to be nurtured and worked at constantly and on an
on-going basis.
In the same way that unity is not an automatic given that can be taken for granted,
so also is disunity not a fatalistic inevitability into which we are locked in perpetuity.
No people are condemned to a life of permanent and perpetual disunity.
Imperfections and failings in any union manifest themselves in various forms and
shapes. Differences and disagreements exist alongside cleavages and contradictions.
We must learn as a people to accept that these are hard facts and features of any
polity. Properly handled, they may be turned into important drivers of a
socio-political dynamic that propels countries forward in their march of progress.
Mismanaged and compounded, they may fester and become threats to stability and
togetherness. Disunity of the kind that goes behind difference and divergence and
which threatens violent collapse is, therefore, a mark of failings in governance, not
the inevitable fate to which a people are condemned.
Therefore in our search for options for policy, and in full recognition of the fact that
no union anywhere in the world is complete and perfect, every effort at advancing
the task of nation-building must begin with the ambition of building on yesterday’s
successes in order to secure tomorrow’s progress. Nation-building does not happen
in a historical vacuum.
9. 9
@kfayemi @JKFayemi John Kayode Fayemi PhD.
Governance and Nation-Building in Nigeria:
Some Reflections on Options for Policy
Governance responses are, therefore, also tailored to balance between the ambitions
and hopes of the populace for a greater and better future, and the pragmatic
pathways that are open to the citizenry for the achievement of a more perfect union
in a manner that is consensual, at a velocity that is sustainable, and with a purpose
thatsatisfiestheneedsofthemaximumnumberofthemembersofsociety.Proposed
solutions that are created out of spite, hatred, or irredentist aspirations are hardly
the stuff of which forward-looking investments in nation-building are made.
In the light if the foregoing, I urge us to refrain from being overly prescriptive in our
search for options for policy. Instead, I would like to extend an invitation to the
Nigerian political science community to lead us in a sober, historically-grounded,
and well-researched governance options through which dysfunction, waste, and
retrogression in the nation-building project may be arrested and the mix of
incentives that can unleash the much needed renewal in all aspects of our national
life designed and applied. I understand that in theTowerof Babel that the debate on
the future of the nation-state has become, the task of sifting the wheat from the chaff
will not be an easy one but it has to be done with patience and purpose, and with an
understandingthatanygovernancereformsthataretableddonotleavethecountry
weaker or more divided than it already is. This is the historic challenge of our times
and I know we have the wealth of experience and the intellectual acumen among us
to meet the challenge with originality and innovation. That is one way that we can
continue to honour the pioneers and exemplars from Billy Dudley to Sam
Oyovbaire, Elochukwu Amuchaezi to Ibrahim Gambari and Isifanus Zabadi to
AlabaOgunsanwoandmanyotherslikethemwhobridgedthegapsbetweentheory
and practice, helping to solve problems with historically grounded, political science
scholarship.
I thank you for your attention and wish you a successful 34th annual conference.