GLOSSARY OF TOURISM TERMS
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside the ir
usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists
or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which involve tourism expenditure.
Activity/activities: In tourism statistics, the term activities represent the actions and behaviours of people in preparation for
and during a trip in their capacity as consumers (IRTS 2008, 1.2).
Activity (principal): The principal activity of a producer unit is the activity whose value-added exceeds that of any other activity
carried out within the same unit (SNA 2008, 5.8).
Activity (productive): The (productive) activity carried out by a statistical unit is the type of production in which it engages. It
has to be understood as a process, i.e., the combination of actions that result in a certain set of products. The classification of
productive activities is determined by their principal output.
Administrative data: Administrative data is the set of units and data derived from an administrative source. This is a data holding
information collected and maintained for the purpose of implementing one or more administrative regulations.
Aggregated data: The result of transforming unit-level data into quantitative measures for a set of characteristics of a population.
Aggregation: A process that transforms microdata into aggregate-level information by using an aggregation function such as count,
sum average, standard deviation, etc.
Analytical unit: Entity created by statisticians, by splitting or combining observation units with the help of estimations and
imputations.
Balance of payments: The balance of payments is a statistical statement that summarizes transactions between residents and
non-residents during a period. It consists of the goods and services account, the primary income account, the secondary income
account, the capital account, and the financial account (BPM6, 2.12).
Bias: An effect which deprives a statistical result of representativeness by systematically distorting it, as distinct from a random
error which may distort on any one occasion but balances out on the average.
Business and professional purpose (of a tourism trip): The business and professional purpose of a tourism trip includes
the activities of the self-employed and employees, as long as they do not correspond to an implicit or explicit employer-employee
relationship with a resident producer in the country or place visited, those of investors, businessmen, etc. (IRTS 2008, 3.17.2).
Business visitor: A business visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the business and professional
category of purpose (IRTS 2008, 3.17.2).
Central Product Classification: The Central Product Classification (CPC) constitutes a comple
Unwto paper Macroeconomic Analysis ToolsDavid Vicent
Exploring the Full Economic Impact of Tourism for Policy Making:
Extending the Use of the Tourism Satellite Account through Macroeconomic Analysis Tools
Unwto paper Macroeconomic Analysis ToolsDavid Vicent
Exploring the Full Economic Impact of Tourism for Policy Making:
Extending the Use of the Tourism Satellite Account through Macroeconomic Analysis Tools
Presented by Ms Barbara Engels of the IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group - at the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 14th Conference of the Parties, in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, on 27 November 2018
all about national income gdp, management , sector models,methods to calculate gdp that you want to learn as a beginner.ppt from CABM students gbpuat, Pantnagar
All about national income that u need to know for beginners. various methods to calculate gdp,gnp etc
presented by students of College of Agribusiness Management, govind ballabh pant university of agriculture & technology.
The labour and capital of a country acting on its natural resources produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities material and immaterial including services of all kinds- (Marshall)
Tourism as a multiplier effect in economy: the case of Albaniainventionjournals
Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries worldwide. This sector has significant direct and indirect impact in the economy. The determination of the multiplier effect of tourism is very important part of economy. The multiplier effect measures the expenditures done on other part of economy, rather than tourism. Tourism not only creates job but also encourages growth on other sectors of industry.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
World Geography
The rocky ball that forms our world is one of nine planets in the Solar System. Earth is a sphere, with a
slight bulge in the middle at the Equator, and a diameter of 12,756 km (7,926 miles). It hurtles at speeds
of 105,000 kph (65,000 mph) during its orbit around the Sun, turning on its AXIS once every 24 hours.
This journey takes a year to complete. The Earth is the only planet that is known to support life, in a zone
called the BIOSPHERE.
UNIQUE PLANET
Water, oxygen, and energy from the Sun combine on Earth to help create suitable conditions for life.
The planet’s surface is mainly liquid water, which is why it looks blue from space. Earth is the only planet
in the Solar System with an atmosphere that contains a large amount of oxygen. The Sun is 150 million
km (93 million miles) away, producing heat that is bearable on Earth.
ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a layer of gas surrounding the Earth that is some 700 km (400 miles) thick. It is made
up of nitrogen (78 per cent) and oxygen (21 per cent), plus traces of other gases. Tiny droplets of water
vapour form the clouds we see.
OCEANS
Oceans cover 70.8 per cent of the Earth’s surface, to an average depth of 3.5 km (2 miles). The
hydrosphere (watery zone) also includes freshwater rivers and lakes, but these make up less than 1 per
cent of Earth’s water.
LAND
Dry land occupies 29.2 per cent of the Earth’s surface, where the lithosphere (rocky crust) rises above
sea level to form seven continents and countless smaller islands. Land can be categorised into biomes
major habitats such as forests, grasslands, and deserts.
ICE AND SNOW
The cryosphere (frozen zone) includes snow and glaciers on high mountains, sea ice, and the huge ice caps
that cover the landmasses of Greenland and the Antarctic. In the past, during long cold eras called ice
ages, ice covered much more of Earth’s surface than it does today.
EARTH SCIENCE
Meteorology, the study of Earth’s atmosphere, is one of the Earth sciences. Earth scientists study Earth’s
physical characteristics, from raindrops to rivers and the rocks beneath our feet. Other branches of study
include geology (rocks), hydrology, (oceans and freshwater), and ecology (living things and the
environment).
STUDY TECHNIQUES
Satellite images allow scientists to monitor everything from ocean currents to minerals hidden below
ground. Techniques such as radar and sonar have transformed our understanding of our planet. Some
Earth scientists also spend time in the field, which means working outdoors, collecting data and samples
from clouds, cliffs, craters, volcanic lava, and deep-buried ice.
BIOSPHERE
The biosphere is the part of Earth that contains what is needed for living things. This zone extends from
the ocean floor to top of the troposphere (lower atmosphere). Tiny organisms can survive deep in the
Earth’s crust, but most forms of life are found from a few hundred metres below sea level to about 1,000
m (3,300 ft) above sea level.
TH
Presented by Ms Barbara Engels of the IUCN WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas Specialist Group - at the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 14th Conference of the Parties, in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, on 27 November 2018
all about national income gdp, management , sector models,methods to calculate gdp that you want to learn as a beginner.ppt from CABM students gbpuat, Pantnagar
All about national income that u need to know for beginners. various methods to calculate gdp,gnp etc
presented by students of College of Agribusiness Management, govind ballabh pant university of agriculture & technology.
The labour and capital of a country acting on its natural resources produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities material and immaterial including services of all kinds- (Marshall)
Tourism as a multiplier effect in economy: the case of Albaniainventionjournals
Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries worldwide. This sector has significant direct and indirect impact in the economy. The determination of the multiplier effect of tourism is very important part of economy. The multiplier effect measures the expenditures done on other part of economy, rather than tourism. Tourism not only creates job but also encourages growth on other sectors of industry.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
World Geography
The rocky ball that forms our world is one of nine planets in the Solar System. Earth is a sphere, with a
slight bulge in the middle at the Equator, and a diameter of 12,756 km (7,926 miles). It hurtles at speeds
of 105,000 kph (65,000 mph) during its orbit around the Sun, turning on its AXIS once every 24 hours.
This journey takes a year to complete. The Earth is the only planet that is known to support life, in a zone
called the BIOSPHERE.
UNIQUE PLANET
Water, oxygen, and energy from the Sun combine on Earth to help create suitable conditions for life.
The planet’s surface is mainly liquid water, which is why it looks blue from space. Earth is the only planet
in the Solar System with an atmosphere that contains a large amount of oxygen. The Sun is 150 million
km (93 million miles) away, producing heat that is bearable on Earth.
ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a layer of gas surrounding the Earth that is some 700 km (400 miles) thick. It is made
up of nitrogen (78 per cent) and oxygen (21 per cent), plus traces of other gases. Tiny droplets of water
vapour form the clouds we see.
OCEANS
Oceans cover 70.8 per cent of the Earth’s surface, to an average depth of 3.5 km (2 miles). The
hydrosphere (watery zone) also includes freshwater rivers and lakes, but these make up less than 1 per
cent of Earth’s water.
LAND
Dry land occupies 29.2 per cent of the Earth’s surface, where the lithosphere (rocky crust) rises above
sea level to form seven continents and countless smaller islands. Land can be categorised into biomes
major habitats such as forests, grasslands, and deserts.
ICE AND SNOW
The cryosphere (frozen zone) includes snow and glaciers on high mountains, sea ice, and the huge ice caps
that cover the landmasses of Greenland and the Antarctic. In the past, during long cold eras called ice
ages, ice covered much more of Earth’s surface than it does today.
EARTH SCIENCE
Meteorology, the study of Earth’s atmosphere, is one of the Earth sciences. Earth scientists study Earth’s
physical characteristics, from raindrops to rivers and the rocks beneath our feet. Other branches of study
include geology (rocks), hydrology, (oceans and freshwater), and ecology (living things and the
environment).
STUDY TECHNIQUES
Satellite images allow scientists to monitor everything from ocean currents to minerals hidden below
ground. Techniques such as radar and sonar have transformed our understanding of our planet. Some
Earth scientists also spend time in the field, which means working outdoors, collecting data and samples
from clouds, cliffs, craters, volcanic lava, and deep-buried ice.
BIOSPHERE
The biosphere is the part of Earth that contains what is needed for living things. This zone extends from
the ocean floor to top of the troposphere (lower atmosphere). Tiny organisms can survive deep in the
Earth’s crust, but most forms of life are found from a few hundred metres below sea level to about 1,000
m (3,300 ft) above sea level.
TH
Features of Business Communication:
Business Communication has certain features or characteristics which enable us to distinguish it from
other communication.
A communication to be business communication must be:
1. Practical:
Effective business communication deals with the practical aspect of the information explaining why, how,
when and the like queries. It avoids impractical, imaginary, unnecessary or repetitive information to
eliminate waste of time. It conveys important information to the receiver.
2. Factual:
In general, a business message contains facts and figures in place of overall idea. Important date, place,
time, etc. should be clearly mentioned in a business communication.
3. Clear and Brief:
The language used in business communication should be simple, clear, brief and without ambiguity.
Sometimes charts, photographs, diagrams, etc. are used to condense or clarify the information.
4. Target-Oriented:
A business communication must have a specific objective and must be planned properly so that the
objective can be achieved.
5. Persuasive:
Business communication often plays a persuasive role. It persuades an employee to perform his/her
duties, a customer to buy a product or service etc. The basic characteristics mentioned above are related
to the message or information of the communication.
The process of business communication has certain other characteristics. They are:
1. Integral Part of Management Process:
Communication encompasses those activities by which the ideas, opinions and decisions of the managers
are conveyed to the subordinates of different ranks. It also involves the exchange of facts, feelings,
suggestions and responses between the superiors and subordinates.
Communication, in this way, puts the people into action, guides and directs their activities, regulates and
co-ordinates them for proper work performance. A manager, thus, performs the management functions
through communication and managerial positions become the communication centres to receive
information from various sources for its transmission to relevant points.
So, communication is a part and parcel of management function, and is, thus, an integral part of
management process. That is why, Chester I. Bernard remarks, “the first executive function is to
develop and maintain a system of communication”.
2. Two-Way Traffic:
Communication does not only mean its downward movement from superior to the subordinates it implies
both the transmission and reception. So, when conveying any information, a manager should know its
reactions and responses. Otherwise, managerial task of guiding and directing will be ineffective.
A man should, thus, not only speak, inform and order, but should also be able to listen, answer and
interpret. Communication, therefore, involves two-way traffic from the managers to the employees and
from the employees to the managers. It is not complete unless the message has been correctly understood
by the receiver and its res
Concept of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop, organize and run a business
enterprise, along with any of its uncertainties in order to make a profit. The most prominent
example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.
What Is Entrepreneurship
In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land, labour, natural resources and capital
can generate a profit. The entrepreneurial vision is defined by discovery and risk-taking and
is an indispensable part of a nation’s capacity to succeed in an ever-changing and more
competitive global marketplace.
Meaning of Entrepreneur
The entrepreneur is defined as someone who has the ability and desire to establish,
administer and succeed in a startup venture along with risk entitled to it, to make profits. The
best example of entrepreneurship is the starting of a new business venture. The
entrepreneurs are often known as a source of new ideas or innovators, and bring new ideas
in the market by replacing old with a new invention.
It can be classified into small or home business to multinational companies. In economics, the
profits that an entrepreneur makes is with a combination of land, natural resources, labour
and capital.
In a nutshell, anyone who has the will and determination to start a new company and deals
with all the risks that go with it can become an Entrepreneur.
What are the 4 Types of Entrepreneurship?
It is classified into the following types:
Small Business EntrepreneurshipThese businesses are a hairdresser, grocery store, travel agent, consultant, carpenter,
plumber, electrician, etc. These people run or own their own business and hire family
members or local employee. For them, the profit would be able to feed their family and not
making 100 million business or taking over an industry. They fund their business by taking
small business loans or loans from friends and family.
Scalable Startup EntrepreneurshipThis start-up entrepreneur starts a business knowing that their vision can change the world.
They attract investors who think and encourage people who think out of the box. The research
focuses on a scalable business and experimental models, so, they hire the best and the
brightest employees. They require more venture capital to fuel and back their project or
business.
Large Company EntrepreneurshipThese huge companies have defined life-cycle. Most of these companies grow and sustain by
offering new and innovative products that revolve around their main products. The change in
technology, customer preferences, new competition, etc., build pressure for large companies
to create an innovative product and sell it to the new set of customers in the new market. To
cope with the rapid technological changes, the existing organisations either buy innovation
enterprises or attempt to construct the product internally.
Soci
Characteristics of Indian outbound travel.pdfPankaj Chandel
Characteristics of Indian outbound travel, health and visa
formalities to be followed by Indians to visit some
important outbound countries.
Travelling is an exciting and soul-stirring experience that takes us out of our comfort zone and ushers in
us a new perspective of the world. However, packing, planning and preparing for it is a reality check on
our laziness. So, haul yourself up, listen close and listen carefully. Before you can start dreaming about
sandy beaches and Rocky Mountains, check if you have these essential travel documents in hand.
1. Passport: For international travel, you will need a passport. If you are not a passport holder, apply
for one in advance so that your application will be processed and ready in time. If you already have a
passport, make sure that it does not expire within the next 6 months or until you get back. Always carry
a copy of the passport separately. Keep a copy of the passport at home and also with your travel partner.
Carry around a soft copy of the passport as well. The copies will help to get a replacement faster and
easier just in case the original is lost.
2. Visa: Visa is a small stamp that provides conditional permission for entering a country for a specific
period of time. There are countries that grant visa-on-arrival. So, check if the country you are planning
to visit has visa-on-entry for your passport. If not, apply for a tourist visa for that country. Visa application
needs some time to get processed so it is better to apply for it at the earliest.
3. Forex card/ Foreign currency: One of the most important things to keep in hand when travelling
abroad is forex (foreign exchange). It is always better to carry the local currency of a country you are
going to rather than using your credit/debit card abroad. This way you can avoid the currency conversion
fees abroad. You can exchange your money for foreign currency at extravelmoney.com. If you’d rather
not carry money around, you can also buy a Forex Travel Card. Forex Cards are the best and most
convenient way of carrying foreign currency. It can be loaded with foreign currency and again re-loaded
later if the need arises. Extravelmoney.com facilitates the buying and selling of forex.
4. Travel Insurance: Travel insurance is meant to cover medical emergencies, trip cancellation, lost
luggage and any other emergencies that may occur during a trip.
It is not mandatory to take a travel insurance but it will be good to do so because while travelling abroad
medical expenses might turn out to be very expensive and the insurance can take care of that. Hence a
“worry less” travel experience.
5. Air ticket: Booking flight tickets are something that you need to think about early. If you are travelling
to a well-known tourist spot and it is peak time, chances are that flight ticket rates would be very high.
Booking in advance will help to get the tickets at a cheaper rate. Carry a copy of your confirmed air ticket
while you travel j
Every person on this world has his own likes and dislikes. Human thinking varies from person to person. Human thinking is diverse, human wishes, desires var\. People in the world have reason to travel. Some travel for business purposes, some for medical purposes in order to get good medical facility, some travel in order to visit a holy place while some travel to see the natural diversity. The main purpose of travel determines the form of travel and tourism, so tourism could be classified as follows:
ARCHEOLOGICAL TOURISM
CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM
PILGRIMAGE TOURISM
ADVENTURE TOURISM
AGRI-TOURISM
11 Types of Networks in Use Today
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
The smallest and most basic type of network, a PAN is made up of a wireless modem, a
computer or two, phones, printers, tablets, etc., and revolves around one person in one building.
These types of networks are typically found in small offices or residences, and are managed by
one person or organization from a single device.
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
We’re confident that you’ve heard of these types of networks before – LANs are the most
frequently discussed networks, one of the most common, one of the most original and one of
the simplest types of networks. LANs connect groups of computers and low-voltage devices
together across short distances (within a building or between a group of two or three buildings
in close proximity to each other) to share information and resources. Enterprises typically
manage and maintain LANs.
Using routers, LANs can connect to wide area networks (WANs, explained below) to rapidly
and safely transfer data.
3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Functioning like a LAN, WLANs make use of wireless network technology, such as Wi-Fi.
Typically seen in the same types of applications as LANs, these types of networks don’t require
that devices rely on physical cables to connect to the network.
4. Campus Area Network (CAN)
Larger than LANs, but smaller than metropolitan area networks (MANs, explained below),
these types of networks are typically seen in universities, large K-12 school districts or small
businesses. They can be spread across several buildings that are fairly close to each other so
users can share resources.
5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
These types of networks are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs – and incorporate
elements from both types of networks. MANs span an entire geographic area (typically a town
or city, but sometimes a campus). Ownership and maintenance is handled by either a single
person or company (a local council, a large company, etc.).
6. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Slightly more complex than a LAN, a WAN connects computers together across longer
physical distances. This allows computers and low-voltage devices to be remotely connected
to each other over one large network to communicate even when they’re miles apart.
The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN, connecting all computers together around
the world. Because of a WAN’s vast reach, it is typically owned and maintained by multiple
administrators or the public.
7. Storage-Area Network (SAN)
As a dedicated high-speed network that connects shared pools of storage devices to several
servers, these types of networks don’t rely on a LAN or WAN. Instead, they move storage
resources away from the network and place them into their own high-performance network.
SANs can be accessed in the same fashion as a drive attached to a server. Types of storagearea networks include converged, virtual and unified SANs.
8. System-Area Network (also known as
What is international tourism?
• Tourism is the generic term used to cover both demand and
supply that has been adopted in a variety of forms and used
throughout the world. International tourism essentially
refers to the activities undertaken by visitors, also known
as the visitor economy. The tourism industry encompasses
all activity that takes place within the visitor economy.
• This includes activities that are directly related to the
tourist, such as staying in a hotel, ordering a meal or
visiting a tourist attraction. It also includes indirect
activities, such as the transport company which delivers
the food to the restaurant in which the tourist eats or the
laundry company that has a contract with the hotel for
cleaning bed sheets.
• It is largely due to the indirect contributions to tourism,
that defining and measuring the tourism industry is so
difficult!
International tourism definitions
• Tourism is a phenomenon with no universally accepted
definition, owing to the complexity and individualism of
the travellers themselves and the activities that they
choose to undertake.
• The most widely utilised definition of tourism, proposed
by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and United States
(UN) Nations Statistics Division (1994), prescribes that
in order to qualify as a tourist one must travel and remain
in a place outside of their usual residential environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business or other purposes.
• Matheison and Wall (1982) on the other hand, do not impose
a timeframe, simply stating that one must travel to a
destination temporarily.
• Leiper (1979) believed that defining tourism is more
complex than this, proposing that there are three
approaches that can be taken. The economic stance focuses
on tourism as a business, the technical stance focusses on
the tourist in order to provide a common basis by which to
collect data and the holistic stance attempts to include
the entire essence of the subject.
• The Cambridge Dictionary define tourism quite simply as;
‘the business of providing services such as transport,
What is Forecasting?
Forecasting is a technique of predicting the future based on the results of previous data. It involves a
detailed analysis of past and present trends or events to predict future events. It uses statistical tools and
techniques. Therefore, it is also called Statistical analysis. In other words, we can say that forecasting acts
as a planning tool that helps enterprises to get ready for the uncertainty that can occur in the future.
Forecasting begins with management's experience and knowledge sharing. To obtain the most numerous
advantages from forecasts, organizations must know the different forecasting methods' more subtle
details. Also, understand what an appropriate forecasting method type can and cannot do, and realize
what forecast type is best suited to a specific need. Let's list down some significant benefits of forecasting:
• Better utilization of resources
• Formulating business plans
• Enhance the quality of management
• Helps in establishing a new business model
• Helps in making the best managerial decisions
A set of observations taken at a particular period of time. For example, having a set of login details at
regular interval of time of each user can be categorized as a time series. Click to explore about, Anomaly
Detection with Time Series Forecasting
What is Prediction?
Prediction is using the data to compute the Outcome of the unseen data.
How does Prediction work?
Firstly, the daily data is fetched from the market once at a time in a day and update it into the database.
Now, the prediction cycle along with learning developed with the use of newly combined data. Historical
data collected and the learning and prediction cycle developed to generate the results. The prediction
results obtained in the form of the various set of periods such as two days, four days, 14 days and so on.
Difference between Prediction and Forecasting
Prediction is the process of estimating the outcomes of unseen data. Forecasting is a sub-discipline of
prediction in which we use time-series data to make forecasts about the future. As a result, the only
distinction between prediction and forecasting is that we consider the temporal dimension. Confusing?
So do we forecast the weather or predict the weather? Consider this, What are the chances that it will
continue to rain in five minutes if it is already raining? Since it is raining right now, regardless of any other
factors that affect the weather (such as air pressure and temperature), the chances of it raining again in
five minutes are high. Right?vThe temporal dimension is whether it is raining right now or not? Without
that forecasting the next 5 mins wouldn't make much sense.
Time-Series refers to data recording at regular intervals of time. Click to explore about, Time Series
Forecasting Analysis
Why Forecasting is important?
Prediction of labor, material and other resources are highly crucial for operating. If the services are
Predicting better, then balanced
methods of doing international business international tourism notes 3.pdfPankaj Chandel
Methods of Doing International Business
• Every market has its own set of rules. If you’re thinking about opening your business up to new
markets, define your international marketing strategy by following these steps.
• The tourism industry is continuously changing: it grows, evolves, faces new challenges to tackle,
and presents new market trends that see marketers having to update to technological changes that
transform the way they can reach their target customers. Not only that, every market and
audience has unique traits that make it even more imperative to think locally while crafting
adapted international marketing strategies.
• The bet on one-of-a-kind experiences that a traveler will never be able to repeat is the underlying
trend. Still, we can’t stop focusing on new ways of selling that respond to new online
consumption habits and have transformed the way users decide between one destination or
another.
• As we noted in our tourism trends report, an extensive analysis McKinsey and Google study of
the European travel industry found that 87% of all travel bookings included the Internet at some
point in the customer journey. Travelers are increasingly preferring to plan their vacations online
instead of visiting traditional travel agencies.
• With the help of technology, brands have a tremendous opportunity to impact their target
audience throughout the decision-making process by showing them exactly what they have to
offer, using the right message, at the right time.
• 360º Marketing in the travel industry
• In this context, with the number of touchpoints multiplying and a purchasing process that does
not follow a linear pattern, we need to consider communicating about a brand from a
comprehensive perspective. That’s where 360° Marketing comes in. It’s an approach to
marketing that brings together all tactics under coherent, unified messaging across all touchpoints
a consumer has with a brand. Therefore, it’s all about having a 360° view over all the resources
we have available and that all the separate actions work together.
• The idea is to craft a complete experience for users and connect them to every stage of the
traveler’s journey. It starts from when they’re searching for inspiration for their next adventure,
beginning to plan it, reserving hotels and excursions, living it in real life, and ending when they’re
sharing it afterward with their friends and loved ones.
International Tourism notes - 9 Tourism Trends That Will Shape the Travel Ind...Pankaj Chandel
9 Tourism Trends That Will Shape the Travel Industry in 2020 and
Beyond
by Catherine Nyorani
travel audience with travellers’ desire for new experiences, the rapid global technological advancements,
climate change, and other dynamics, the travel and tourism industry is constantly transforming.
Having experienced an all-time high in the past decade, with 2018 recording the highest international
tourist arrival, according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the sector is now undeniably
faced with big challenges and uncomfortable changes in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• All the same, there are still rising tourism trends that can help tour operators, Destination
Marketing Organizations (DMOs), and other industry suppliers to revamp their businesses and
experience success as we get into the new normal.
• From experiential and transformative travel to automation and Bleisure trips, there are new
opportunities companies should focus on.
• In this article, we’ll go through the top tourism trends right now and highlight how leisure
businesses can stay on top of their game and recover during the post-COVID period.
How to Create an International Tourism Marketing Strategy.pdfPankaj Chandel
How to Create an International Tourism Marketing Strategy
• Every market has its own set of rules. If you’re thinking about opening your business up to new
markets, define your international marketing strategy by following these steps.
• The tourism industry is continuously changing: it grows, evolves, faces new challenges to tackle,
and presents new market trends that see marketers having to update to technological changes that
transform the way they can reach their target customers. Not only that, every market and
audience has unique traits that make it even more imperative to think locally while crafting
adapted international marketing strategies.
• The bet on one-of-a-kind experiences that a traveler will never be able to repeat is the underlying
trend. Still, we can’t stop focusing on new ways of selling that respond to new online
consumption habits and have transformed the way users decide between one destination or
another.
• As we noted in our tourism trends report, an extensive analysis McKinsey and Google study of
the European travel industry found that 87% of all travel bookings included the Internet at some
point in the customer journey. Travelers are increasingly preferring to plan their vacations online
instead of visiting traditional travel agencies.
• With the help of technology, brands have a tremendous opportunity to impact their target
audience throughout the decision-making process by showing them exactly what they have to
offer, using the right message, at the right time.
• 360º Marketing in the travel industry
Personality grooming standards for aviation industry - avaition .pdfPankaj Chandel
Why is grooming important in aviation industry?
Grooming and appearance are of a great significance with the fact that it is quite repetitive serving food
and drinks on each flight while persistently having to appear jovial and self-confident. Cabin Crew are
seen as representative of their airlines whenever they are in uniform.
In this way, why is grooming important in aviation?
Proper grooming and professional appearance are important to gain not just positive impression but also
respect in the workplace. First impressions matter and the way you look and carry yourself create impact
on people you get along within the work setting.
why is personal grooming important? Professional Appearance: Nowadays are more focused and tend to
indulge personal grooming. Practicing personal grooming result in a healthier body as well as result in
looking better. Hygiene: Practicing personal grooming can also involve wearing fresh clothes, flossing
teeth and maintaining clean body.
In this manner, what is grooming in aviation?
It is the process of making yourself look neat and attractive. The things which you do to make yourself
and your appearance tidy and pleasant. Grooming is important for a positive self-image and to encourage
and assist the resident to maintain a pleasing and attractive appearance.
What do u mean by aviation?
aviation. If someone tells you that he's in aviation school, that means he is learning how to fly a plane.
Aviation comes from the Latin a vis meaning "bird," an appropriate translation given that aviation deals
with travel by air, specifically in a plane.
Types of Computer Networks bba 1st sem.pptxPankaj Chandel
There are various types of computer networks available. We can categorize them according to their size as well as their purpose.
The size of a network should be expressed by the geographic area and number of computers, which are a part of their networks. It includes devices housed in a single room to millions of devices spread across the world.
Some of the most popular network types are:
PAN
LAN
MAN
WAN
What Is a Computer Reservation System bba 1st sem.pptxPankaj Chandel
Travel is one of the top business areas. It employs various technological advances and offers numerous benefits to both travelers and travel agencies.
Computer Reservation System (CRS) is one of the most widely used tools in the Travel and Tourism Industry. In fact, it has revolutionized the whole industry.
A computer reservation system or a central reservation system (CRS) is a web-based software used by travel agencies and travel management companies to retrieve and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. It was originally designed to be used by airlines but was later extended to be used by travel agencies and Global Distribution Systems (GDS) to book and sell tickets for multiple airlines.
Tour Packages and Itinerary Preparation .pptxPankaj Chandel
Package holidays, popularly known as a tour package or simply the word ‘tour’ in the travel and tourism industry refers either to a package tour escorted or not escorted by the tourist guide.
When we say tour package, it means a pre-arrangement, prepaid trip that combines two or more travel components like airfare, airport transfer, accommodation, and other services. Practically, to define the tour package concept is complex one rather understand.
Holloway defines a tour package as “a total tourism product consisting of transportation from the market area to the destination, accommodation at the destination and recreational activities promoted by the tourists.”
According to Gregorg “a tour package is advertised journey including specific features, arranged and promoted with tour literature by a tour operator and paid for in full by the tourists before starting the tour.”
Technically, a package tour/tour package is a total tourism product as it generally includes transport from the origin place to the destination, accommodation at an en route place or at the destination and other recreational or travel services. These components are purchased by an individual, firm or company called the ‘tour operator‘. He combines all the travel components in a package and sells them at all-inclusive prices to the clients.
The term ‘tour’ was in vogue as early as 1670. The Britishers traveled to widen their knowledge of the continent, especially to study the culture and social life. This practice was gradually adopted by other lovers of cultural centers.
The result of the process was that many European historic and cultural centers were opened to the British tourist. By the early 1730’s the small fishing resorts around the British coast begin to attract tourists seeking to their diseases by drinking the sea-water or by immersing themselves in it.
The introduction of a rail link between the major centers in 1830, had a profound impact on the pleasure travelers for the first time. Many entrepreneurs began to inspire rail travel by organizing excursions for the public at discounted offers.
Menu is the statement of food and beverage items available or provided by food establishments primarily based on consumer demand and designed to achieve organizational objectives. It represents the focal point around which components of food service systems are based. The menu is designed carefully what the outlet wants to cater for, keeping in mind the type of clientele. The main advantage of a well-planned menu is that it leads to consumer satisfaction. It also helps to motivate the employees for a responsible and successful service
Menu planning is the most important aspect of planning and organization in the food industry. It is an advance plan of a dietary pattern over a given period of time.
Menu planning is one of the important managerial activities of food and beverages operations executed by a team comprising the entrepreneur/proprietor, the restaurant manager, and the executive chef. In a large hotel, the general manager and the food and beverage (F&B) manager will also be members of the team. In welfare catering operations, the head of the institution, the catering manager, and the finance manager will be involved. Menu planning calls for careful thought on many factors that would determine the success of the F&B operation. Menu forms the basis or acts as a guide upon which all other managerial and operational activities of F&B operations rest on.
The restaurant business is one of the fastest growing sectors in India. According to a sector report on food service industry released by National Restaurant Association of India (NRAI), the Indian restaurant industry will be contributing a share of 2.1% to the GDP by 2021. This is possible because the Food Business has various lucrative restaurant formats and different types of restaurants that cater to the vast customer demography.
Each restaurant format has its own set of target audience and requires a different kind of investment, location, skills, and overall effort. This makes different types of restaurants unique in their own right. Because of this, it is crucial that you understand what the different types of restaurants that exist are, what differentiates two restaurant formats and most importantly, which restaurant format will work for you.
Banquet organization structure mba ttm.pptxPankaj Chandel
Banquet department uses various pieces of equipment that are necessary to conduct different types of functions. While booking the function, the banquet manager or in-charge should discuss with the host and find out the facilities required and make the host clear what are the facilities available free of cost and what will be provided with extra charges. The banquet department has a store room which is used for storing the banquet equipment. It should be remembered that these equipment occupy the function space. More the equipment in use, more the space utilized. Facilities may be outsourced if they are unavailable in the property.
Banquet – functions – types – services mba ttm.pptxPankaj Chandel
Celebration and merriment are an indispensable part of our lives. Today, they are no more confined to the age-old paradigms of a gathering. Banquet services are the easiest and obvious style of hosting such events. They can be as varied as the event you’re attending. The word banquet means a sumptuous feast and is arranged to cater a large number of people.
Banquet service is an elaborate meal than a regular family dinner due to the scope of the event or size of the crowd present. These services can be as varied as the marriage, meeting, conference etc. and they are decided by the extend of the event, menu, and crowd.
Wayanad-The-Touristry-Heaven to the tour.pptxcosmo-soil
Wayanad, nestled in Kerala's Western Ghats, is a lush paradise renowned for its scenic landscapes, rich biodiversity, and cultural heritage. From trekking Chembra Peak to exploring ancient Edakkal Caves, Wayanad offers thrilling adventures and serene experiences. Its vibrant economy, driven by agriculture and tourism, highlights a harmonious blend of nature, tradition, and modernity.
How To Talk To a Live Person at American Airlinesflyn goo
This page by FlynGoo can become your ultimate guide to connecting with a live person at American Airlines. Have you ever felt lost in the automated maze of customer service menus? FlynGoo is here to rescue you from endless phone trees and automated responses. With just a click or a call to a specific number, we ensure you get the human touch you deserve. No more frustration, no more waiting on hold - we simplify the process, making your travel experience smoother and more enjoyable.
Assessing the Influence of Transportation on the Tourism Industry in Nigeriagsochially
This research dissertation investigates the complex interplay between transportation and the tourism industry in Nigeria, aiming to unravel critical insights that contribute to the enhancement of the overall tourist experience. The study employs a multi-faceted approach, literature review establishes a robust theoretical framework, incorporating The Service Quality and Satisfaction Theory to guide the research questions and hypotheses.
The methodology involves the distribution of a structured questionnaire, ensuring a representative sample and facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the gathered data.
Key findings include the nuanced perceptions of transportation infrastructure adequacy, safety and security concerns, financial influences on travel decisions, and the cultural and ecological impacts of transportation choices. These findings culminate in a comprehensive set of recommendations for policymakers and practitioners in the Nigerian tourism industry. The findings contribute to the existing literature by providing actionable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers in the Nigerian tourism sector.
The recommendations encompass gender-sensitive planning, infrastructure enhancements, safety measures, and strategic interventions to address financial constraints, ensuring a holistic and sustainable development of the tourism industry in Nigeria.
Author: Imafidon Osademwingie Martins
The Power of a Glamping Go-To-Market Accelerator Plan.pptxRezStream
Unlock the secrets to success with our comprehensive 8-Step Glamping Accelerator Go-To-Market Plan! Watch our FREE webinar, where you'll receive expert guidance and invaluable insights on every aspect of launching and growing your glamping business.
BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. Get information in this PDF and simplyfy your visa process.
During the coldest months, Italy transforms into a winter wonderland, providing visitors with a very unique experience. From the Settimana Bianca ski event to the lively Carnevale celebrations, Italy's winter festivities provide something for everyone. Enjoy hot cocoa, eat hearty comfort foods, and buy during winter deals. Explore the country's rich cultural past by participating in Settimana Bianca, and Carnevale, sipping hot chocolate, shopping during winter deals, and indulging in winter comfort foods. Visit our website https://timeforsicily.com/ for more information.
Antarctica- Icy wilderness of extremes and wondertahreemzahra82
In this presentation, we delve into the captivating realm of Antarctica, Earth's southernmost continent. This icy wilderness stands as a testament to extremes, with record-breaking cold temperatures and vast expanses of pristine ice. Antarctica's landscape is dominated by towering glaciers, colossal icebergs, and expansive ice shelves. Yet, amidst this frozen expanse, a rich tapestry of unique wildlife thrives, including penguins, seals, and seabirds, all finely attuned to survive in this harsh environment. Beyond its natural wonders, Antarctica also serves as a vital hub for scientific exploration, providing invaluable insights into climate change and the Earth's history
Hidden Gems of Europe - DISCOVERING THE CONTINENT'S BEST-KEPT SECRETSKamil Uğraş TÜRKOĞLU
Europe, continent rich in history, culture, and natural beauty, is often synonymous with famous cities like Paris, Rome, and London. These iconic destinations attract millions of tourists every year, captivating them with their renowned landmarks, vibrant culture, and bustling urban life. However, beyond these well-trodden paths lie countless hidden gems waiting to be discovered. These lesser-known destinations offer unique experiences, authentic encounters, and breathtaking landscapes that often surpass the allure of their famous counterparts.
In "Hidden Gems of Europe," we embark on a journey to uncover these secret spots, exploring the heart and soul of Europe through its quaint villages, charming towns, and secluded natural wonders. This book aims to inspire travelers to look beyond the obvious and venture into the lesser-explored corners of the continent, where true adventure and discovery await.
1. GLOSSARY OF TOURISM TERMS
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their
usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists
or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do withtheir activities, some of which involve tourism expenditure.
Activity/activities: In tourism statistics, the term activities represent the actions and behaviours of people in preparation for
and during a trip in their capacity as consumers (IRTS 2008, 1.2).
Activity (principal): The principal activity of a producer unit is the activity whose value-added exceeds that of any other activity
carried out within the same unit (SNA 2008, 5.8).
Activity (productive): The (productive) activity carried out by a statistical unit is the type of production in which it engages. It
has to be understood as a process, i.e., the combination of actions that result in a certain set of products. The classification of
productive activities is determined by their principal output.
Administrative data: Administrative data is the set of units and data derived from an administrative source. This is a data holding
information collected and maintained for the purpose of implementing one or more administrative regulations.
Aggregated data: The result of transforming unit-level data into quantitative measures for a set of characteristics of a population.
Aggregation: A process that transforms microdata into aggregate-level information by using an aggregation function such as count,
sum average, standard deviation, etc.
Analytical unit: Entity created by statisticians, by splitting or combining observation units with the help of estimations and
imputations.
Balance of payments: The balance of payments is a statistical statement that summarizes transactions between residents and
non-residents during a period. It consists of the goods and services account, the primary income account, the secondary income
account, the capital account, and the financial account (BPM6, 2.12).
Bias: An effect which deprives a statistical result of representativeness by systematically distorting it, as distinct from a random
error which may distort on any one occasion but balances out on the average.
Business and professional purpose (of a tourism trip): The business and professional purpose of a tourism trip includes
the activities of the self-employed and employees, as long as they do not correspond to an implicit or explicit employer-employee
relationship with a resident producer in the country or place visited, those of investors, businessmen, etc. (IRTS 2008, 3.17.2).
Business visitor: A business visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the business and professional
category of purpose (IRTS 2008, 3.17.2).
Central Product Classification: The Central Product Classification (CPC) constitutes a complete product classification
covering goods and services. It is intended to serve as an international standard for assembling and tabulating all kinds of data
requiring product detail, including industrial production, national accounts, service industries, domestic and foreign commodity
trade, international trade in services, balance of payments, consumption and price statistics. Other basic aims are to provide a
framework for international comparison and promote harmonization of various types of statistics dealing with goods and services.
Census: A census is the complete enumeration of a population or groups at a point in time with respect to well defined
characteristics: for example, Population, Production, Traffic on particular roads.
Coherence: Adequacy of statistics to be combined in different ways and for various uses.
Consistency: Logical and numerical coherence.
2. Country of reference: The country of reference refers to the country for which the measurement is done. (IRTS 2008, 2.15).
Country of residence: The country of residence of a household is determined according to the centre of predominant economic
interest of its members. If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there his/her
centre of economic interest (for example, where the predominant amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as a resident of
this country.
Country-specific tourism characteristic products and activities: To be determined by each country by applying the
criteria of IRTS 2008, 5.10 in their own context; for these products, the activities producing them will be considered as tourism
characteristic, and the industries in which the principal activity is tourism-characteristic will be called tourism industries (IRTS
2008, 5.16).
Data checking: Activity whereby the correctness conditions of the data are verified. It also includes the specification of the type
of error or of the condition not met, and the qualification of the data and their division into “error-free data” and “erroneous data”.
Data collection: Systematic process of gathering data for official statistics.
Data compilation: Operations performed on data to derive new information according to a given set of rules.
Data confrontation: The process of comparing data that has generally been derived from different surveys or other sources,
especially those of different frequencies, in order to assess and possibly improve their coherency, and identify the reasons for any
differences.
Data processing: Data processing is the operation performed on data by the organization, institute, agency, etc., responsible for
undertaking the collection, tabulation, manipulation and preparation of data and metadata output.
Data reconciliation: The process of adjusting data derived from two different sources to remove, or at least reduce, the impact
of differences identified.
Destination (main destination of a trip): The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is central
to the decision to take the trip. See also purpose of a tourism trip (IRTS 2008, 2.31).
Documentation: Processes and procedures for imputation, weighting, confidentiality and suppression rules, outlier treatment
and data capture should be fully documented by the survey provider. Such documentation should be made available to at least the
body financing the survey.
Domestic tourism: Domestic tourism comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference, either as part
of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip (IRTS 2008, 2.39).
Domestic tourism consumption: Domestic tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of a resident visitor within the
economy of reference (TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1).
Domestic tourism expenditure: Domestic tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a resident visitor within the
economy of reference, (IRTS 2008, 4.15(a)).
Domestic tourism trip: A domestic tourism trip is one with a main destination within the country of residence of the visitor
(IRTS 2008, 2.32).
Domestic visitor: As a visitor travels within his/her country of residence, he/she is a domestic visitor and his/her activities are
part of domestic tourism.
Durable consumer goods: Durable consumer goods are goods that may be used repeatedly or continuously over a period of a
year or more, assuming a normal or average rate of physical usage. When acquired by producers, these are considered to be capital
goods used for production processes, as is the case of vehicles, computers, etc. When acquired by households, they are considered
3. to be consumer durable goods (TSA:RMF 2008, 2.39). This definition is identical to the definition of SNA 2008, 9.42: A consumer
durable is a good that may be used for purposes of consumption repeatedly or continuously over a period of a year or more.
Dwellings: Each household has a principal dwelling (sometimes also designated as main or primary home), usually defined with
reference to time spent there, whose location defines the country of residence and place of usual residence of this household and
of all its members. All other dwellings (owned or leased by the household) are considered secondary dwellings (IRTS 2008, 2.26).
Economic analysis: Tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the places visited (and beyond),
mainly due to demand for goods and services thatneed to be produced and provided. In the economic analysis of tourism, one may
distinguish between tourism’s ‘economic contribution’ which refers to the direct effect of tourism and is measurable by means of
the TSA, and tourism’s ‘economic impact’ which is a much broader concept encapsulating the direct, indirect and induced effects
of tourism and which must be estimated by applying models. Economic impact studies aim to quantify economic benefits, that is,
the net increase in the wealth of residents resulting from tourism, measured in monetary terms, over and above the levels that
would prevail in its absence.
Economic territory: The term “economic territory” is a geographical reference and points to the country for which the
measurement is done (country of reference) (IRTS 2008, 2.15).
Economically active population: The economically active population or labour force comprises all persons of either sex who
furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services as defined by the system of national accounts during a specified
time-reference period (ILO, Thirteenth ICLS, 6.18).
Economy (of reference): “Economy” (or “economy of reference”) is an economic reference defined in the same way as in the
balance of payments and in the system of national accounts: it refers to the economic agents that are resident in the country of
reference (IRTS 2008, 2.15).
Employees: Employees are all those workers who hold the type of job defined as “paid employment” (ILO, Fifteenth ICLS, pp.
20-22).
Employer-employee relationship: An employer-employee relationship exists when there is an agreement, which may be
formal or informal, between an entity and an individual, normally entered into voluntarily by both parties, whereby the individual
works for the entity in return for remuneration in cash or in kind (BPM6, 11.11).
Employers: Employers are those workers who, working on their own account with one or more partners, hold the type of job
defined as a “self-employment job” and, in this capacity, on a continuous basis (including the reference period) have engaged one
or more persons to work for them in their business as “employee(s)” (ILO, Fifteenth ICLS, pp. 20-22).
Employment: Persons in employment are all persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week
or one day, were in paid employment or self-employment (OECD GST, p. 170).
Employment in tourism industries: Employment in tourism industries may be measured as a count of the persons employed
in tourism industries in any of their jobs, as a count of the persons employed in tourism industries in their main job, or as a count
of the jobs in tourism industries (IRTS 2008, 7.9).
Enterprise: An enterprise is an institutional unit engaged in production of goods and/or services. It may be a corporation, a non-
profit institution, or an unincorporated enterprise. Corporate enterprises and non-profit institutions are complete institutional
units. An unincorporated enterprise, however, refers to an institutional unit —a household or government unit —only in its
capacity as a producer of goods and services (OECD BD4, p. 232)
Establishment: An establishment is an enterprise, or part of an enterprise, that is situated in a single location and in which only
a single productive activity is carried out or in which the principal productive activity accounts for most of the value added (SNA
2008, 5.14).
4. Estimation: Estimation is concerned with inference about the numerical value of unknown population values from incomplete
data such as a sample. If a single figure is calculated for each unknown parameter the process is called “point estimation”. If an
interval is calculated within which the parameter is likely, in some sense, to lie, the process is called “interval estimation”.
Exports of goods and services: Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services
from residents to non-residents (OECD GST, p. 194)
Frame: A list, map or other specification of the units which define a population to be completely enumerated or sampled.
Forms of tourism: There are three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism, and outbound tourism. These
can be combined in various ways to derive the following additional forms of tourism: internal tourism, national tourism and
international tourism.
Goods: Goods are physical, produced objects for which a demand exists, over which ownership rights can be established and
whose ownership can be transferred from one institutional unit to another by engaging in transactions on markets (SNA 2008, p.
623).
Gross fixed capital formation: Gross fixed capital formation is defined as the value of institutional units’ acquisitions less
disposals of fixed assets. Fixed assets are produced assets (such as machinery, equipment, buildings or other structures) that are
used repeatedly or continuously in production over several accounting periods (more than one year) (SNA 2008, 1.52).
Gross margin: The gross margin of a provider of reservation services is the difference between the value at which the
intermediated service is sold and the value accrued to the provider of reservation services for this intermediated service.
Gross value added: Gross value added is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption (TSA:RMF 2008, 3.32).
Gross value added of tourism industries: Gross value added of tourism industries (GVATI) is the total gross value added of
all establishments belonging to tourism industries, regardless of whether all their output is provided to visitors and the degree of
specialization of their production process (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.86).
Grossing up: Activity aimed at transforming, based on statistical methodology, micro-data from samples into aggregate-level
information representative of the target population.
Imputation: Procedure for entering a value for a specific data item where the response is missing or unusable.
Inbound tourism: Inbound tourism comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference on an
inbound tourism trip (IRTS 2008, 2.39).
Inbound tourism consumption: Inbound tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of a non-resident visitor within
the economy of reference (TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1).
Inbound tourism expenditure: Inbound tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a non-resident visitor within the
economy of reference (IRTS 2008, 4.15(b)).
Institutional sector: An aggregation of institutional units on the basis of the type of producer and depending on their principal
activity and function, which are considered to be indicative of their economic behaviour.
Institutional unit: The elementary economic decision-making centre characterised by uniformity of behaviour and decision-
making autonomy in the exercise of its principal function.
Intermediate consumption: Intermediate consumption consists of the value of the goods and services consumed as inputs by a
process of production, excluding fixed assets whose consumption is recorded as consumption of fixed capital (SNA 2008, 6.213).
5. Internal tourism: Internal tourism comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident and
non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips (IRTS 2008, 2.40(a)).
Internal tourism consumption: Internal tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of both resident and non-resident
visitors within the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism consumption and inbound tourism consumption
(TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1).
Internal tourism expenditure: Internal tourism expenditure comprises all tourism expenditure of visitors, both resident and
non-resident, within the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism expenditure and inbound tourism expenditure.
It includes acquisition of goods and services imported into the country of reference and sold to visitors. This indicator provides the
most comprehensive measurement of tourism expenditure in the economy of reference (IRTS 2008, 4.20(a)).
International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities: The International Standard Industrial
Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) consists of a coherent and consistent classification structure of economic activities
based on a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, principles and classification rules. It provides a comprehensive
framework within which economic data can be collected and reported in a format that is designed for purposes of economic analysis,
decision-taking and policymaking. The classification structure represents a standard format to organize detailed information about
the state of an economy according to economic principles and perceptions (ISIC, Rev.4, 1).
International tourism: International tourism comprises inbound tourism and outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of
resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities of non-
resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips (IRTS 2008, 2.40(c)).
International visitor: An international traveller qualifies as an international visitor with respect to the country of reference if:
(a) he/she is on a tourism trip and (b) he/she is a non-resident travelling in the country of reference or a resident travelling outside
of it (IRTS 2008, 2.42).
Job: The agreement between an employee and the employer defines a job and each self-employed person has a job (SNA 2008,
19.30).
Measurement error: Error in reading, calculating or recording numerical value.
Meetings industry: To highlight purposes relevant to the meetings industry, if a trip’s main purpose is business/professional, it
can be further subdivided into “attending meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions” and “other business and
professional purposes”. The term meetings industry is preferred by the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA),
Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and Reed Travel over the acronym MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and
Exhibitions) which does not recognize the industrial nature of such activities.
Metadata: Data that defines and describes other data and processes.
MICE: See meetings industry. Meeting incentives conference exhibition
Microdata: Non-aggregated observations, or measurements of characteristics of individual units.
Mirror statistics: Mirror statistics are used to conduct bilateral comparisons of two basic measures of a trade flow and are a
traditional tool for detecting the causes of asymmetries in statistics (OECD GST, p. 335).
National tourism: National tourism comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident
visitors within and outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips (IRTS 2008, 2.40(b)).
National tourism consumption: National tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of resident visitors, within and
outside the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism consumption and outbound tourism consumption (TSA:RMF
2008, figure 2.1).
6. National tourism expenditure: National tourism expenditure comprises all tourism expenditure of resident visitors within
and outside the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism expenditure and outbound tourism expenditure (IRTS
2008, 4.20(b)).
Nationality: The concept of “country of residence” of a traveller is different from that of his/her nationality or citizenship (IRTS
2008, 2.19).
Non-monetary indicators: Data measured in physical or other non-monetary units should not be considered a secondary part
of a satellite account. They are essential components, both for the information they provide directly and in order to analyse the
monetary data adequately (SNA 2008, 29.84).
Observation unit: entity on which information is received and statistics are compiled.
Outbound tourism: Outbound tourism comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference, either as
part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip (IRTS 2008, 2.39(c)).
Outbound tourism consumption: Outbound tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of a resident visitor outside
the economy of reference (TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1).
Outbound tourism expenditure: Outbound tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a resident visitor outside the
economy of reference (IRTS 2008, 4.15(c)).
Output: Output is defined as the goods and services produced by an establishment, a) excluding the value of any goods and services
used in an activity for which the establishment does not assume the risk of using the products in production, and b) excluding the
value of goods and services consumed by the same establishment except for goods and services used for capital formation (fixed
capital or changes in inventories) or own final consumption (SNA 2008, 6.89).
Output (main): The main output of a (productive) activity should be determined by reference to the value added of the goods
sold or services rendered (ISIC rev.4, 114).
Pilot survey: The aim of a pilot survey is to test the questionnaire (pertinence of the questions, understanding of questions by
those being interviewed, duration of the interview) and to check various potential sources for sampling and non-sampling errors:
for instance, the place in which the surveys are carried out and the method used, the identification of any omitted answers and the
reason for the omission, problems of communicating in various languages, translation, the mechanics of data collection, the
organization of field work, etc.
Place of usual residence: The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually resides,
and is defined by the location of his/her principal dwelling (Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses
of the United Nations, 2.20 to 2.24).
Probability sample: A sample selected by a method based on the theory of probability (random process), that is, by a method
involving knowledge of the likelihood of any unit being selected.
Production account: The production account records the activity of producing goods and services as defined within the SNA.
Its balancing item, gross value added, is defined as the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption and is a measure
of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector. Gross value added is the source from which the
primary incomes of the SNA are generated and is therefore carried forward into the primary distribution of income account. Value
added and GDP may also be measured net by deducting consumption of fixed capital, a figure representing the decline in value
during the period of the fixed capital used in a production process (SNA 2008, 1.17).
Production: Economic production may be defined as an activity carried out under the control and responsibility of an institutional
unit that uses inputs of labour, capital, and goods and services to produce outputs of goods or services (SNA 2008, 6.24.).
7. Purpose of a tourism trip (main): The main purpose of a tourism trip is defined as the purpose in the absence of which the
trip would not have taken place (IRTS 2008, 3.10.). Classification of tourism trips according to the main purpose refers to nine
categories: this typology allows the identification of different subsets of visitors (business visitors, transit visitors, etc.) See also
destination of a tourism trip (IRTS 2008, 3.14).
Questionnaire and Questionnaire design: Questionnaire is a group or sequence of questions designed to elicit information
on a subject, or sequence of subjects, from a reporting unit or from another producer of official statistics. Questionnaire design is
the design (text, order, and conditions for skipping) of the questions used to obtain the data needed for the survey.
Reference period: The period of time or point in time to which the measured observation is intended to refer.
Relevance: The degree to which statistics meet current and potential users' needs.
Reliability: Closeness of the initial estimated value to the subsequent estimated value.
Reporting unit: Unit that supplies the data for a given survey instance, like a questionnaire or interview. Reporting units may,
or may not, be the same as the observation unit.
Residents/non-residents: The residents of a country are individuals whose centre of predominant economic interest is located
in its economic territory. For a country, the non-residents are individuals whose centre of predominant economic interest is located
outside its economic territory.
Response and non-response: Response and non-response to various elements of a survey entail potential errors.
Response error: Response errors may be defined as those arising from the interviewing process. Such errors may be due to a
number of circumstances, such as inadequate concepts or questions; inadequate training; interviewer failures; respondent failures.
Same-day visitor (or excursionist): A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor),
if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise (IRTS 2008, 2.13).
Sample: A subset of a frame where elements are selected based on a process with a known probability of selection.
Sample survey: A survey which is carried out using a sampling method.
Sampling error: That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample,
which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.
Satellite accounts: There are two types of satellite accounts, serving two different functions. The first type, sometimes called
an internal satellite, takes the full set of accounting rules and conventions of the SNA but focuses on a particular aspect of interest
by moving away from the standard classifications and hierarchies. Examples are tourism, coffee production and environmental
protection expenditure. The second type, called an external satellite, may add non-economic data or vary some of the accounting
conventions or both. It is a particularly suitable way to explore new areas in a research context. An example may be the role of
volunteer labour in the economy (SNA 2008, 29.85).
SDMX, Statistical Data and Metadata Exchange: Set of technical standards and content-oriented guidelines, together with
an IT architecture and tools, to be used for the efficient exchange and sharing of statistical data and metadata (SDMX).
Seasonal adjustment: Seasonal adjustment is a statistical technique to remove the effects of seasonal calendar influences on a
series. Seasonal effects usually reflect the influence of the seasons themselves, either directly or through production series related
to them, or social conventions. Other types of calendar variation occur as a result of influences such as number of days in the
calendar period, the accounting or recording practices adopted or the incidence of moving holidays.
Self-employment job: Self-employment jobs are those jobs where remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits (or the
potential of profits) derived from the goods or services produced.
Self-employed with paid employees: Self-employed with paid employees are classified as employers.
8. Self-employed without employees: Self-employed without employees are classified as own-account workers.
Services: Services are the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units, or facilitates the
exchange of products or financial assets. They cannot be traded separately from their production. By the time their production is
completed, they must have been provided to the consumers (SNA 2008, 6.17).
Social transfers in kind: A special case of transfers in kind is that of social transfers in kind. These consist of goods and services
provided by general government and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) that are delivered to individual
households. Health and education services are the prime examples. Rather than provide a specified amount of money to be used to
purchase medical and educational services, the services are often provided in kind to make sure that the need for the services is
met. (Sometimes the recipient purchases the service and is reimbursed by the insurance or assistance scheme. Such a transaction is
still treated as being in kind because the recipient is merely acting as the agent of the insurance scheme) (SNA 2008, 3.83).
Standard classification: Classifications that follow prescribed rules and are generally recommended and accepted.
Statistical error: The unknown difference between the retained value and the true value.
Statistical indicator: A data element that represents statistical data for a specified time, place, and other characteristics, and is
corrected for at least one dimension (usually size) to allow for meaningful comparisons.
Statistical metadata: Data about statistical data.
Statistical unit: Entity about which information is sought and about which statistics are compiled. Statistical units may be
identifiable legal or physical entities or statistical constructs.
Survey: An investigation about the characteristics of a given population by means of collecting data from a sample of that
population and estimating their characteristics through the systematic use of statistical methodology.
System of National Accounts: The System of National Accounts (SNA) is the internationally agreed standard set of
recommendations on how to compile measures of economic activity in accordance with strict accounting conventions based on
economic principles. The recommendations are expressed in terms of a set of concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting
rules that comprise the internationally agreed standard for measuring indicators of economic performance. The accounting
framework of the SNA allows economic data to be compiled and presented in a format that is designed for purposes of economic
analysis, decision-taking and policymaking (SNA 2008, 1.1).
Total tourism internal demand: Total tourism internal demand, is the sum of internal tourism consumption, tourism gross
fixed capital formation and tourism collective consumption (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.114). It does not include outbound tourism
consumption.
Tourism: Tourism refers to the activity of visitors (IRTS 2008, 2.9).
Tourism characteristic activities: Tourism characteristic activities are the activities that typically produce tourism
characteristic products. As the industrial origin of a product (the ISIC industry that produces it) isnot a criterion for the aggregation
of products within a similar CPC category, there is no strict one-to-one relationship between products and the industries producing
them as their principal outputs (IRTS 2008, 5.11).
Tourism characteristic products: Tourism characteristic products are those that satisfy one or both of the following criteria:
a) Tourism expenditure on the product should represent a significant share total tourism expenditure (share-of-
expenditure/demand condition);
b) Tourism expenditure on the product should represent a significant share of the supply of the product in the economy (share-of-
supply condition). This criterion implies that the supply of a tourism characteristic product would cease to exist in meaningful
quantity in the absence of visitors (IRTS 2008, 5.10).
9. Tourism connected products: Their significance within tourism analysis for the economy of reference is recognized although
their link to tourism is very limited worldwide. Consequently, lists of such products will be country-specific (IRTS 2008, 5.12).
Tourism consumption: Tourism consumption has the sameformal definition as tourism expenditure. Nevertheless, the concept
of tourism consumption used in the Tourism Satellite Account goes beyond that of tourism expenditure. Besides the amount paid
for the acquisition of consumption goods and services, as well as valuables for own use or to give away, for and during tourism
trips, which corresponds to monetary transactions (the focus of tourism expenditure), it also includes services associated with
vacation accommodation on own account, tourism social transfers in kind and other imputed consumption. These transactions
need to be estimated using sources different from information collected directly from the visitors, such as reports on home
exchanges, estimations of rents associated with vacation homes, calculations of financial intermediation services indirectly measured
(FISIM), etc. (TSA:RMF 2008, 2.25).
Tourism direct gross domestic product: Tourism direct gross domestic product (TDGDP) is the sum of the part of gross
value added (at basic prices) generated by all industries in response to internal tourism consumption plus the amount of net taxes
on products and imports included within the value of this expenditure at purchasers’ prices (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.96).
Tourism direct gross value added: Tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA) is the part of gross value added generated by
tourism industries and other industries of the economy that directly serve visitors in response to internal tourism consumption
(TSA:RMF 2008, 4.88).
Tourism expenditure: Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services,
as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips. It includes expenditures by visitors themselves, as
well as expenses that are paid for or reimbursed by others (IRTS 2008, 4.2).
Tourism industries: The tourism industries comprise all establishments for which the principal activity is a tourism characteristic
activity. Tourism industries (also referred to as tourism activities) are the activities that typically producetourism characteristic
products. The term tourism industries is equivalent to tourism characteristic activities and the two terms are sometimes used
synonymously in the IRTS 2008, 5.10, 5.11 and figure 5.1.
Tourism ratio: For each variable of supply in the Tourism Satellite Account, the tourism ratiois the ratio between the total value
of tourism share and total value of the corresponding variable in the Tourism Satellite Account expressed in percentage form
(TSA:RMF 2008, 4.56). (See also Tourism share).
Tourism Satellite Account: The Tourism Satellite Account is the second international standard on tourism statistics (Tourism
Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 –TSA:RMF 2008) that has been developed in order to present
economic data relative to tourism within a framework of internal and external consistency with the rest of the statistical system
through its link to the System of National Accounts. It is the basic reconciliation framework of tourism statistics. As a statistical
tool for the economic accounting of tourism, the TSA can be seen as a set of 10 summary tables, each with their underlying data
and representing a different aspect of the economic data relative to tourism: inbound, domestic tourism and outbound tourism
expenditure, internal tourism expenditure, production accounts of tourism industries, the Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to tourism demand, employment, investment, government consumption, and non-monetary
indicators.
Tourism Satellite Account aggregates: The compilation of the following aggregates, which represent a set of relevant
indicators of the size of tourism in an economy is recommended (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.81):
Internal tourism expenditure;
Internal tourism consumption;
Gross value added of tourism industries (GVATI);
Tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA);
Tourism direct gross domestic product (TDGDP).
10. Tourism sector: The tourism sector, as contemplated in the TSA, is the cluster of production units in different industries that
provide consumption goods and services demanded by visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because visitor
acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply that, in the absence of visitors, their production of these would cease
to exist in meaningful quantity.
Tourism share: Tourism share is the share of the corresponding fraction of internal tourism consumption in each component of
supply (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.51). For each industry, the tourism share of output (in value), is the sum of the tourism share
corresponding to each product component of its output (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.55). (See also Tourism ratio).
Tourism single-purpose consumer durable goods: Tourism single-purpose consumer durables is a specific category of
consumer durable goods that include durable goods that are used exclusively, or almost exclusively, by individuals while on tourism
trips (TSA:RMF 2008, 2.41 and Annex 5).
Tourism trip: Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips (IRTS 2008, 2.29).
Tourist (or overnight visitor): A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if
his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise (IRTS 2008, 2.13).
Travel / traveller: Travel refers to the activity of travellers. A traveller is someone who moves between different geographic
locations, for any purpose and any duration (IRTS 2008, 2.4). The visitor is a particular type of traveller and consequently tourism
is a subset of travel.
Travel group: A travel group is made up of individuals or travel parties travelling together: examples are people travelling on
the same package tour or youngsters attending a summer camp (IRTS 2008, 3.5).
Travel item (in the balance of payments): Travel is an item of the goods and services account of the balance of payments:
travel credits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired from an economy by non-residents during visits to
that economy. Travel debits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired from other economies by residents
during visits to other economies (BPM6, 10.86).
Travel party: A travel party is defined as visitors travelling together on a trip and whose expenditures are pooled (IRTS 2008,
3.2).
Trip: A trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual residence until he/she returns: it thus
refers to a round trip. Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips.
Usual environment: The usual environment of an individual, a key concept in tourism, is defined as the geographical area
(though not necessarily a contiguous one) within which an individual conducts his/her regular life routines (IRTS 2008, 2.21).
Usual residence: The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually resides (Principles
and recommendations for population and housing censuses of the United Nations, 2.16 to 2.18).
Vacation home: A vacation home (sometimes also designated as a holiday home) is a secondary dwelling that is visited by the
members of the household mostly for purposes of recreation, vacation or any other form of leisure (IRTS 2008, 2.27).
Valuables: Valuables are produced goods of considerable value that are not used primarily for purposes of production or
consumption but are held as stores of value over time (SNA 2008, 10.13).
Visit: A trip is made up of visits to different places.The term “tourism visit” refers to a stay in a place visited during a tourism trip
(IRTS 2008, 2.7 and 2.33).
Visitor: A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any
main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than tobe employed by a resident entity in the country or place
visited (IRTS 2008, 2.9). A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip
includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise (IRTS 2008, 2.13).