Thomas Aquinas draws on Aristotle and Plato to develop a theory of natural law. He argues that there is an eternal law stemming from God's will that directs all of creation. Humans participate in this eternal law through our natural inclination to act in accordance with right reason. This human participation is called natural law, which determines the proper measure and rule for human actions. Natural law is complemented by human laws that societies construct to govern communities.
Thomas Aquinas draws on Aristotle's philosophy of the four causes and Plato's idea of the good to develop his theory of natural law. For Aquinas, God is the prime mover and source of all goodness in the world. Natural law refers to humanity's shared rational nature that inclines us towards virtue and allows us to discern good from evil. As rational beings with free will, humans have a participation in eternal law and are directed by reason towards our proper ends or goods.
This document discusses concepts from Greek philosophy and their influence on Christian theology, as explained by Thomas Aquinas. It covers Plato's ideas of the good and forms, Aristotle's four causes of being (material, formal, efficient, and final), and Aquinas' views on natural law, human nature, and the relationship between humans and God. Key points include Plato establishing an objective basis for morality, Aristotle explaining change and potential/actualization, and Aquinas arguing humans have rationality and society as uniquely human inclinations ordered towards the eternal law of God.
Thomas Aquinas developed a theory of natural law that argues morality is based on principles that are implanted in human nature by God and can be discerned through reason. Natural law consists of general rules that are derived from eternal law and embedded in human nature, such as preserving life and living in society. Aquinas sought to ground Christian ethics in a rational system based on natural inclinations, arguing that through reason humans can understand moral rules and their proper end as living, reproducing, and rational creatures ordered towards God.
The document discusses Christian morality and its basic concepts. It defines morality both descriptively as existing codes of conduct in societies, and normatively as universal standards based on reason. Descriptive morality only applies locally while normative morality is universal. Morality examines the object, circumstances, and intentions of human acts, which require will and knowledge, rather than involuntary acts of man. Key norms that govern conduct are eternal, natural, and positive laws, as well as an individual's conscience, which can be correct, false, scrupulous, lax, certain, or doubtful depending on its judgments.
The document discusses the principle of induction and the law of attraction. It explains that induction allows us to observe patterns and relationships to discover underlying laws or principles. When we understand the law of attraction, we can consciously create our reality by impressing our desired outcomes into the universal mind through focused thought. We are taught that believing something will come to pass helps make it so. The conclusion reiterates that a new era is emerging where humanity understands the power of mind to shape external conditions.
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Natural law claims that everything has a purpose designed by its creator, and this purpose is what is intrinsically good. The concept has its roots in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy as described by thinkers like Aristotle and Cicero. Thomas Aquinas was a major proponent of natural law in the 13th century. He argued that natural law is derived from human reason and aims toward the highest good of God. Natural law theory proposes that there are fundamental moral principles knowable by reason, including prohibitions against murder, theft, and deception. However, critics argue that natural law faces challenges in accounting for concepts like homosexuality, contraception, and evaluating actions based on their consequences rather than intrinsic nature alone.
Thomas Aquinas draws on Aristotle and Plato to develop a theory of natural law. He argues that there is an eternal law stemming from God's will that directs all of creation. Humans participate in this eternal law through our natural inclination to act in accordance with right reason. This human participation is called natural law, which determines the proper measure and rule for human actions. Natural law is complemented by human laws that societies construct to govern communities.
Thomas Aquinas draws on Aristotle's philosophy of the four causes and Plato's idea of the good to develop his theory of natural law. For Aquinas, God is the prime mover and source of all goodness in the world. Natural law refers to humanity's shared rational nature that inclines us towards virtue and allows us to discern good from evil. As rational beings with free will, humans have a participation in eternal law and are directed by reason towards our proper ends or goods.
This document discusses concepts from Greek philosophy and their influence on Christian theology, as explained by Thomas Aquinas. It covers Plato's ideas of the good and forms, Aristotle's four causes of being (material, formal, efficient, and final), and Aquinas' views on natural law, human nature, and the relationship between humans and God. Key points include Plato establishing an objective basis for morality, Aristotle explaining change and potential/actualization, and Aquinas arguing humans have rationality and society as uniquely human inclinations ordered towards the eternal law of God.
Thomas Aquinas developed a theory of natural law that argues morality is based on principles that are implanted in human nature by God and can be discerned through reason. Natural law consists of general rules that are derived from eternal law and embedded in human nature, such as preserving life and living in society. Aquinas sought to ground Christian ethics in a rational system based on natural inclinations, arguing that through reason humans can understand moral rules and their proper end as living, reproducing, and rational creatures ordered towards God.
The document discusses Christian morality and its basic concepts. It defines morality both descriptively as existing codes of conduct in societies, and normatively as universal standards based on reason. Descriptive morality only applies locally while normative morality is universal. Morality examines the object, circumstances, and intentions of human acts, which require will and knowledge, rather than involuntary acts of man. Key norms that govern conduct are eternal, natural, and positive laws, as well as an individual's conscience, which can be correct, false, scrupulous, lax, certain, or doubtful depending on its judgments.
The document discusses the principle of induction and the law of attraction. It explains that induction allows us to observe patterns and relationships to discover underlying laws or principles. When we understand the law of attraction, we can consciously create our reality by impressing our desired outcomes into the universal mind through focused thought. We are taught that believing something will come to pass helps make it so. The conclusion reiterates that a new era is emerging where humanity understands the power of mind to shape external conditions.
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Natural law claims that everything has a purpose designed by its creator, and this purpose is what is intrinsically good. The concept has its roots in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy as described by thinkers like Aristotle and Cicero. Thomas Aquinas was a major proponent of natural law in the 13th century. He argued that natural law is derived from human reason and aims toward the highest good of God. Natural law theory proposes that there are fundamental moral principles knowable by reason, including prohibitions against murder, theft, and deception. However, critics argue that natural law faces challenges in accounting for concepts like homosexuality, contraception, and evaluating actions based on their consequences rather than intrinsic nature alone.
Virtue ethics is a moral theory that measures morality based on virtues, or good character attributes. There are three main strands of virtue ethics: eudaimonism focuses on well-being, the ethics of care emphasizes relationships and community, and agent-based theories evaluate actions based on the character of the agent. Aristotle was influential in virtue ethics, believing virtues are developed through habit and happiness comes from exercising reason and virtues like courage and justice. Natural law theory holds that moral and legal standards derive authority from considerations of moral merit.
This document presents a holistic view of the universe as a divine system. It argues that the universe can be seen as a closed system that is able to generate and integrate all natural systems within it. Seeing the universe as a huge, all-encompassing system respects the laws of nature and incorporates all natural entities without chance. Conceptualizing God and the universe as having the same body maintains God's properties of being eternal and all-powerful while viewing the universe and nature as logical and systematic. Understanding the engineering of nature can help assemble reality from micro to macro scales and validate this vision of a divine, logical system of the universe.
The document discusses different philosophical theories about the source of ethics. It outlines views that ethics comes from human nature, that it involves living well according to virtue as described by Aristotle, and that it involves following a priori moral truths or duties as argued by Kant. The document provides details on Socrates, Aristotle, and Kant's perspectives, with Socrates arguing ethics comes from knowledge, Aristotle arguing it involves pursuing eudaimonia through virtue, and Kant arguing ethics follows from following categorical imperatives and duties.
This document discusses the differences between ethics and morality, and how their meanings have evolved. It notes that ethics derives from the Greek word for moral character or custom, while morality comes from the Latin word for custom or manner. Both terms now relate to how people act, either in a good or bad way. Morality refers more to moral standards and conduct, while ethics refers to the formal study and analysis of those standards. The two terms can often be used interchangeably.
Ethics and morality,Ethics and law,Ethosponnu seenu
The document discusses the differences between ethics and morality. Ethics is derived from the Greek word for moral character and focuses on the philosophical study of morality, while morality comes from the Latin word for customs or manners and refers to moral conduct and standards. Both terms deal with how people act, either in a good or bad way. While ethics and morality can be used interchangeably, ethics specifically refers to the formal study and analysis of moral standards and conduct.
This document discusses ethics and provides an overview of key concepts in meta-ethics and normative ethics. It defines ethics as the study of principles of right and wrong conduct, and morality as concerning which actions are right and wrong. Meta-ethics examines the meaning of ethical terms and theories like naturalism, cognitivism, intuitionism, and subjectivism. Normative ethics analyzes approaches such as consequentialism, deontology, utilitarianism, and ethical relativism to determine the practical means of moral action. Religious and social ethics are also briefly covered.
The document provides an overview of ethics and morality. It distinguishes between ethics, which is the formal study of moral conduct, and morality, which refers to beliefs about how to live a good life. It describes the main branches of ethics as meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics investigates the origins and meaning of ethical concepts. Normative ethics focuses on establishing moral standards, covering virtue ethics, deontology, and consequentialism. Applied ethics examines specific contemporary moral issues. The document provides examples and descriptions of major theories within each branch of ethics.
This document discusses various philosophical concepts and debates around epistemology and metaphysics. It covers Plato's theory of forms, Aristotle's four causes, rationalism vs empiricism, Descartes' foundationalism, skepticism, objective vs subjective truth, and thinkers like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky. Key debates include the nature and limits of knowledge, whether truth resides in the intelligible or physical world, and whether truth is objective or subjective.
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates individual actions based on their consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism, associated with Peter Singer, bases morality on furthering individuals' interests and preferences rather than happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism avoids some issues with act utilitarianism such as the inability to trust those who only follow rules situationally.
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism judges each act independently based on its consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on general rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism focuses on fulfilling individual preferences and interests rather than maximizing happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism is argued to be more practical than act utilitarianism as it provides stability of rules and obligations in society.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a session on normative ethics. The objectives are to discuss what normative ethics is, explain its focuses of action and character, and describe different normative ethical theories and issues. It defines normative ethics as the study of how one ought to act morally. The focuses are on determining right action and good character. Major theories discussed include virtue ethics, deontology, ethical intuitionism, and consequentialism. Issues arise from tensions between character- and action-based approaches in addressing ethical situations.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a session on normative ethics. The objectives are to discuss what normative ethics is, explain its focuses of action and character, and describe different normative ethical theories and issues. It defines normative ethics as the study of how one ought to act morally. The focuses are on determining right action and good character. Major theories discussed include virtue ethics, deontology, ethical intuitionism, and consequentialism. Issues arise from tensions between character- and action-based approaches in addressing ethical situations.
The document discusses different theories of moral objectivism, including absolutism, natural law theory, and moderate objectivism. It examines Aquinas' view of natural law theory and the doctrine of double effect. It argues that if at least one objective moral principle can be established as binding for all people, then relativism is probably false and a limited form of objectivism is true. Core morality principles that are necessary for a flourishing human community and social cohesion are proposed as examples of objective moral rules.
This document discusses the study of ethics. It defines ethics as the science of morality of human acts, derived from the Greek word meaning characteristic way of living. It discusses two ethical systems - the atheistic approach which assumes only matter exists, and the theistic approach which begins with God as the supreme lawgiver. Professional ethics regulates professions through moral codes of ethics. Human acts are defined as actions performed knowingly and freely, while acts of man are involuntary. Elicited acts are performed by the will without being bodily externalized, while commanded acts are done by mental or bodily powers under the will's command.
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making .pdffashionscollect
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making and the four dilemmas that
each engender. Why do these matter to the leader in his or her own ethical perspectives?
Solution
Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which
are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-
consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person
making ethical decisions about particular actions; and iii) Agent-centered theories, which, unlike
consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories, are more concerned with the overall ethical
status of individuals, or agents, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular
actions. Each of these three broad categories contains varieties of approaches to ethics, some of
which share characteristics across the categories. Below is a sample of some of the most
important and useful of these ethical approaches.
i.) Consequentialist Theories:
The Utilitarian Approach
Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of
Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and
distress. The 18th Century British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) applied a similar
standard to individual actions, and created a system in which actions could be described as good
or bad depending upon the amount and degree of pleasure and/or pain they would produce.
Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard
for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea
of “pleasure.”
Utilitarianism is one of the most common approaches to making ethical decisions,especially
decisions with consequences that concern large groups of people, in part because it instructs us to
weigh the different amounts of good and bad that will be produced by our action. This conforms
to our feeling that some good and some bad will necessarily be the result of our action and that
the best action will be that which provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. Ethical environmental action,
then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are
affected—government, corporations, the community, and the environment.
The Egoistic Approach
One variation of the utilitarian approach is known as ethical egoism, or the ethics of self-
interest. In this approach, an individual often uses utilitarian calculation to produce the greatest
amount of good for him or herself. Ancient Greek Sophists like Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE),
who famously claimed that might makes right, and early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679) may be considered forerunners of this approach. One of the most influential recent
proponents of.
This document provides an overview of educational philosophies from various parts of the world. It discusses the philosophical foundations of education including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology. It examines the philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism. The key ideas are that Eastern philosophies see time as cyclical and integrate thinking and living. Chinese philosophy emphasizes propriety, order, and following nature. Indian philosophies include Hinduism's caste system and concept of karma, while Buddhism teaches the four noble truths and eightfold path to end suffering. Japanese philosophy centered on Shintoism and worship of kami spirits.
St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who reconciled Aristotle's political philosophy with Christian faith. He argued that governments must work for the common good of all people. Aquinas believed natural law, which is self-evident or deduced from self-evident ideas, governs human behavior. According to Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal, natural, human, and divine - with eternal law being the highest, followed by natural law, then human law. Natural law applies to all humans and guides them to use reason to lead their lives.
Natural Law is an ancient ethical theory that argues morality comes from human nature rather than human choice. It has roots in Greek philosophy, Roman thought, and Christianity. Thomas Aquinas developed Natural Law into a hierarchical system where eternal, divine, natural, and human laws guide human behavior. Natural Law's primary tenets are self-preservation, reproduction, educating children, community, and worshipping God. It holds that through reason, people can determine right from wrong by considering what allows human flourishing. Both motives and actions must be good to achieve virtue and happiness.
1. The document discusses a study group meeting on Part 14 of The Master Key System. It includes an opening quote, details of the meeting format, and the full text being discussed.
2. The text examines principles of mind, thought, consciousness, and the relationship between universal/subconscious minds. It suggests we can use creative mental powers to manifest desired conditions.
3. The summary concludes by emphasizing the importance of concentration and applying these principles in a disciplined way to create real change in one's life and world.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Semelhante a GEC8-REVIEWERSDFHKIKMCDFVMGOFEMVPOSOF.docx
Virtue ethics is a moral theory that measures morality based on virtues, or good character attributes. There are three main strands of virtue ethics: eudaimonism focuses on well-being, the ethics of care emphasizes relationships and community, and agent-based theories evaluate actions based on the character of the agent. Aristotle was influential in virtue ethics, believing virtues are developed through habit and happiness comes from exercising reason and virtues like courage and justice. Natural law theory holds that moral and legal standards derive authority from considerations of moral merit.
This document presents a holistic view of the universe as a divine system. It argues that the universe can be seen as a closed system that is able to generate and integrate all natural systems within it. Seeing the universe as a huge, all-encompassing system respects the laws of nature and incorporates all natural entities without chance. Conceptualizing God and the universe as having the same body maintains God's properties of being eternal and all-powerful while viewing the universe and nature as logical and systematic. Understanding the engineering of nature can help assemble reality from micro to macro scales and validate this vision of a divine, logical system of the universe.
The document discusses different philosophical theories about the source of ethics. It outlines views that ethics comes from human nature, that it involves living well according to virtue as described by Aristotle, and that it involves following a priori moral truths or duties as argued by Kant. The document provides details on Socrates, Aristotle, and Kant's perspectives, with Socrates arguing ethics comes from knowledge, Aristotle arguing it involves pursuing eudaimonia through virtue, and Kant arguing ethics follows from following categorical imperatives and duties.
This document discusses the differences between ethics and morality, and how their meanings have evolved. It notes that ethics derives from the Greek word for moral character or custom, while morality comes from the Latin word for custom or manner. Both terms now relate to how people act, either in a good or bad way. Morality refers more to moral standards and conduct, while ethics refers to the formal study and analysis of those standards. The two terms can often be used interchangeably.
Ethics and morality,Ethics and law,Ethosponnu seenu
The document discusses the differences between ethics and morality. Ethics is derived from the Greek word for moral character and focuses on the philosophical study of morality, while morality comes from the Latin word for customs or manners and refers to moral conduct and standards. Both terms deal with how people act, either in a good or bad way. While ethics and morality can be used interchangeably, ethics specifically refers to the formal study and analysis of moral standards and conduct.
This document discusses ethics and provides an overview of key concepts in meta-ethics and normative ethics. It defines ethics as the study of principles of right and wrong conduct, and morality as concerning which actions are right and wrong. Meta-ethics examines the meaning of ethical terms and theories like naturalism, cognitivism, intuitionism, and subjectivism. Normative ethics analyzes approaches such as consequentialism, deontology, utilitarianism, and ethical relativism to determine the practical means of moral action. Religious and social ethics are also briefly covered.
The document provides an overview of ethics and morality. It distinguishes between ethics, which is the formal study of moral conduct, and morality, which refers to beliefs about how to live a good life. It describes the main branches of ethics as meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics investigates the origins and meaning of ethical concepts. Normative ethics focuses on establishing moral standards, covering virtue ethics, deontology, and consequentialism. Applied ethics examines specific contemporary moral issues. The document provides examples and descriptions of major theories within each branch of ethics.
This document discusses various philosophical concepts and debates around epistemology and metaphysics. It covers Plato's theory of forms, Aristotle's four causes, rationalism vs empiricism, Descartes' foundationalism, skepticism, objective vs subjective truth, and thinkers like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky. Key debates include the nature and limits of knowledge, whether truth resides in the intelligible or physical world, and whether truth is objective or subjective.
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates individual actions based on their consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism, associated with Peter Singer, bases morality on furthering individuals' interests and preferences rather than happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism avoids some issues with act utilitarianism such as the inability to trust those who only follow rules situationally.
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism judges each act independently based on its consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on general rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism focuses on fulfilling individual preferences and interests rather than maximizing happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism is argued to be more practical than act utilitarianism as it provides stability of rules and obligations in society.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a session on normative ethics. The objectives are to discuss what normative ethics is, explain its focuses of action and character, and describe different normative ethical theories and issues. It defines normative ethics as the study of how one ought to act morally. The focuses are on determining right action and good character. Major theories discussed include virtue ethics, deontology, ethical intuitionism, and consequentialism. Issues arise from tensions between character- and action-based approaches in addressing ethical situations.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a session on normative ethics. The objectives are to discuss what normative ethics is, explain its focuses of action and character, and describe different normative ethical theories and issues. It defines normative ethics as the study of how one ought to act morally. The focuses are on determining right action and good character. Major theories discussed include virtue ethics, deontology, ethical intuitionism, and consequentialism. Issues arise from tensions between character- and action-based approaches in addressing ethical situations.
The document discusses different theories of moral objectivism, including absolutism, natural law theory, and moderate objectivism. It examines Aquinas' view of natural law theory and the doctrine of double effect. It argues that if at least one objective moral principle can be established as binding for all people, then relativism is probably false and a limited form of objectivism is true. Core morality principles that are necessary for a flourishing human community and social cohesion are proposed as examples of objective moral rules.
This document discusses the study of ethics. It defines ethics as the science of morality of human acts, derived from the Greek word meaning characteristic way of living. It discusses two ethical systems - the atheistic approach which assumes only matter exists, and the theistic approach which begins with God as the supreme lawgiver. Professional ethics regulates professions through moral codes of ethics. Human acts are defined as actions performed knowingly and freely, while acts of man are involuntary. Elicited acts are performed by the will without being bodily externalized, while commanded acts are done by mental or bodily powers under the will's command.
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making .pdffashionscollect
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making and the four dilemmas that
each engender. Why do these matter to the leader in his or her own ethical perspectives?
Solution
Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which
are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-
consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person
making ethical decisions about particular actions; and iii) Agent-centered theories, which, unlike
consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories, are more concerned with the overall ethical
status of individuals, or agents, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular
actions. Each of these three broad categories contains varieties of approaches to ethics, some of
which share characteristics across the categories. Below is a sample of some of the most
important and useful of these ethical approaches.
i.) Consequentialist Theories:
The Utilitarian Approach
Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of
Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and
distress. The 18th Century British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) applied a similar
standard to individual actions, and created a system in which actions could be described as good
or bad depending upon the amount and degree of pleasure and/or pain they would produce.
Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard
for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea
of “pleasure.”
Utilitarianism is one of the most common approaches to making ethical decisions,especially
decisions with consequences that concern large groups of people, in part because it instructs us to
weigh the different amounts of good and bad that will be produced by our action. This conforms
to our feeling that some good and some bad will necessarily be the result of our action and that
the best action will be that which provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. Ethical environmental action,
then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are
affected—government, corporations, the community, and the environment.
The Egoistic Approach
One variation of the utilitarian approach is known as ethical egoism, or the ethics of self-
interest. In this approach, an individual often uses utilitarian calculation to produce the greatest
amount of good for him or herself. Ancient Greek Sophists like Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE),
who famously claimed that might makes right, and early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679) may be considered forerunners of this approach. One of the most influential recent
proponents of.
This document provides an overview of educational philosophies from various parts of the world. It discusses the philosophical foundations of education including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology. It examines the philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism. The key ideas are that Eastern philosophies see time as cyclical and integrate thinking and living. Chinese philosophy emphasizes propriety, order, and following nature. Indian philosophies include Hinduism's caste system and concept of karma, while Buddhism teaches the four noble truths and eightfold path to end suffering. Japanese philosophy centered on Shintoism and worship of kami spirits.
St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who reconciled Aristotle's political philosophy with Christian faith. He argued that governments must work for the common good of all people. Aquinas believed natural law, which is self-evident or deduced from self-evident ideas, governs human behavior. According to Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal, natural, human, and divine - with eternal law being the highest, followed by natural law, then human law. Natural law applies to all humans and guides them to use reason to lead their lives.
Natural Law is an ancient ethical theory that argues morality comes from human nature rather than human choice. It has roots in Greek philosophy, Roman thought, and Christianity. Thomas Aquinas developed Natural Law into a hierarchical system where eternal, divine, natural, and human laws guide human behavior. Natural Law's primary tenets are self-preservation, reproduction, educating children, community, and worshipping God. It holds that through reason, people can determine right from wrong by considering what allows human flourishing. Both motives and actions must be good to achieve virtue and happiness.
1. The document discusses a study group meeting on Part 14 of The Master Key System. It includes an opening quote, details of the meeting format, and the full text being discussed.
2. The text examines principles of mind, thought, consciousness, and the relationship between universal/subconscious minds. It suggests we can use creative mental powers to manifest desired conditions.
3. The summary concludes by emphasizing the importance of concentration and applying these principles in a disciplined way to create real change in one's life and world.
Semelhante a GEC8-REVIEWERSDFHKIKMCDFVMGOFEMVPOSOF.docx (20)
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
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1. GEC7 (ETHICS)
REVIEWER
1. People are also rational.
Rationality—consists of the
mental faculty to construct
ideas and thoughts that are
beyond our immediate
surroundings.
The ability to stop and think
about what we are doing.
2. Deontology
Duty And Agency
Autonomy
Universalizability
Duty And Agency (Deontology)
It is the moral theory that
evaluates actions that are
done because of duty.
Refers to the study of duty and
obligation.
Comes from the Greek word
deon, which means “being
necessary.”
3. Law—the determination of the
proper measure of our acts
4. Natural Law
Thomas Aquinas
a. The Context of the
Christian Story
b. The Context of Aquinas’s
Ethics
The Greek Heritage
a. Neoplatonic Good
b. Aristotelian Being and
Becoming
c. Synthesis
The Essence and Varieties
of Law
a. Essence
b. Varieties
c. Natural Law
d. Uniquely Human
Thomas Aquinas
Natural Law – a theory which
will provide us a unique way of
determining the moral status
of our actions.
Natural Law—participation of
the eternal law in the rational
creature.
Universalizability
Kinds of Moral Theories
5. Substantive Moral Theory—
immediately promulgates the
specific actions that comprise
the theory.
it identifies the particular
duties in a straightforward
manner that the adherents of
the theory must follow.
6. Formal Moral Theory—it us
the “does not supply the rules
or commands straightway.
it does not tell you what you
may or may not to do.
it provides us the “form” or
“framework” of the moral
theory.
to provide the “form” of a moral
theory is to supply a procedure
and the criteria for
determining, on one’s own, the
rules and moral commands.
A formal theory will not give us
a list of rules or commands.
Instead, it will give us a set of
instructions on how to make a
list of duties or moral
commands.
A formal theory will not give us
a list of rules or commands.
Instead, it will give us a set of
instructions on how to make a
list of duties or moral
commands.
7. Categorical imperative—
provides a procedural way of
identifying the rightness or
wrongness of an action.
Four (4) Key Elements in
Formulation of The Categorical
Imperative
1. Action
2. Maxim
3. Will
4. Universal law
Action-Kant states that we must
formulate an action as a maxim.
The choice that can be
determined by pure reason is
called Free Choice.
Maxim-Define as a “subjective
principle of action.”
in this context, a maxim
consists of a “rule” that we live
by in our day-to-day lives, but
it does not have the status of a
law or a moral command that
binds us to act in a certain
way. Rather, maxims depict
the patterns of our behavior.
Akin to the “standard
operating procedures”(SOPs)
in our lives.
We became aware of our
maxims when we talk about
ourselves, when we reveal our
habits and the reasons behind
them.
8. Subject comes from the Latin
word sub (under) and jacere
(to throw)
Subject—refer to that which is
thrown or brought under
something
the will must comply with the
law, which is the authority
figure.
9. Human choice, in contrast, is
a choice that may indeed be
affected but not determined by
impulses, and is therefore in
itself (without an acquired skill
of reason) not pure, but can
nevertheless be determined to
do actions from pure will (Ak
6:213).
10. Autonomy – means giving
individuals the freedom to act
and make decisions according
to their own will and beliefs,
without interference from
others.
is the property of rational will.
is the opposite of Heteronomy.
from 3 greek words:
Autos -” self”
Heteros -” other”
Nomos -” law”
2. Combine autos and
nomos=autonomy
Combine heteros and
nomos=heteronomy
Autonomy—means self-law
(or self- legislating)
11. Heteronomy- means an
individual’s decisions are
influenced or controlled by
external factors, rather than
being based on their own
beliefs and desires.
Heteronomy—means other
law.
12. Divine Law—refers
specifically to the instances
where we have precepts or
instructions that come from
divine revelation.
13. Human Law—refers to all
instances wherein human
being construct and enforce
law s in their communities.
14. Eternal Law—refers to what
God wills for creation, how
each participant in it is
intended to return to Him.
15. Promulgation—rules or laws
to be communicated to the
people involved in order to
enforce them and to better
ensure compliance.
16. Cause – it is the form of
archetype, that is, the
statement of the essence and
its genera.
17. Natural - Used to refer to
some kind of intuition that a
person has, one which is so
apparently true to him that it is
unquestioned.
Used to try to justify a certain
way of behaving by seeing its
likeness somewhere in the
natural world.
Used an appeal to something
instinctual without it being
directed by reason.
Refer to what seems common
to them given their particular
environment.
18. CREATION—is the activity of
the outpouring or overflowing
of God’s goodness. Since
each being in this way
participates in God’s
goodness, each being is in
some sense good.
Three (3) parts to voluminous work
19. First part: We are created
by God. (CREATION)
20. The second part: Deals with
man or the dynamic of human
life. (WORK)
21. Third part: Focuses on Jesus
as our Savior. (SALVATION)
22. Material cause—any being
we can see around is
corporeal, possessed of a
certain materiality or physical
“stuff.”
Material cause- could be
the biological and
environmental factors
influencing behavior.
The stuff that affects how
we act. This includes
things like our genes, brain
chemicals, and
surroundings like where we
grew up and who we’re
around.so basically, its
about how our bodies and
environment influence
what we do.
23. Formal cause—a material
takes place on a particular
shape.
24. Efficient cause—a being does
not simply “pop up” from
nothing but comes from
another being which is prior to
it.
25. Final cause—a being has an
apparent end or goal.
A chair to be sat on
A pen for writing
A seed to become a tree
A child to become an adult
26. Neoplatonic Good
GOD CREATES
He brings about beings.
He cares for, and thus
governs, the activity of the
universe and of every
creature.
Ancient Greek philosopher
Plato
He is credited for giving the
subsequent history of
philosophy one of its most
compelling and enduring
ideas: the notion of a supreme
and absolutely transcendent
good.
27. The will is thus not only
subject to the law, but it is also
subject to the law in such a
way that it gives the law to
itself (self-legislating), and
primarily just in this way that
the will can be considered the
author of the law under which
is subject. (Ak 4:431)
28. Sentient—meaning an
organism has the ability to
perceive and navigate its
external environment.
29. Common Good - what is good
for the community as well as
our own good.
30. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
He was the German
Enlightenment philosopher
who wrote one of most
important works on moral
philosophy, Groundwork
towards a Metaphysics of
Morals (1785)
He is the main proponent of
deontology.
In this work, Kant brings our
attention to the fact that we,
human beings, have the
faculty called the rational will,
which is the capacity to act
according to principles that we
determine for ourselves.
To consider the rational will is
to point out the difference
between animals and persons.
Animals are sentient
organisms.
3. 31. God’s act, like an
emanation of light, is the
creation of beings.
As God is that toward
which all beings seek to
return, it is possible for
us to speak of Him as
the final cause.
We see the beginning
of the synthesis by
noting how the
Neoplatonic movement
from and back toward
the transcendent is
fused with the
Aristotelian notion of
causes.
It must be noted,
though that this is not
some mechanistic
unthinking process. It is
God’s will and love that
are the cause of all
things; to every existing
thing, God wills some
good.
TRUE or FALSE
Autonomy is the opposite of
Heteronomy. (TRUE)
In Final cause, a being has an
apparent end or goal. (TRUE)
For Aquinas, there is a sense
of right and wrong in us that
we are obliged to obey.
(TRUE)
Aquinas identifies that there is
in our nature, common with all
other beings, a desire to
preserve one’s own being.
(TRUE)
It can be said that Plato was
trying to answer questions
such as, “Why should I bother
trying to be good?” and “Why
cannot’ good’ be just whatever
I say it is?” (TRUE)
Plato’s answer, placed in the
mouth of the main character
Socrates, is that the good is
real and not something that
one can pretend to make up or
ignore. (TRUE)
Creation is the activity of the
outpouring or overflowing of
God’s goodness. (TRUE)
It is God’s will and love that are
the cause of all things; to
every existing thing, God wills
some good. (TRUE)
Deontology refers to the study
of duty and obligation. (TRUE)
Aquinas goes on to say that
there is in our human nature,
common with other animals, a
desire that has to do with
sexual intercourse and the
care of one’s offspring.
(TRUE)