Microbiology of sewage and sewage treatmentFatimah Tahir
Sewage or wastewater contains water and solids separated from various sources like domestic, industrial, and stormwater runoff. It contains pathogens and organic material. Treatment aims to remove solids, reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and eliminate pathogens through primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary processes. Primary treatment removes 50% of solids and 25% of BOD through settling. Secondary treatment further reduces BOD through microbial degradation. Sludge from primary treatment is anaerobically digested by microbes to produce methane and reduce pathogens before disposal or reuse. Disinfection with chemicals or UV light is sometimes applied before releasing the treated water.
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in natureDharshinipriyaJanaki
This document provides an overview of microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic processes in nature. It discusses bioremediation, the bioremediation cycle, biodegradation, and the roles of various microorganisms. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. The bioremediation cycle involves microbes consuming contaminants and converting them into harmless substances. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microbes. Various microbes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes to break down contaminants.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Water-borne diseases are illnesses caused by ingesting water contaminated with human or animal waste containing pathogens. They are a major global public health issue, causing over 2 million deaths annually, especially among children in developing countries. Improving access to clean water and sanitation could reduce the global disease burden by an estimated 4%. Common water-borne diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites transmitted via contaminated water sources.
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane production have a tremendous impact on climate change, microbes play a key role in the production and control of these gases
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Biodegradable of plastic and superbug...NandhiniC24
This document discusses bioremediation topics including biodegradable plastic and superbugs. It provides an introduction to biodegradable plastic, describing its history, types, and mechanisms of biodegradation. Factors affecting biodegradation and agricultural applications are also covered. The document then discusses superbugs, describing how they were constructed by transferring plasmids between Pseudomonas putida strains to enable degradation of various hydrocarbons. The constructed superbug strain can degrade multiple pollutants and has been used to treat oil spills. In conclusion, biodegradable plastics provide an eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics by using renewable resources.
Microbiology of sewage and sewage treatmentFatimah Tahir
Sewage or wastewater contains water and solids separated from various sources like domestic, industrial, and stormwater runoff. It contains pathogens and organic material. Treatment aims to remove solids, reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and eliminate pathogens through primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary processes. Primary treatment removes 50% of solids and 25% of BOD through settling. Secondary treatment further reduces BOD through microbial degradation. Sludge from primary treatment is anaerobically digested by microbes to produce methane and reduce pathogens before disposal or reuse. Disinfection with chemicals or UV light is sometimes applied before releasing the treated water.
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in natureDharshinipriyaJanaki
This document provides an overview of microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic processes in nature. It discusses bioremediation, the bioremediation cycle, biodegradation, and the roles of various microorganisms. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. The bioremediation cycle involves microbes consuming contaminants and converting them into harmless substances. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microbes. Various microbes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes to break down contaminants.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Water-borne diseases are illnesses caused by ingesting water contaminated with human or animal waste containing pathogens. They are a major global public health issue, causing over 2 million deaths annually, especially among children in developing countries. Improving access to clean water and sanitation could reduce the global disease burden by an estimated 4%. Common water-borne diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites transmitted via contaminated water sources.
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane production have a tremendous impact on climate change, microbes play a key role in the production and control of these gases
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Biodegradable of plastic and superbug...NandhiniC24
This document discusses bioremediation topics including biodegradable plastic and superbugs. It provides an introduction to biodegradable plastic, describing its history, types, and mechanisms of biodegradation. Factors affecting biodegradation and agricultural applications are also covered. The document then discusses superbugs, describing how they were constructed by transferring plasmids between Pseudomonas putida strains to enable degradation of various hydrocarbons. The constructed superbug strain can degrade multiple pollutants and has been used to treat oil spills. In conclusion, biodegradable plastics provide an eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics by using renewable resources.
This document discusses bioaerosols, which are airborne biological contaminants like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It notes that while their outdoor presence is natural, indoor control is possible. It outlines several health effects of bioaerosols, which can cause infections when inhaled or deposited on wounds. The document then focuses on fungi, molds, and the various health impacts molds can have like allergies, infections, and toxicity. It also discusses sources of bioaerosols like humans, pets and moist indoor surfaces. Sampling techniques and control strategies are presented.
This document discusses microbial remediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of factors affecting heavy metal toxicity to microorganisms, such as pH, temperature, and stability. It also describes various mechanisms microbes use to detoxify heavy metals, including biosorption, intracellular and extracellular sequestration, extracellular barriers, methylation, and reduction of metal ions. Overall, the document reviews how microbes can transform toxic heavy metals into less harmful states through metabolic and non-metabolic processes to help clean up polluted environments.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
In Situ Bioremediation;Types, Advantages and limitations Zohaib HUSSAIN
In situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to treat hazardous waste in place, without removing the contaminated material. It can be applied in both the unsaturated zone (e.g. bioventing) and saturated zones (groundwater). Intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes, while engineered approaches accelerate degradation by supplying oxygen, nutrients, or other stimulants. Successful in situ bioremediation is evidenced by measuring increased microbial activity, growth of degrading populations, and production of degradation byproducts at the site.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
This document discusses the biodeterioration of textiles by microorganisms. It begins by introducing the three steps of biodegradation: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, and assimilation. It then explains each step in more detail. The document focuses on how natural fibers like cotton are more susceptible to microbial deterioration compared to synthetic fibers due to their porous structure retaining water and nutrients. It lists common microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that cause textile deterioration and describes methods to detect, prevent, and treat biodeterioration of textiles.
This document discusses intrinsic in situ bioremediation. It explains that intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the environment to degrade contaminants, requiring no human intervention and being the cheapest form of bioremediation. Intrinsic bioremediation is tested at the lab and field levels before use to assess the microorganisms' ability to metabolize contaminants. Factors like moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, electron acceptors, and toxin concentration affect the rate of intrinsic bioremediation. In situ bioremediation cleans up contaminated sites directly where pollution occurred, with options like biostimulation or bioaugmentation. It has advantages of being cost-effective with minimal exposure but
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollution. It discusses various techniques used for hydrocarbon pollution removal and their disadvantages. It then describes bioremediation as a natural process that uses microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons into less toxic forms. The document outlines different bioremediation strategies like bioaugmentation and biostimulation and notes advantages such as low cost and generating non-toxic byproducts. It also discusses using genetically engineered microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for understanding biodegradation mechanisms to transform pollutants in less toxic forms using microorganisms and plants.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are living organisms that enrich soil nutrients. It covers various types of biofertilizers including bacterial (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum), cyanobacterial, mycorrhizal, phosphorus solubilizing, and siderophores biofertilizers. The document explains how these microorganisms work to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, decompose organic matter, and increase nutrient availability and crop yields. It also provides details on commercial biofertilizer production and lists important microorganism species and their applications in agriculture.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms, plants, or their enzymes to degrade contaminants in soil. Contaminants include chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons from industrial activities. Bioremediation occurs through biodegradation, mineralization, or cometabolism. Strategies include intrinsic bioremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, landfarming, and phytoremediation. A case study describes how nutrients were added to Alaskan shoreline to stimulate indigenous bacteria and enhance biodegradation of crude oil after a large spill.
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on microbes that thrive in extreme environments. It begins with an introduction to microbes in general, then describes 5 main types of microbes. The bulk of the document focuses on 5 categories of microbes that thrive in extreme environments: thermophiles, which prefer high temperatures; psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures; halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations; acidophiles, which thrive in acidic conditions; and alkaliphiles, which thrive in alkaline conditions. Examples of microbes in each category are provided. The document concludes with references for further information.
This document discusses indicator organisms that are used to assess water quality. It explains that testing directly for all possible pathogens is impractical, so indicator organisms like coliform bacteria and E. coli are used instead. These indicators come from the same sources as pathogens and can alert managers to potential issues. The document describes various indicator tests, including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and enterococci. It provides details on each indicator and how they relate to determining water safety.
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview...Abdullah Al Moinee
This document summarizes the principles and mechanisms of bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environments. It discusses how microorganisms and plants can tolerate and degrade heavy metals through various processes like biosorption, bioaccumulation, biomineralization and biotransformation. The review examines advances in bioremediation technologies using genetic engineering approaches to develop microbes and plants tailored for bioremediation. It also discusses applying principles of nanotechnology, genomics and manipulating plant-microbe symbiosis to improve bioremediation strategies for heavy metal contamination.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
This document discusses factors that affect bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation, explaining that it uses living organisms like bacteria and fungi to break down contaminants. It then lists and describes 9 key factors that influence the bioremediation process: 1) contaminant concentration, 2) nutrients, 3) moisture content, 4) temperature, 5) pH, 6) oxygen, 7) metal ions, 8) redox potential, and 9) biogeochemical parameters. The document concludes that bioremediation requires an understanding of relevant scientific fields and attenuation processes to apply it successfully.
The document discusses rhizoremediation, which uses plant roots and associated microorganisms to degrade soil pollutants. Key points include: rhizoremediation is a type of bioremediation that uses rhizobacteria in the rhizosphere; it can degrade pollutants like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides; and factors like soil conditions, temperature, pH, microbial diversity, and plant type affect its effectiveness. Rhizoremediation is an environmentally friendly soil remediation method.
This document discusses bioaerosols, which are airborne biological contaminants like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It notes that while their outdoor presence is natural, indoor control is possible. It outlines several health effects of bioaerosols, which can cause infections when inhaled or deposited on wounds. The document then focuses on fungi, molds, and the various health impacts molds can have like allergies, infections, and toxicity. It also discusses sources of bioaerosols like humans, pets and moist indoor surfaces. Sampling techniques and control strategies are presented.
This document discusses microbial remediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of factors affecting heavy metal toxicity to microorganisms, such as pH, temperature, and stability. It also describes various mechanisms microbes use to detoxify heavy metals, including biosorption, intracellular and extracellular sequestration, extracellular barriers, methylation, and reduction of metal ions. Overall, the document reviews how microbes can transform toxic heavy metals into less harmful states through metabolic and non-metabolic processes to help clean up polluted environments.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
In Situ Bioremediation;Types, Advantages and limitations Zohaib HUSSAIN
In situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to treat hazardous waste in place, without removing the contaminated material. It can be applied in both the unsaturated zone (e.g. bioventing) and saturated zones (groundwater). Intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes, while engineered approaches accelerate degradation by supplying oxygen, nutrients, or other stimulants. Successful in situ bioremediation is evidenced by measuring increased microbial activity, growth of degrading populations, and production of degradation byproducts at the site.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
This document discusses the biodeterioration of textiles by microorganisms. It begins by introducing the three steps of biodegradation: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, and assimilation. It then explains each step in more detail. The document focuses on how natural fibers like cotton are more susceptible to microbial deterioration compared to synthetic fibers due to their porous structure retaining water and nutrients. It lists common microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that cause textile deterioration and describes methods to detect, prevent, and treat biodeterioration of textiles.
This document discusses intrinsic in situ bioremediation. It explains that intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the environment to degrade contaminants, requiring no human intervention and being the cheapest form of bioremediation. Intrinsic bioremediation is tested at the lab and field levels before use to assess the microorganisms' ability to metabolize contaminants. Factors like moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, electron acceptors, and toxin concentration affect the rate of intrinsic bioremediation. In situ bioremediation cleans up contaminated sites directly where pollution occurred, with options like biostimulation or bioaugmentation. It has advantages of being cost-effective with minimal exposure but
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollution. It discusses various techniques used for hydrocarbon pollution removal and their disadvantages. It then describes bioremediation as a natural process that uses microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons into less toxic forms. The document outlines different bioremediation strategies like bioaugmentation and biostimulation and notes advantages such as low cost and generating non-toxic byproducts. It also discusses using genetically engineered microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for understanding biodegradation mechanisms to transform pollutants in less toxic forms using microorganisms and plants.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are living organisms that enrich soil nutrients. It covers various types of biofertilizers including bacterial (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum), cyanobacterial, mycorrhizal, phosphorus solubilizing, and siderophores biofertilizers. The document explains how these microorganisms work to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, decompose organic matter, and increase nutrient availability and crop yields. It also provides details on commercial biofertilizer production and lists important microorganism species and their applications in agriculture.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms, plants, or their enzymes to degrade contaminants in soil. Contaminants include chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons from industrial activities. Bioremediation occurs through biodegradation, mineralization, or cometabolism. Strategies include intrinsic bioremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, landfarming, and phytoremediation. A case study describes how nutrients were added to Alaskan shoreline to stimulate indigenous bacteria and enhance biodegradation of crude oil after a large spill.
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on microbes that thrive in extreme environments. It begins with an introduction to microbes in general, then describes 5 main types of microbes. The bulk of the document focuses on 5 categories of microbes that thrive in extreme environments: thermophiles, which prefer high temperatures; psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures; halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations; acidophiles, which thrive in acidic conditions; and alkaliphiles, which thrive in alkaline conditions. Examples of microbes in each category are provided. The document concludes with references for further information.
This document discusses indicator organisms that are used to assess water quality. It explains that testing directly for all possible pathogens is impractical, so indicator organisms like coliform bacteria and E. coli are used instead. These indicators come from the same sources as pathogens and can alert managers to potential issues. The document describes various indicator tests, including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and enterococci. It provides details on each indicator and how they relate to determining water safety.
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview...Abdullah Al Moinee
This document summarizes the principles and mechanisms of bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environments. It discusses how microorganisms and plants can tolerate and degrade heavy metals through various processes like biosorption, bioaccumulation, biomineralization and biotransformation. The review examines advances in bioremediation technologies using genetic engineering approaches to develop microbes and plants tailored for bioremediation. It also discusses applying principles of nanotechnology, genomics and manipulating plant-microbe symbiosis to improve bioremediation strategies for heavy metal contamination.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
This document discusses factors that affect bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation, explaining that it uses living organisms like bacteria and fungi to break down contaminants. It then lists and describes 9 key factors that influence the bioremediation process: 1) contaminant concentration, 2) nutrients, 3) moisture content, 4) temperature, 5) pH, 6) oxygen, 7) metal ions, 8) redox potential, and 9) biogeochemical parameters. The document concludes that bioremediation requires an understanding of relevant scientific fields and attenuation processes to apply it successfully.
The document discusses rhizoremediation, which uses plant roots and associated microorganisms to degrade soil pollutants. Key points include: rhizoremediation is a type of bioremediation that uses rhizobacteria in the rhizosphere; it can degrade pollutants like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides; and factors like soil conditions, temperature, pH, microbial diversity, and plant type affect its effectiveness. Rhizoremediation is an environmentally friendly soil remediation method.
This chapter discusses the key processes and controls of terrestrial decomposition. It describes the three main processes of decomposition - leaching of litter, fragmentation of litter, and chemical alteration. The chapter also addresses the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of decomposition rates. The main factors that control decomposition are the physical environment, substrate quality and quantity, and the microbial community present. Decomposition breaks down dead organic matter, releasing carbon and nutrients back into the ecosystem.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation processes. It covers key topics like site characterization, physical and chemical properties of contaminants, factors that influence biodegradation rates, and microbiological characterization. Environmental factors that can impact bioremediation like pH, nutrients, temperature and oxygen levels are also examined. Prediction of degradation rates and the importance of factors like contaminant bioavailability, sorption, and toxicity of breakdown products are summarized.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
The document discusses various methods of bioremediation and biodegradation to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using biological organisms such as bacteria and fungi to solve environmental problems through technological innovation. Biodegradation is the natural breakdown of materials by microorganisms. The document then describes various in situ and ex situ bioremediation techniques in detail, including bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, phytoremediation, land farming, biopiles, and windrows. The key factors in selecting a bioremediation method are the contaminants present, their accessibility to microbes, and any environmental conditions that could inhibit microbial activity.
mechanism of nutrient transport and its basics .pptxjntuhcej
This document discusses nutrient uptake by plants from soil. It begins by outlining three mechanisms of nutrient transport from soil to roots: mass flow, diffusion, and root interception. It then discusses factors that affect nutrient availability to plants from soil, including soil texture, structure, reaction, temperature, moisture, air composition, available and total nutrient content, microbial activity, and organic matter. Finally, it discusses measures that can be taken to overcome nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in plants, such as maintaining soil physical properties, using soil tests to guide fertilizer use, testing irrigation water, applying organic manures, and using micronutrients based on deficiency symptoms.
The document discusses a study that will examine the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, as well as their combinations, to stimulate oil-degrading microbes in ex-situ bioremediation of a soil sample polluted with crude oil. The study aims to determine the treatment that maximizes the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons from the soil, while also enumerating the abundance and diversity of oil-degrading microbes. The biodegradation process will be monitored by measuring various indicators over time. A soil analysis will first be conducted to obtain baseline properties of the polluted sample before treatments are applied. Lastly, the study will identify hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to analyze changes in their relative diversity and
ROLE OF SOIL ORGANIC MANURE IN SUSTAINING SOIL HEALTHRamyajit Mondal
This document discusses the role of soil organic manure in sustaining soil health. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function sustainably within an ecosystem. The use of chemical fertilizers is increasing crop production but degrading soil health over time. Organic manures from natural sources are a sustainable alternative that improve soil properties like structure, moisture retention, and nutrient levels. Factors like climate, vegetation, soil type and organisms influence organic matter levels in soil. Different types of organic manures are classified including farm yard manure, compost, green manuring, and vermicompost.
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
This document discusses bioremediation and the degradation of pollutants by microorganisms. It defines bioremediation as the process of using microbes to biologically degrade organic wastes under controlled conditions. It describes how microbes possess enzymes that allow them to break down environmental contaminants. The document outlines different bioremediation methods including biostimulation, bioattenuation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and biopiles. It discusses factors that affect microbial bioremediation and concludes that bioremediation is an attractive option for cleaning polluted environments, though its effectiveness depends on environmental conditions that support microbial growth.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the breakdown of materials by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. It breaks down organic materials into basic components like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Factors that affect biodegradation include the microbial community present, oxygen levels, temperature, pH and the presence of light and water. Biodegradable plastics have been treated to break down when discarded using additives. While biodegradation can help eliminate waste, some chemicals cannot degrade and unknown byproducts may form.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. It can occur naturally or be induced through bioaugmentation, which involves adding specific microorganisms, or biostimulation, which provides nutrients to promote the growth of indigenous microbes. Effective bioremediation requires the microbes, pollutants, and environmental conditions to allow the microbes to break down pollutants through their metabolic processes.
Environmental Stress and MicroorganismsSwati Sagar
The document summarizes two case studies:
Case Study 1 examines the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mung bean rhizosphere that can promote plant growth and alleviate drought stress. Inoculation with the bacteria led to higher antioxidant activity, gene expression, water retention and biomass in plants under drought.
Case Study 2 looks at isolating bacteria from saline soil that produce ACC deaminase and help plants tolerate salt and heat stress. A Klebsiella sp. strain, SBP-8, was found to produce ACC deaminase and other beneficial compounds, and promote wheat growth under salt and heat conditions.
This document discusses biodegradation, which is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by microorganisms. It involves converting complex organic molecules into simpler ones. Biodegradation is an important property for toxic chemicals as it reduces their concentration and toxicity over time. There are two main types - biomineralization where microbes convert waste into inorganic matter like water and carbon dioxide, and biotransformation where part of the organic matter degrades into smaller organic compounds. The mechanisms involve three stages - biodeterioration, biofragmentation where bonds are cleaved forming oligomers and monomers, and assimilation where the resulting products enter microbial cells. Factors like the chemical nature of the compound, nutrients, oxygen, temperature and pH affect
Water pollution adversely affects aquatic life. Fishes are particularly impacted and die from pesticide pollution from nearby farms. Large quantities of untreated wastes from leather and other industries also pollute water bodies. Sewage discharge near coasts can poison shellfish and make swimming unsafe. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down pollutants into less toxic forms and helps clean contaminated ponds, soils and water. It has benefits over other remediation methods like being natural, lower cost, and less disruptive to the environment. Both in situ and ex situ bioremediation can be used to treat different types of contamination.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
This document discusses various engineering strategies for bioremediation. It begins by outlining the importance of site characterization, pollutant characterization, and geohydrochemical characterization. It then discusses approaches like biotreatability tests, bioaugmentation, biopiling, biosparging, and different ex-situ techniques like land farming and composting. The key factors that affect bioremediation like nutrient requirements, oxygen supply, and mass transfer are also summarized.
Bio oxidation- a technology for sustainable pollution controlPriyam Jyoti Borah
Bio-oxidation is a. biological air pollution. control technology. that utilizes bacteria & fungi to biologically absorb and digest vapor-phase VOCs and odorous compounds commonly found in industrial and municipal applications.
Role of microorganisms in Biodegradation of Organic Wasterasikapatil26
Microorganisms play a key role in biodegradation by breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. They decompose industrial and household waste, recycling nutrients in the environment. The document discusses the roles of microbes in various biodegradation processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pollutants. It also outlines considerations for efficient biological treatment of industrial waste and examples of processes that use microbes, such as aerobic biodegradation and oil biodegradation.
Semelhante a FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS.pdf (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS.pdf
1. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
FACTORS AFFECTING
THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS
Veerachipalayam - 637 303, Sankagiri, Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu India.
Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem ; Recognised Under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956 )
VIVEKANANDHA
ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
LEAD BY PRESENTED BY
Dr.R.DINESH KUMAR SONIYA SREE SAKTHIVEL
Assistant Professor / Microbiology
Vivekanandha
Art's and Science College For Women
Sankagiri, Salem.
I year - M.Sc., Microbiology
Vivekanandha
Art's and Science College For Women
Sankagiri, Salem.
4. INTRODUCTION :
Bioremediation process is degrading, removing, changing, immobilizing or
detoxifying various chemicals and physical pollutants from the environment
through the activity of bacteria, fungi algae and plants.
Enzymatic metabolic pathways of microorganisms facilitate the progress of
biochemical reactions that helps in degradation of pollutant.
Microorganisms are act on the pollutants only when they have contact to the
compounds which help them to generate energy and nutritions to multiply
cells.
5. Biotic or
Biological factor
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS
Abiotic or
Environmental factor
Enzyme activity
Mutation
Interaction
Gene Transfer
Biomass production
Population size
Major
Factors
pH
Temperature
O2 content
Redox potential
Osmotic pressure
Solubility
Toxicity
6. FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS
The monitoring of soil physically and chemically is a time-
consuming process, in order to measure the pollution of soil after
contamination in a shorter period of time, microbial and biochemical
properties of the soil are to be determined.
The bioremediation process depends upon the different factors for
the removal of the contaminants, some of them are:
Concentration of the contaminant
1.
Nutrient Availability
2.
Surfactants, Enhancers of bioavailability
3.
Characteristics of the contaminated soil
4.
7. 1.CONCENTRATION OF THE CONTAMINANT
The concentration of the contaminants directly affects
microbial activity.
Lower the concentration of the contaminants there will be
decreasing rate of degrading enzymes produced by
bacteria in the soil.
Toxic effects are observed in presence of higher
concentrations of contaminants.
The decomposition rate of catabolic enzymes can be
increased by the synergistic interactions between different
components of the contaminants.
Higher the concentration-
Fast degradation
Lower the concentration-
Slow degradation
8. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium are
the basic requirement for the growth of microorganisms, the
concentration of the nutrient availability directly affects the
degradation of the contaminants.
The excessive presence of nitrogen, potassium, and
phosphorus shows a negative impact on the degradation of
hydrocarbons.
The rate of bioremediation can also be determined by
knowing the accessibility of organic matters towards
microorganisms; which is known as bioavailability.
2. NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY
Nutrients
Uptake by the
microorganisms
Contaminants
Non toxic
end product
9. 3. SURFACTANTS; ENHANCERS OF BIOAVAILABILITY
Mostly, Chemical and food-grade surfactants are used
to increase the hydrophobic organic contaminants.
Triton X 100, Tween 80, and SDS are the petroleum-
derived chemical surfactants and T-MAZ 28, T-MAZ
10 and T-MAZ 60 are food-graded surfactants used in
bioremediation.
Besides these surfactants produced by microbes are also
used for the reduction of environmental contaminants.
Surfactants Microbes
Degradation
process
10. 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTAMINATED SOIL
The bioremediation process is significantly affected by the different
parameters of the contaminated soil such as
pH
1.
Texture
2.
Permeability
3.
Water holding capacity
4.
Temperature
5.
Oxygen availability
6.
11. a. PH
Optimum pH is required for the bioremediation process which ranges from
6-8.
Neutral pH is suitable for the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
whereas some fungi and acidophilic microbes degrade contaminants in an
acidic environment.
Generally, alkaline or slightly acid soil pH enhances biodegradation, while
acidic environments pose limitations to biodegradation.
Usually, pH values between 6.5 and 8.0 are considered optimum for oil
degradation.
Within this range, specific enzymes function within a particular pH
spectrum.
12. b.TEXTURE
The texture of the soil plays a crucial role. The texture affects the movement
of water and air within the soil, which in turn affects the availability of
nutrients and the activity of microorganisms.
Fine-textured soils, like clay, have smaller particles that can hold more water
but may have limited oxygen availability.
On the other hand, coarse-textured soils, like sandy soil, have larger particles
that allow for better drainage but can lead to faster water movement and
nutrient leaching.So, the texture of the soil can impact the effectiveness and
efficiency of the bioremediation process.
13. The permeability of the soil is another important factor in the bioremediation
process.Permeabilityrefers to how easily water can flow through the soil.
It affects the movement of contaminants, nutrients, and oxygen within the soil, which in
turn impacts the activity of microorganisms involved in bioremediation. Soils with high
permeability, such as sandy soils, allow water to flow more freely.
This can be beneficial as it helps in distributing oxygen and nutrients to the
microorganisms, promoting their growth and activity. On the other hand, soils with low
permeability, like clay soils, can restrict the movement of water and may lead to poor
oxygen availability, which can hinder the bioremediation process.
c.PERMIABILITY
14. d.WATER HOLDING CAPACITY
Water holding capacity is important because it determines how much water
can be retained in the soil or substrate. This is crucial for the survival and
growth of microorganisms involved in bioremediation.
Adequate water holding capacity ensures that the soil remains moist,
providing a favorable environment for microbial activity. This allows the
microorganisms to break down and degrade contaminants effectively.
On the other hand, if the water holding capacity is too low, the soil may
become too dry, inhibiting microbial activity. This can slow down or even halt
the bioremediation process.
15. Conversely, if the water holding capacity is too high, excessive water can lead
to waterlogging, which can negatively impact microbial activity.
It can also cause the leaching of contaminants, spreading them to other areas.
Fnding the right balance in water holding capacity is crucial for successful
bioremediation.
It ensures that the soil provides optimal conditions for microbial growth and
activity, leading to effective contaminant degradation
16. e. TEMPERATURE
The degradation of the contaminants is also affected by temperature
especially in the case of hydrocarbons under both in situ and ex-situ
conditions.
It has been found that a higher temperature of 30°C-40°c increases the
bioremediation in the soil as well as in the marine environment
Temperature is definitely an important factor in the bioremediation
process.The activity and growth of microorganisms involved in
bioremediation are greatly influenced by temperature.
17. Warmer temperatures tend to enhance the metabolic activity of
microorganisms, leading to faster rates of biodegradation.
This is because higher temperatures provide more energy for the
microorganisms to carry out their biochemical reactions.
However, extremely high temperatures can also have negative effects, as
they can denature or kill the microorganisms.
On the other hand, colder temperatures can slow down the metabolic
activity of microorganisms, reducing the rate of biodegradation
18. f. OXYGEN AVAILABILITY
Oxygen is a very important factor to determine the extent and rate of
biodegradation of contaminants.
Aerobic biodegradation is much faster than anaerobic biodegradation.For
the aerobic respiratory breakdown of organic contaminants, oxygen
availability plays a significant role.
In the majority of cases, the addition of hydrogen peroxide is used to
introduce oxygen.Hydrogen peroxide is about seven times more soluble in
water than oxygen.
19. CONCLUSION:
Factors like temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and nutrient levels can greatly
influence the effectiveness of bioremediation. Optimal conditions must be maintained
for the growth and activity of microorganisms involved in the process
The type and concentration of contaminants play a significant role in bioremediation.
The presence of diverse microbial populations is beneficial for bioremediation.
Each contaminated site has unique characteristics that can impact bioremediation.
Factors such as soil type, moisture content, vegetation, and the presence of other
chemicals or pollutants can influence the effectiveness of the process.
Overall, understanding and addressing these factors is crucial for designing and
implementing effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate environmental
contamination.