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EPIZOO is a complex software package for veterinary epidemiology that uses 12 modules to analyze diverse animal population health data. It provides methods for analyzing characteristics like population structures, health indicators, disease rates, risk analyses, disease dynamics, economic impacts, investigation methods, sampling techniques, and program planning and evaluation. The quality of results from EPIZOO depends on selecting the appropriate methods, using reliable input data, and properly interpreting the outputs in the context of follow-up actions.
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The document discusses various strategies for animal disease control including prevention, vaccination, biosecurity measures, surveillance, zoning/compartmentalization, and stamping out. It emphasizes applying the appropriate strategy based on factors like the disease, its impacts, stakeholders involved, and available resources. The overall goal is to reduce disease prevalence and impacts in a cost-effective manner.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Evaluation of livestock vaccinations in response to humanitarian crises: Process and outcome measures
1. Better lives through livestock
Evaluation of livestock vaccinations in response to
humanitarian crises: Process and outcome measures
Shauna Richards, DVM, PhD Postdoctoral fellow
Animal and Human Health program, ILRI
Evaluationof livestock emergencies workshop
Online, 8 June 2023
2. 2
Objectives
Evaluate emergency livestock vaccination programs during times of humanitarian
crises.
1. Evaluate vaccination program effectiveness, coverage, impact on livelihoods
and disease burden, and cost-effectiveness
2. Determine successful attributes of vaccine campaigns
3. Role of gender in these programs/crises
4. Develop guidelines for these programs
3. Process vs. outcome
Process – measure the
processes used to
implement/apply the
emergency livestock
vaccine program
Outcome – measure
outcomes directly
related to vaccine
implementation
4. 4
Top process indicators from questionnaire: Overview
1. Design based on clear and achievable humanitarian objective
2. Efficiency of vaccination (timing, choice, quality, safety, storage,
and management of response)
3. Access to/use of quality epidemiological information
4. Degree of coordination, partnership, and communication with
public/private vet services
5. Vaccine inventories (linked to item 2)
6. Partial budget analysis
7. Workforce training CPD (linked to 4)
8. Lab reports
9. Serological responses
Data
Availability
Easy
Moderate
Difficult
5. 5
Top process indicators from questionnaire: Data type
1. Design based on clear and achievable humanitarian objective
2. Efficiency of vaccination (timing, choice, quality, safety, storage,
and management of response)
3. Access to/use of quality epidemiological information
4. Degree of coordination, partnership, and communication with
public/private vet services
5. Vaccine inventories (linked to item 2)
6. Partial budget analysis
7. Workforce training CPD (linked to 4)
8. Lab reports
9. Serological responses
Data Type
Qualitative
Quantitative
Dual
6. 6
Top outcome indicators from questionnaire: Overview
1. Herd size composition and reproductive rate (linked to partial
budget)
2. Morbidity/mortality rates of livestock
3. Target disease prevalence
4. Gender impact on livestock based livelihoods
5. Marketing data (linked to partial budget) – livestock-derived
income
6. Livestock outputs (linked to partial budget and item 5)
7. Consumption of animal source foods
8. Numbers vaccinated by species, herd; number of
households impacted, adverse vaccine reactions
Data
Availability
Easy
Moderate
Difficult
7. 7
Top outcome indicators from questionnaire: Data type
1. Herd size composition and reproductive rate (linked to partial
budget)
2. Morbidity/mortality rates of livestock
3. Target disease prevalence
4. Gender impact on livestock based livelihoods
5. Marketing data (linked to partial budget) – livestock-derived
income
6. Livestock outputs (linked to partial budget and item 5)
7. Consumption of animal source foods
8. Numbers vaccinated by species, herd; number of
households impacted, adverse vaccine reactions
Data Type
Qualitative
Quantitative
Dual
8. 8
• Will be assigned into breakout room groups on
Zoom
• Assign a note-taker, a facilitator, and a presenter
• Use Google Sheet to see process and outcome
measures for your group (link will be shared in
chat)
• Provide feedback on these measures and more
generally if any missing measures
• When return to main group have presenter
share main messages from your group
Discussion plan