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Aristotle was a pioneering philosopher and scientist in ancient Greece. He made seminal contributions across many fields, including founding the discipline of political science. Some of his most influential works on politics analyzed the ideal state, different forms of government, justice, citizenship, revolution, and law. Aristotle believed that the state exists by nature to promote the happiness and well-being of its citizens. He emphasized studying different constitutions to understand how to best structure the state.
The document provides an overview of early Greek political philosophy from the Sophists to Aristotle. It introduces key thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and summarizes some of their major ideas. Plato believed rule required a group of trained guardians and advocated for a system of rule by philosophers. Aristotle viewed man as a political animal and analyzed different forms of government, advocating for a mixed system that promoted the common good. The document establishes the foundations of Western political thought.
This document provides an overview of early Greek political thought from the 5th century BC. It discusses the beginnings of political philosophy in ancient Greece and influential figures like Sophocles, the Sophists, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Key ideas discussed include Plato's ideal state ruled by guardian philosophers and Aristotle's view of man as a political animal meant to live in a state. The document aims to introduce students to the evolution of early Greek concepts of politics, citizenship and different forms of government.
This chapter examines the teachings of Plato and Hobbes regarding the purpose of the state. It discusses Plato's view that the highest purpose is the promotion of justice. For Plato, justice means acting according to one's nature and doing what is natural for each class of people. Hobbes believed the purpose is to provide security through deterring violence and promoting the survival of humanity. The chapter explores differing views of whether states should maximize their own power or restrain it, and whether they should try to help citizens be ethical.
The document provides an overview of the history of political thought beginning with the Greeks. It discusses important early works like Sophocles' Antigone and the teachings of the Sophists like Protagoras. It then focuses on Socrates and his dialectical method of questioning beliefs. Plato is discussed as a student of Socrates and founder of the Academy who sought to define justice and the ideal state in works like The Republic. The document emphasizes how these early Greek thinkers established the foundation of political philosophy by examining concepts like the state, law, justice, and the individual.
Aristotle viewed human nature as comprised of both body and soul, with the rational soul being unique to humans. He believed the function and goal of both individuals and the state is happiness, which is achieved through living virtuously according to reason. Aristotle analyzed politics, ethics, and different forms of government, but some of his views on slavery and the roles of citizens are seen as problematic today.
This document provides an overview of Michael Curtis' book "The Great Political Theories Volume 1" which covers ancient Greek political philosophy. It summarizes key ideas from major thinkers including:
1. Plato believed the ideal state requires trained rulers/guardians and common property. Citizens' roles are determined by their character traits.
2. Aristotle viewed the polis/state as natural for humans and the path to happiness. He analyzed different constitutions and advocated for balance/moderation.
3. Epicureanism sought pleasure through limiting desires while Stoicism advocated living according to nature and suppressing emotions for tranquility.
Both philosophies emerged as the polis declined and Greece became part of larger
This document provides an overview of several ancient Greek philosophers and their political theories. It discusses:
1) Plato's Republic, including his views that the state exists to meet individual needs, that wisdom comes from trained rulers, and that the soul and state have similar components like courage, temperance, and reason.
2) Aristotle's emphasis on moderation and constitutional stability, and his classification of different forms of government.
3) The philosophies of the Epicureans and Stoics during the Hellenistic period, with Epicurus advocating limiting desires to achieve peace of mind and the Stoics believing in following natural law and suppressing emotions.
Aristotle was a pioneering philosopher and scientist in ancient Greece. He made seminal contributions across many fields, including founding the discipline of political science. Some of his most influential works on politics analyzed the ideal state, different forms of government, justice, citizenship, revolution, and law. Aristotle believed that the state exists by nature to promote the happiness and well-being of its citizens. He emphasized studying different constitutions to understand how to best structure the state.
The document provides an overview of early Greek political philosophy from the Sophists to Aristotle. It introduces key thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and summarizes some of their major ideas. Plato believed rule required a group of trained guardians and advocated for a system of rule by philosophers. Aristotle viewed man as a political animal and analyzed different forms of government, advocating for a mixed system that promoted the common good. The document establishes the foundations of Western political thought.
This document provides an overview of early Greek political thought from the 5th century BC. It discusses the beginnings of political philosophy in ancient Greece and influential figures like Sophocles, the Sophists, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Key ideas discussed include Plato's ideal state ruled by guardian philosophers and Aristotle's view of man as a political animal meant to live in a state. The document aims to introduce students to the evolution of early Greek concepts of politics, citizenship and different forms of government.
This chapter examines the teachings of Plato and Hobbes regarding the purpose of the state. It discusses Plato's view that the highest purpose is the promotion of justice. For Plato, justice means acting according to one's nature and doing what is natural for each class of people. Hobbes believed the purpose is to provide security through deterring violence and promoting the survival of humanity. The chapter explores differing views of whether states should maximize their own power or restrain it, and whether they should try to help citizens be ethical.
The document provides an overview of the history of political thought beginning with the Greeks. It discusses important early works like Sophocles' Antigone and the teachings of the Sophists like Protagoras. It then focuses on Socrates and his dialectical method of questioning beliefs. Plato is discussed as a student of Socrates and founder of the Academy who sought to define justice and the ideal state in works like The Republic. The document emphasizes how these early Greek thinkers established the foundation of political philosophy by examining concepts like the state, law, justice, and the individual.
Aristotle viewed human nature as comprised of both body and soul, with the rational soul being unique to humans. He believed the function and goal of both individuals and the state is happiness, which is achieved through living virtuously according to reason. Aristotle analyzed politics, ethics, and different forms of government, but some of his views on slavery and the roles of citizens are seen as problematic today.
This document provides an overview of Michael Curtis' book "The Great Political Theories Volume 1" which covers ancient Greek political philosophy. It summarizes key ideas from major thinkers including:
1. Plato believed the ideal state requires trained rulers/guardians and common property. Citizens' roles are determined by their character traits.
2. Aristotle viewed the polis/state as natural for humans and the path to happiness. He analyzed different constitutions and advocated for balance/moderation.
3. Epicureanism sought pleasure through limiting desires while Stoicism advocated living according to nature and suppressing emotions for tranquility.
Both philosophies emerged as the polis declined and Greece became part of larger
This document provides an overview of several ancient Greek philosophers and their political theories. It discusses:
1) Plato's Republic, including his views that the state exists to meet individual needs, that wisdom comes from trained rulers, and that the soul and state have similar components like courage, temperance, and reason.
2) Aristotle's emphasis on moderation and constitutional stability, and his classification of different forms of government.
3) The philosophies of the Epicureans and Stoics during the Hellenistic period, with Epicurus advocating limiting desires to achieve peace of mind and the Stoics believing in following natural law and suppressing emotions.
This document provides an overview of Michael Curtis' book "The Great Political Theories Volume 1" which covers ancient Greek political philosophy. It summarizes key ideas from major thinkers including:
1. Plato believed the ideal state requires trained rulers/guardians and common property. Citizens' roles are determined by their character traits.
2. Aristotle viewed the polis/state as natural for humans and the path to happiness. He analyzed different constitutions and advocated for balance/moderation.
3. Epicureanism sought pleasure through limiting desires while Stoicism advocated living according to nature and suppressing emotions for tranquility.
Both philosophies emerged as the polis declined and emphasized individual welfare over the
This document outlines the foundations and key figures of Western democracy. It discusses Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and how they influenced Western philosophy. It also examines forms of government like monarchy, democracy, republic, and rule of law concepts developed in ancient Greece and Rome. Finally, it contrasts Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian influences and how they both contributed to modern democratic values.
1) Aristotle was the first to systematically analyze existing constitutions using a comparative method and was well-versed in many disciplines including politics.
2) He regarded the ideal form of government as aristocracy but advocated for a mixed form of government with rule by rotation to prevent monopoly of political power.
3) In his work Politics, Aristotle analyzed the nature of the state and different constitutions, regarded the state as providing for individual happiness, and defined the state as prior to the individual.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in 384 BCE in Stagira, Greece. He studied at Plato's Academy in Athens for 20 years before founding his own school, the Lyceum, in 335 BCE. Aristotle wrote on many topics and made significant contributions to logic, metaphysics, physics, biology, zoology, ethics, and politics. In his work Politics, Aristotle defines humans as political animals and analyzes the ideal structure of the state.
This document provides information about language and culture from several perspectives. It discusses how language expresses, embodies, and symbolizes cultural reality. Culture is defined as the learned traditions and lifestyles of a social group. Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, using structured words. The concept of sociolinguistics and identifying different speech communities is also covered. The document then shifts to discussing several philosophers and their ideas, including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and philosophers from ancient Greece to the Middle Ages.
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher born in 384 BCE who founded the Lyceum in Athens and wrote on many topics. He is considered one of the greatest thinkers in Western history. Aristotle viewed the state as a natural condition for humans that allows them to live a good life and fulfill their needs through cooperation and division of labor. He established political science as a discipline and believed the state's purpose was the good life of its citizens. Aristotle died in 322 BCE at age 63 in Chalcis, Greece.
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher born in 384 BCE who founded the Lyceum in Athens and wrote on many topics. He is considered one of the greatest thinkers in Western history. Aristotle viewed the state as a natural condition for humans that allows them to live a good life and fulfill their needs through cooperation and division of labor. He established political science as a discipline and saw the state as prior to individuals, with the state ensuring harmony between citizens. Aristotle died in 322 BCE at the age of 63 in Chalcis, Greece.
Comparative Study on Aristotle and PlatoVinaySingh615
Plato was influenced by the Peloponnesian War and death of his mentor Socrates, which led him to write about Socrates' teachings and establish the Academy. Aristotle was Plato's most famous student, though he disagreed with Plato on some topics. Both philosophers made important contributions to political science - Plato believed in an ideal state ruled by a philosopher-king, while Aristotle believed the state existed to benefit citizens and should be ruled by law. Their differing perspectives reflected Plato's idealism and Aristotle's pragmatism.
Aristotle classified governments based on two criteria: quantitatively by the number of rulers and qualitatively by whether the rulers aimed to benefit the community or themselves. He identified three forms of government: monarchy/tyranny ruled by one, aristocracy/oligarchy ruled by a few, and polity/democracy ruled by many. Plato also classified governments based on knowledge, identifying a perfect philosopher king state, imperfect law-based states, and ignorant states without rule of law.
This chapter discusses different theories of political philosophy and the right to rule. It examines Plato's idea of a philosopher-king ruling as a benevolent dictator. It also explores social contract theory proposed by Hobbes, Locke, and others. Natural law concepts from Stoics, Aristotle, and Aquinas are covered. The chapter addresses natural rights and how thinkers like Wollstonecraft, Stanton, and Anthony advocated for women's rights and suffrage. Mandate of Heaven and divine right of kings are discussed. Contemporary liberal and conservative views in political theory are also summarized.
This chapter discusses different theories of political philosophy and the right to rule. It examines Plato's idea of a philosopher-king ruling as a benevolent dictator. It also explores social contract theory proposed by Hobbes, Locke, and others. Natural law concepts from Stoics, Aristotle, and Aquinas are covered. The chapter addresses natural rights and how thinkers like Wollstonecraft, Stanton, and Anthony advocated for women's rights and suffrage. Mandate of Heaven and divine right of kings are discussed. Contemporary liberal and conservative views in political theory are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Aristotle and his political philosophy. Some key points:
- Aristotle studied under Plato and was concerned with why the Greek city-state declined as a form of government.
- His method involved studying many actual city-states to determine the "telos" or highest purpose of political communities.
- He viewed humans as rational and political animals who require community to achieve happiness. The ideal political community for humans is the polis or city-state.
- Aristotle analyzed different forms of government and constitutions, preferring a "polity" that mixes rule by the one, few and many to best serve the public interest over private interests.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on love, including the types of love defined by philosophers (Eros, Philia, etc.). It also examines definitions of love from Aristotle, Plato, and the Bible. Additionally, it explores philosophical definitions of man, freedom, justice, and man's relationship to others, nature, society, and God. Man is defined as a rational being made in God's image who has responsibilities as steward of creation and to love others.
1. The document discusses the views of various ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and others on politics and participation in democracy. Plato believed the ruler should undergo rigorous training while Aristotle saw man as a political animal.
2. It also examines different political ideologies like left-wing, right-wing, and centrist and provides examples such as communism, liberalism, and conservatism.
3. Active participation is discussed as important in democracy according to the document. It notes democracy requires citizens to vote and engage in discussion, negotiation, and compromise.
The intent of this lesson is to familiarize students with the similarities and differences in the views of classical philosophers and George Washington.
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Q1 MODULE 1.pptxthatshannahm
This document discusses the key concepts of politics and political science. It defines politics as occurring wherever human competition plays out, including in government but also in other contexts. Political science is presented as the study of the nature and dynamics of power, usually at the national level, and considers itself the "master science" as politics governs most other things. The relationship between politicians and political scientists is that political scientists take a more objective and scholarly approach to analysis, while warning officials, but they do not necessarily have the same role of practicing politicians.
This document summarizes Plato and Aristotle's theories of justice. Plato believed that justice meant everyone having their proper place in a strictly hierarchical society. Aristotle argued individuals deserve rewards for their labor, and supported slavery as he saw some people as naturally meant to be slaves. Both philosophers saw justice as maintaining social order and harmony, with individuals' interests secondary to the interests of society.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
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Semelhante a Dr.-Anitha-V-Western-Political-Thought-Aristotle.pdf
This document provides an overview of Michael Curtis' book "The Great Political Theories Volume 1" which covers ancient Greek political philosophy. It summarizes key ideas from major thinkers including:
1. Plato believed the ideal state requires trained rulers/guardians and common property. Citizens' roles are determined by their character traits.
2. Aristotle viewed the polis/state as natural for humans and the path to happiness. He analyzed different constitutions and advocated for balance/moderation.
3. Epicureanism sought pleasure through limiting desires while Stoicism advocated living according to nature and suppressing emotions for tranquility.
Both philosophies emerged as the polis declined and emphasized individual welfare over the
This document outlines the foundations and key figures of Western democracy. It discusses Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and how they influenced Western philosophy. It also examines forms of government like monarchy, democracy, republic, and rule of law concepts developed in ancient Greece and Rome. Finally, it contrasts Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian influences and how they both contributed to modern democratic values.
1) Aristotle was the first to systematically analyze existing constitutions using a comparative method and was well-versed in many disciplines including politics.
2) He regarded the ideal form of government as aristocracy but advocated for a mixed form of government with rule by rotation to prevent monopoly of political power.
3) In his work Politics, Aristotle analyzed the nature of the state and different constitutions, regarded the state as providing for individual happiness, and defined the state as prior to the individual.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher born in 384 BCE in Stagira, Greece. He studied at Plato's Academy in Athens for 20 years before founding his own school, the Lyceum, in 335 BCE. Aristotle wrote on many topics and made significant contributions to logic, metaphysics, physics, biology, zoology, ethics, and politics. In his work Politics, Aristotle defines humans as political animals and analyzes the ideal structure of the state.
This document provides information about language and culture from several perspectives. It discusses how language expresses, embodies, and symbolizes cultural reality. Culture is defined as the learned traditions and lifestyles of a social group. Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, using structured words. The concept of sociolinguistics and identifying different speech communities is also covered. The document then shifts to discussing several philosophers and their ideas, including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and philosophers from ancient Greece to the Middle Ages.
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher born in 384 BCE who founded the Lyceum in Athens and wrote on many topics. He is considered one of the greatest thinkers in Western history. Aristotle viewed the state as a natural condition for humans that allows them to live a good life and fulfill their needs through cooperation and division of labor. He established political science as a discipline and believed the state's purpose was the good life of its citizens. Aristotle died in 322 BCE at age 63 in Chalcis, Greece.
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher born in 384 BCE who founded the Lyceum in Athens and wrote on many topics. He is considered one of the greatest thinkers in Western history. Aristotle viewed the state as a natural condition for humans that allows them to live a good life and fulfill their needs through cooperation and division of labor. He established political science as a discipline and saw the state as prior to individuals, with the state ensuring harmony between citizens. Aristotle died in 322 BCE at the age of 63 in Chalcis, Greece.
Comparative Study on Aristotle and PlatoVinaySingh615
Plato was influenced by the Peloponnesian War and death of his mentor Socrates, which led him to write about Socrates' teachings and establish the Academy. Aristotle was Plato's most famous student, though he disagreed with Plato on some topics. Both philosophers made important contributions to political science - Plato believed in an ideal state ruled by a philosopher-king, while Aristotle believed the state existed to benefit citizens and should be ruled by law. Their differing perspectives reflected Plato's idealism and Aristotle's pragmatism.
Aristotle classified governments based on two criteria: quantitatively by the number of rulers and qualitatively by whether the rulers aimed to benefit the community or themselves. He identified three forms of government: monarchy/tyranny ruled by one, aristocracy/oligarchy ruled by a few, and polity/democracy ruled by many. Plato also classified governments based on knowledge, identifying a perfect philosopher king state, imperfect law-based states, and ignorant states without rule of law.
This chapter discusses different theories of political philosophy and the right to rule. It examines Plato's idea of a philosopher-king ruling as a benevolent dictator. It also explores social contract theory proposed by Hobbes, Locke, and others. Natural law concepts from Stoics, Aristotle, and Aquinas are covered. The chapter addresses natural rights and how thinkers like Wollstonecraft, Stanton, and Anthony advocated for women's rights and suffrage. Mandate of Heaven and divine right of kings are discussed. Contemporary liberal and conservative views in political theory are also summarized.
This chapter discusses different theories of political philosophy and the right to rule. It examines Plato's idea of a philosopher-king ruling as a benevolent dictator. It also explores social contract theory proposed by Hobbes, Locke, and others. Natural law concepts from Stoics, Aristotle, and Aquinas are covered. The chapter addresses natural rights and how thinkers like Wollstonecraft, Stanton, and Anthony advocated for women's rights and suffrage. Mandate of Heaven and divine right of kings are discussed. Contemporary liberal and conservative views in political theory are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Aristotle and his political philosophy. Some key points:
- Aristotle studied under Plato and was concerned with why the Greek city-state declined as a form of government.
- His method involved studying many actual city-states to determine the "telos" or highest purpose of political communities.
- He viewed humans as rational and political animals who require community to achieve happiness. The ideal political community for humans is the polis or city-state.
- Aristotle analyzed different forms of government and constitutions, preferring a "polity" that mixes rule by the one, few and many to best serve the public interest over private interests.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on love, including the types of love defined by philosophers (Eros, Philia, etc.). It also examines definitions of love from Aristotle, Plato, and the Bible. Additionally, it explores philosophical definitions of man, freedom, justice, and man's relationship to others, nature, society, and God. Man is defined as a rational being made in God's image who has responsibilities as steward of creation and to love others.
1. The document discusses the views of various ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and others on politics and participation in democracy. Plato believed the ruler should undergo rigorous training while Aristotle saw man as a political animal.
2. It also examines different political ideologies like left-wing, right-wing, and centrist and provides examples such as communism, liberalism, and conservatism.
3. Active participation is discussed as important in democracy according to the document. It notes democracy requires citizens to vote and engage in discussion, negotiation, and compromise.
The intent of this lesson is to familiarize students with the similarities and differences in the views of classical philosophers and George Washington.
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE Q1 MODULE 1.pptxthatshannahm
This document discusses the key concepts of politics and political science. It defines politics as occurring wherever human competition plays out, including in government but also in other contexts. Political science is presented as the study of the nature and dynamics of power, usually at the national level, and considers itself the "master science" as politics governs most other things. The relationship between politicians and political scientists is that political scientists take a more objective and scholarly approach to analysis, while warning officials, but they do not necessarily have the same role of practicing politicians.
This document summarizes Plato and Aristotle's theories of justice. Plato believed that justice meant everyone having their proper place in a strictly hierarchical society. Aristotle argued individuals deserve rewards for their labor, and supported slavery as he saw some people as naturally meant to be slaves. Both philosophers saw justice as maintaining social order and harmony, with individuals' interests secondary to the interests of society.
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Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
2. Aristotle was
a tireless scholar, whose scientific explorations
were as wide-ranging as his philosophical
speculations were profound; a teacher who
inspired – and who continues to inspire –
generations of pupils; a controversial public figure
who lived a turbulent life in a turbulent world. He
bestrode antiquity like an intellectual colossus. No
man before him had contributed so much to
learning. No man after could hope to rival his
achievement..
Jonathan Barnes (1982)
3. Life history
• Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), was a Greek
philosopher, logician, and scientist.
• Born in northern Greece, and his father was a
court physician to the king of Macedon.
• He was the disciple of Plato and attended his
school at the age of 17.
• He was teacher of Alexander the great.
• Came back to Athens, after alexander
succeeded his father, and established his
school and library at Lyceum.
4. Works of Aristotle
•Considered as Father of Political Science.
•Aristotle wrote extensively on subjects like
metaphysics, psychology, poetry, biology,
moral sciences, politics, etc.
•The most notable of his works on political
science were Politics, Nicomachean Ethics
and Eudemian Ethics.
•He also made certain notes on numerous
constitutions but most of it was lost.
5. •The two books on ethics discussed the
nature of individual happiness or well
being.
•Poltics described the role of State to
ensure individual happiness.
•It explained the ideal city where happiness
could be achieved and the means to do so,
in speculative and practical manner.
6. Aristotle’s Political view
•He regarded political science to be a
master science and state as highest of all
communities aiming at highest good.
•His approach was scientific and practical-
a) Study based on facts
b) Evaluating the facts
c) Respecting traditions
d) Comparative analysis
7. State as a natural institution
•Rejected Sophists view that political
society is the product of convention.
•Man is political and social animal, hence
State is natural- as it reflects both the
aspects.
•Three arguments to prove the aforesaid
a) natural instincts argument
b) Teleological argument
c) ‘state as an organism’- argument.
8. Classification of State
•Aristotle, classified states on the basis of
two principles:-
• (1) In whom the sovereign powers are vested?
• (2) Whether it is exercised for the good of the
community or for the good of the ruler?
• If it is good for the community then it is a pure or
correct state. If it is good for the ruler it is a
deviant state
9.
10. Aristotle on Property
•Defends system of private property as
opposed to Plato’s views of community
property.
•Every citizen should possess property of
optimum size.
•Natural and unnatural forms of property.
•Continuance of fixed amount of property
for generations by birth control.
11. Aristotle on Slavery
•He defended and justified slavery
(household).
•He declared slavery to be an institution of
nature. A superior would rule over inferior.
•A slave belongs to a free man and as such
he exists only for the sake of latter.
•However, he insists on the humanitarian
treatment of the slaves.
12. Aristotle on Citizenship
•not to be determined by residence
•citizen as a person who has the power to
take part in the deliberative or judicial
administration.
•A good citizen would have the intelligence
and the ability to rule and be ruled
•young and the old could not be citizens, for
one was immature and the other infirm.
•Women were also not regarded as citizens.
13. Aristotle on Distributive justice
•Aristotle thought that justice is the core of
the state. It is a complete virtue.
•He also introduced the concept of
Distributive justice.
•‘Just’ has two meanings- abiding to legal
rules and using fair means.
•Distributive justice consists of proper
allocation to each person according to his
worth.
14. Aristotle on Education
•He believed that education should be
designed to train man in a certain type of
character suitable to the state.
•Three stages of schooling:
• Primary- Ages 7-14 years.
• Secondary- Ages 14-21 years.
• Higher education- 21above.
•Higher education was for males only as
Aristotle believed women were not capable
of such complex studies.
15. Aristotle on Women and Family
•Family is the first unit of state.
•There is a natural friendship between man
and a woman for a human thrives to live in
pairs.
•It was a relation between husband and
wife; and parents and children.
•He believed that marriages without children
would dissolve easily, for they create
necessary bond.
16. •He did not believe in gender equality.
•He criticized Spartans for giving their
women excessive freedom.
•Women by nature cannot have virtue of
courage and also they don’t have intellect
to participate in administration.
•Woman should be part of the city but left
out of political process.
•A husband is head of the family and wife
must obey to his commands.
17. Eudaimonia
•It means nature of happiness.
•He identified good as happiness.
•Happiness represented quest for
excellence.
•A life of sufficiency and self reliance would
be a happy one.
•Two qualities of soul: rational and irrational.
•The aim of State is to ensure happiness of
community.
18. Revolution
• According to Aristotle, "If any change occurs in
the existing system or constitution of the state,
it means the revolution.
• Different types of measure of revolution:
• A revolution may take the form of a change of
constitution of state.
• The revolution may try to grasp political power
without changing the constitution.
• A revolution may be directed against not the inter
system of government, but a particular institution
or set of persons in the state.
19. Causes of revolution
General Causes:
• Psychological motives or the state of mind.
• The objectives in mind.
• The occasions that gave rise to political
upheaval and mutual strife.
Other causes:
Dishonour, profit at the expense of public,
negligence on part of administrators, Fear
of sanctions, Poverty, disproportionate
increase in power.
20. • Prevention of Revolution
maintaining law and order for even smallest of
matters.
• Not taking people for granted.
• The principle of democratic equality must be
followed and liberty of ecpression must be
accorded.
• Holders of offices should not be able to make
private gain.
• too much power should not be allowed to one
man or one class of men
• Honours should be awarded to people of
worth.
• Effective education should be proovided.
21. Rule of law and Constitution
•Aristotle had the idea of constitutionally
based order.
•Rightly constituted law was the final
authority.
•Constitutional Rule had 3 main elements:
• Common interest
• General regulations to carry out Government.
• Subjects were ruled by consent.
22. “A constitution can be described as an
organisation of offices in state, by which the
method of their distribution is fixed, the
sovereign authority is determined and the
nature of the end to be pursued by a
community.”
•Constitution has two aspects:
• Ethical and Institutional
•Three elements of constitution:
• Deliberative, Official and Magisterial
23. Differences with Plato
•Plato was and idealist while Aristotle a
realist.
•The main focus of Plato is a perfect
society. Aristotle wanted to improve on the
existing one.
•Aristotle rejected the idea of select persons
holding the power.
•Plato pursued political truth while Aristotle
was concerned with the citizen and the
design of political institutions.