This paper highlights the need to address fire monitoring in densely populated urban areas using innovative technology, in particular, the internet of things (IoT). The proposed methodology combines data collection through sensors with instant notifications via text messages and images through the user’s email. This strategy allows a fast and efficient response, with message delivery times varying from 1 to 4 seconds on Internet connections. It was observed that the time to send notifications on 3G networks is three times longer compared to Wi-Fi networks, and in some 3G tests, the connection was interrupted. Therefore, the use of Wi-Fi is recommended to avoid significant delays and possible bandwidth issues. The implementation of fuzzy logic in the ESP32 microcontroller facilitates the identification of critical parameters to classify notifications of possible fires and the sending of evidence through images via email. This approach successfully validated the results of the algorithm by providing end users with detailed emails containing information on temperature, humidity, gas presence and a corresponding image as evidence. Taken together, these findings support the effectiveness and potential of this innovative solution for fire monitoring and prevention in densely populated urban areas.
Earlier Detection of Forest Fire Using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for the earlier detection of forest fires using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses sensors like a temperature sensor and flame sensor connected to an Arduino Nano microcontroller. When the temperature rises above a threshold or a flame is detected, the data is sent via a GSM module to a cloud server. This allows for fires to be detected sooner compared to existing manual monitoring methods. A literature review discusses several previous studies that used techniques like wireless sensor networks, image processing, and LoRa technology for forest fire detection and monitoring. The proposed system aims to provide faster and more accurate detection of fires to help reduce damage and inform firefighters.
Development in building fire detection and evacuation system-a comprehensive ...IJECEIAES
Fire is both beneficial to man and his environment as well as destructive and deadly among all the natural disasters. A fire Accident occurs very rarely, but once it crops up its consequences will be devastating. The early detection of fire will help to avoid further consequences and saves the life of people. During the fire accidents, it is also important to guide people within the building to exit safely. Because of this, the paper gives a review of literature related to recent advancements in building fire detection and emergency evacuation system. It is intended to provide details about fire simulation tools with features, suitable hardware, communication methods, and effective user interface.
Intelligent fire detection and alert system using labVIEWIJECEIAES
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires and allow the safe evacuation of occupants as well as protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. This paper describes the design and development of a fire detection and alert system. Temperature and flame sensors are used to indicate the occurrence of fire. This work consists of two parts, which are transmitter and receiver, both using ZigBee wireless technology. Arduino Uno is used as the microcontroller at the transmitter part to control the sensor nodes and give alert when over temperature and flame are detected. At the transmitter, the collected data from the sensors are transmitted by an XBee module operated as router node. At the receiver side, an XBee coordinator module which is attached to a computer using USB to serial communication captured the data for further processing. In addition, an interactive and user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed. LabVIEW software is used to design the GUI which displays and analyze the possibility of fire happening. The system can display the fire location and provides early warning to allow occupants to escape the building safely.
Internet of Things Technology for Fire Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for a fire monitoring system. It proposes an IoT system framework with four layers - a sensing layer to collect data from sensors, a transport layer to transmit sensor data over networks, a service layer to store, integrate and visualize data, and an application layer providing fire monitoring and management services. These services include fire product identification, fire facility monitoring, hazard monitoring and warnings, monitoring fire equipment and materials, and managing emergency response. The framework is designed to improve fire detection, monitoring and response through real-time data collection and analysis across networked devices.
IRJET- Home Automation using IoT: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for home automation and security. It discusses how IoT allows devices in the home to be controlled remotely through a smartphone app and can automate tasks. The document also reviews different approaches others have taken to implement smart home security systems using sensors and microcontrollers connected to the Internet. It describes the typical architecture of an IoT system including sensor, network, and application layers. Finally, it summarizes several research papers on developing smart home and kitchen monitoring systems using technologies like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and sensors for functions like detecting fires, gas leaks, and intruders.
DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS FIRE SECURITY SENSOR NODES ijesajournal
A design of simple hardware circuit with different kind of fire sensors enables every user to use this
wireless fire security system. The challenges in designing the nodes with various types of fire sensors are
discussed and the methods to overcome design problems are also analyzed. The circuit is interfaced with
the different types of sensor to sense different fire sources such as gas leakage, smoke, and heat. The cost,
circuit components, design requirements, power requirements of sensor node are minimized. The methods
to improve the quality of system to detect fire are analyzed. The system is fully controlled by the PIC
microcontroller.
DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS FIRE SECURITY SENSOR NODES ijesajournal
A design of simple hardware circuit with different kind of fire sensors enables every user to use this wireless fire security system. The challenges in designing the nodes with various types of fire sensors are
discussed and the methods to overcome design problems are also analyzed. The circuit is interfaced with
the different types of sensor to sense different fire sources such as gas leakage, smoke, and heat. The cost,
circuit components, design requirements, power requirements of sensor node are minimized. The methods
to improve the quality of system to detect fire are analyzed. The system is fully controlled by the PIC
microcontroller. All the sensors and detectors are interconnected to PIC microcontroller by using various
types of interface circuits. The PIC microcontroller will continuously monitor all the sensors and if it senses
any security problem then the microcontroller will send the information to the PC central monitoring station wirelessly for a short distance of 300m indoor/1500m outdoor using zigbee technology. The gas
sensor, light sensor, smoke detector sensor, IR sensor, temperature & humidity sensor, fire sensor are interfaced with microcontroller to detect abnormal fire conditions in the environment in all possible ways.
1) The document proposes a wireless sensor network framework for real-time forest fire detection and monitoring using sensor nodes to measure temperature, humidity, and flammable gases.
2) The sensor nodes transmit the collected environmental data via Bluetooth modules to a monitoring host computer for analysis and early detection of potential forest fires.
3) The system is intended to address the shortcomings of traditional forest fire monitoring approaches and easily forecast fires before they spread uncontrollably through continuous remote monitoring of factors that influence fire risk.
Earlier Detection of Forest Fire Using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for the earlier detection of forest fires using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses sensors like a temperature sensor and flame sensor connected to an Arduino Nano microcontroller. When the temperature rises above a threshold or a flame is detected, the data is sent via a GSM module to a cloud server. This allows for fires to be detected sooner compared to existing manual monitoring methods. A literature review discusses several previous studies that used techniques like wireless sensor networks, image processing, and LoRa technology for forest fire detection and monitoring. The proposed system aims to provide faster and more accurate detection of fires to help reduce damage and inform firefighters.
Development in building fire detection and evacuation system-a comprehensive ...IJECEIAES
Fire is both beneficial to man and his environment as well as destructive and deadly among all the natural disasters. A fire Accident occurs very rarely, but once it crops up its consequences will be devastating. The early detection of fire will help to avoid further consequences and saves the life of people. During the fire accidents, it is also important to guide people within the building to exit safely. Because of this, the paper gives a review of literature related to recent advancements in building fire detection and emergency evacuation system. It is intended to provide details about fire simulation tools with features, suitable hardware, communication methods, and effective user interface.
Intelligent fire detection and alert system using labVIEWIJECEIAES
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires and allow the safe evacuation of occupants as well as protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. This paper describes the design and development of a fire detection and alert system. Temperature and flame sensors are used to indicate the occurrence of fire. This work consists of two parts, which are transmitter and receiver, both using ZigBee wireless technology. Arduino Uno is used as the microcontroller at the transmitter part to control the sensor nodes and give alert when over temperature and flame are detected. At the transmitter, the collected data from the sensors are transmitted by an XBee module operated as router node. At the receiver side, an XBee coordinator module which is attached to a computer using USB to serial communication captured the data for further processing. In addition, an interactive and user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed. LabVIEW software is used to design the GUI which displays and analyze the possibility of fire happening. The system can display the fire location and provides early warning to allow occupants to escape the building safely.
Internet of Things Technology for Fire Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for a fire monitoring system. It proposes an IoT system framework with four layers - a sensing layer to collect data from sensors, a transport layer to transmit sensor data over networks, a service layer to store, integrate and visualize data, and an application layer providing fire monitoring and management services. These services include fire product identification, fire facility monitoring, hazard monitoring and warnings, monitoring fire equipment and materials, and managing emergency response. The framework is designed to improve fire detection, monitoring and response through real-time data collection and analysis across networked devices.
IRJET- Home Automation using IoT: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for home automation and security. It discusses how IoT allows devices in the home to be controlled remotely through a smartphone app and can automate tasks. The document also reviews different approaches others have taken to implement smart home security systems using sensors and microcontrollers connected to the Internet. It describes the typical architecture of an IoT system including sensor, network, and application layers. Finally, it summarizes several research papers on developing smart home and kitchen monitoring systems using technologies like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and sensors for functions like detecting fires, gas leaks, and intruders.
DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS FIRE SECURITY SENSOR NODES ijesajournal
A design of simple hardware circuit with different kind of fire sensors enables every user to use this
wireless fire security system. The challenges in designing the nodes with various types of fire sensors are
discussed and the methods to overcome design problems are also analyzed. The circuit is interfaced with
the different types of sensor to sense different fire sources such as gas leakage, smoke, and heat. The cost,
circuit components, design requirements, power requirements of sensor node are minimized. The methods
to improve the quality of system to detect fire are analyzed. The system is fully controlled by the PIC
microcontroller.
DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS FIRE SECURITY SENSOR NODES ijesajournal
A design of simple hardware circuit with different kind of fire sensors enables every user to use this wireless fire security system. The challenges in designing the nodes with various types of fire sensors are
discussed and the methods to overcome design problems are also analyzed. The circuit is interfaced with
the different types of sensor to sense different fire sources such as gas leakage, smoke, and heat. The cost,
circuit components, design requirements, power requirements of sensor node are minimized. The methods
to improve the quality of system to detect fire are analyzed. The system is fully controlled by the PIC
microcontroller. All the sensors and detectors are interconnected to PIC microcontroller by using various
types of interface circuits. The PIC microcontroller will continuously monitor all the sensors and if it senses
any security problem then the microcontroller will send the information to the PC central monitoring station wirelessly for a short distance of 300m indoor/1500m outdoor using zigbee technology. The gas
sensor, light sensor, smoke detector sensor, IR sensor, temperature & humidity sensor, fire sensor are interfaced with microcontroller to detect abnormal fire conditions in the environment in all possible ways.
1) The document proposes a wireless sensor network framework for real-time forest fire detection and monitoring using sensor nodes to measure temperature, humidity, and flammable gases.
2) The sensor nodes transmit the collected environmental data via Bluetooth modules to a monitoring host computer for analysis and early detection of potential forest fires.
3) The system is intended to address the shortcomings of traditional forest fire monitoring approaches and easily forecast fires before they spread uncontrollably through continuous remote monitoring of factors that influence fire risk.
The Design and Implementation of Building Fire Monitoring System using ZIGBEE...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed building fire monitoring system that uses wireless sensor nodes and a Zigbee-WiFi gateway. The system aims to address issues with current building fire safety systems. It would use Zigbee wireless technology to establish a sensor network to detect fires based on temperature, smoke, and other factors. If a fire is detected, the sensor node would send information to a monitoring node via the Zigbee-WiFi gateway. This monitoring node would then alert emergency personnel via text/call to a remote handheld device. The overall goal is to provide real-time fire monitoring and enable faster response in the event of a detected fire.
SMART INDUSTRY MONITORING AND CONROLLING SYSTEM USING IOTIRJET Journal
The document describes a smart industry monitoring and controlling system using IoT. It proposes a system that uses various sensors to monitor environmental conditions and safety hazards. The system sends SMS alerts and updates a web server in real time. Two tests were conducted to evaluate the functionality of the sensors and the reliability of the transmitting section by measuring SMS delivery times and updates to the web server. While the system was successful, further improvements are needed to account for network issues and service quality.
Cloud computing and the low power wide area network (LPWAN) network represent the key infrastructures for developing intelligent solutions based on the internet of things (IoT). However, the diversity of use cases and deployment scenarios of IoT in the different domains makes optimizing IoT-based cloud solutions a major challenge. The cloud solution’s cost increases with the increase in central processing unit (CPU) resources and energy consumption. The optimal use of edge material resources in industrial solutions will reduce the consumption of resources and thus optimize cloud infrastructure costs in terms of resources and energy consumption. The article presents the network and application architecture of an IoT monitoring solution based on cloud services. Then, we study the integration of IoT services based on application placement strategies on the fog cloud compared to the traditional centralized cloud strategy. Simulations evaluate the scenarios with the iFogSim simulator and the analyzed results compare the traditional strategy with the cloud-fog. The results show that cost and energy consumption in the cloud can be significantly reduced by processing the application at the end devices level with respect to the possible limit of CPU processing power for each IoT end device. Latency and network usage respect quality of service constraints in cloud-fog placement for this type of monitoring-oriented IoT application.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Performance Evaluation of Smart Home System using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Nowadays, many researches have been conducted on smart home. Smart home control system (SHCS) can be integrated into an existing home appliances to reduce the need for human intervention, increase security and energy efficiency. We have proposed a smart home system using internet of things and four types of sensors, including PIR, temperature, ultrasonic, and smoke gas sensor for automatic environmental control and intrustion detection. In this paper, the performance of the previously developed prototype of smart home system will be evaluated. First, experiments on various sensors will be conducted. Next, the communicaton channel using wireless and Ethernet modules will be discussed. Moreover, the overall SHCS will be evaluated in terms of hardware and software performance. Additionaly, solar charger enhances the availability of our prototype system. Results showed the effectiveness of our proposed smart home system in the prototype and real life experiments.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Implementation of environmental monitoring based on KAA IoT platformjournalBEEI
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a key to access the internet of things (IoT). The popularity of IoT and the prediction that there will be more devices connected to the Internet cause difficulties in integrating and making connected devices. The problem of IoT implementation are the lack of real-time data collection, processing, and the inability to provide continuous monitoring. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes an IoT device for monitoring environmental conditions through the IoT KAA platform that can be monitored anywhere and anytime in real time. The end device node consists of several sensors such as as temperature, humidity, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors. The collected data from the end device node will be transmitted via a communication based on IEEE 802.15.4 to Raspberry Pi gateway, then sent to the KAA cloud server and saved into the database. The environmental data can be accessed via a web-based sensor application. We Analize the performance evaluation in terms of transaction, availability, data transfer, response time, transaction rate, throughput, and concurrency. The experimental result shows that the use of KAA IoT platform is better than that without platform.
High accuracy sensor nodes for a peat swamp forest fire detection using ESP32...IJICTJOURNAL
The use of smoke sensors in high-precision and low-cost forest fire detection kits needs to be developed immediately to assist the authorities in monitoring forest fires especially in remote areas more efficiently and systematically. The implementation of automatic reclosing operation allows the fire detector kit to distinguish between real smoke and non-real smoke successfully. This has profitably reduced kit errors when detecting fires and in turn prevent the users from receiving incorrect messages. However, using a smoke sensor with automatic reclosing operation has not been able to optimize the accuracy of identifying the actual smoke due to the working sensor node situation is difficult to predict and sometimes unexpected such as the source of smoke received. Thus, to further improve the accuracy when detecting the presence of smoke, the system is equipped with two digital cameras that can capture and send pictures of fire smoke to the users. The system gives the users choice of three interesting options if they want the camera to capture and send pictures to them, namely request, smoke trigger and movement for security purposes. In all cases, users can request the system to send pictures at any time. The system equipped with this camera shows the accuracy of smoke detection by confirming the actual smoke that has been detected through images sent in the user’s Telegram channel and on the graphical user interface (GUI) display. As a comparison of the system before and after using this camera, it was found that the system that uses the camera gives advantage to the users in monitoring fire smoke more effectively and accurately.
Low-cost real-time internet of things-based monitoring system for power grid ...IJECEIAES
This system creates a low-cost IoT-based monitoring system for power grid transformers to monitor their status in real-time. Sensors measure temperature, humidity, oil level, voltage, vibration, and pressure and send the data via ESP32 to a cloud interface. This allows maintenance centers to detect abnormalities before failures and improve transformer efficiency in smart grids. The low-cost system was built for under $23 using inexpensive and accessible components like an ESP32 board, DHT22 sensor, and ultrasonic sensor. It demonstrates the feasibility of remotely monitoring transformers to extend their lifetimes.
IoT Based Automatic Gas, Smoke and Fire Alert Systemijtsrd
The goal of this system is to build an IoT based automatic gas, smoke and fire alert system via Node MCU. We use a Node MCU, sensors, a microcontroller system, and a few more electronic devices in the current endeavor. This endeavor has easy to use gas, smoke and fire detection. When people are outside of industries, residences, or marketplaces, they are not automatically informed about sudden events caused by fire, gas, or smoke. Not even fire departments receive the information instantly. People suffer greatly as a result, and most of the time, fire nearly destroys residences, companies, and marketplaces. However, our system may be able to help by automatically alerting concerned people to the presence of smoke, gas and fire. As a result, people will be able to arrive at the location swiftly and act promptly. For the system to obtain the data from the fire, gas and smoke sensors, a microcontroller needs to be installed to control every device involved in this work. Wi Fi shield functions a way to connect devices with the network. This system uses an Android app to retrieve the sensors data. This experiment analyses the rooms performance in various fire, gas, and smoke conditions as well as burning objects. The researchers found that when smoke concentrations rise above 100 parts per million, people may get fatal heart attacks, coughing fits, and stinging eyes. However, when the smoke content hits 40 parts per million, our system will automatically send out an alert message. With the help of our technology, we hope that individuals will be able to save their lives and property. Md. Abdur Rahim | Md. Sanjidur Rahman | Rafat Ara "IoT Based Automatic Gas, Smoke and Fire Alert System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/63446/iot-based-automatic-gas-smoke-and-fire-alert-system/md-abdur-rahim
Smart Sensor Network for Society Automation-A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of a smart sensor network for monitoring and controlling household electrical appliances in real time. It proposes using a wireless sensor network installed in the home to monitor and control regular appliances. This system allows appliances to be controlled in different ways, providing a cheap and flexible automation solution that can save consumers money on electricity costs. It then reviews several related works involving wireless sensor networks for applications like fire detection, home energy management, intelligent lighting control, and elderly monitoring.
The document proposes a new fire detection system with a multifunctional artificial intelligence (AI) framework and a data transfer delay minimization mechanism. The framework includes multiple machine learning algorithms and an adaptive fuzzy algorithm to improve fire detection accuracy. Additionally, Direct-MQTT based on SDN is introduced to solve traffic concentration problems and reduce the end-to-end delay by an average of 72%. The system aims to improve fire safety in smart cities by more accurately and quickly detecting fires.
Dependable fire detection_system_with_multifunctioBharath Kumar
This document proposes a new fire detection system that uses a multifunctional artificial intelligence framework and a data transfer delay minimization mechanism. The AI framework includes multiple machine learning algorithms and an adaptive fuzzy algorithm to improve fire detection accuracy by analyzing data from multiple fire sensors. A Direct-MQTT approach based on SDN is also introduced to reduce data transfer delays by minimizing queuing delays that occur with traditional centralized MQTT brokers. The proposed system achieved over 95% accuracy in fire detection and reduced average end-to-end delays by 72% compared to existing systems.
COMPLEX EVENT PROCESSING USING IOT DEVICES BASED ON ARDUINOijccsa
Complex event processing systems have gained importance since recent developments in communication
and integrated circuits technologies. Developers can easily develop many smart space systems by
connecting various sensors to an Arduino as an internet of thing device. These systems are useful for many
places such as factories, greenhouses (plant house) and smart-homes. Especially in plant houses when the
desired humidity, temperature, light and soil moisture drops the certain level, the users should be notified
through their smartphones. The sensor information is sent to a central server over the internet via an
access point. The collected sensor data needs to be processed online to check whether an event is occurred
or not. The event processing system based on a complex event processing tool is created on the central
server. It is also an important issue to inform mobile users whenever an event occurs. A publish-subscribe
event based system is implemented on the central server. A mobile user is subscribed to the desired event
topic. When an event occurred, which is related with a specific topic, an alarm notification is sent to the
mobile users about the event information so as to take necessary precautions.
Complex Event Processing Using IOT Devices Based on Arduinoneirew J
Complex event processing systems have gained importance since recent developments in communication
and integrated circuits technologies. Developers can easily develop many smart space systems by
connecting various sensors to an Arduino as an internet of thing device. These systems are useful for many
places such as factories, greenhouses (plant house) and smart-homes. Especially in plant houses when the
desired humidity, temperature, light and soil moisture drops the certain level, the users should be notified
through their smartphones. The sensor information is sent to a central server over the internet via an
access point. The collected sensor data needs to be processed online to check whether an event is occurred
or not. The event processing system based on a complex event processing tool is created on the central
server. It is also an important issue to inform mobile users whenever an event occurs. A publish-subscribe
event based system is implemented on the central server. A mobile user is subscribed to the desired event
topic. When an event occurred, which is related with a specific topic, an alarm notification is sent to the
mobile users about the event information so as to take necessary precautions.
This document discusses a proposed system for warehouse management using IoT. The system would use sensors like DHT11 (for temperature and humidity), a flame detector, and an ADXL335 accelerometer to continuously monitor the environment in a warehouse for factors like temperature, moisture, fire, and earthquakes. If any emergency events are detected, such as a fire or earthquake, the system would send alert messages via GSM to notify warehouse officials, emergency services, and hospitals so they can respond quickly. The system aims to automate environmental monitoring and alerting to improve safety and efficiency over manual methods, while using low-cost, low-power components suitable for rural areas.
IRJET- IoT based Greenhouse Monitoring using PIC16F877AIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based system for monitoring environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, light, and soil moisture in a greenhouse using sensors and a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The sensor data is sent via a GPRS modem to a webpage where it is displayed graphically. This allows farmers to remotely monitor conditions in the greenhouse from anywhere. The system aims to automate greenhouse monitoring to improve agriculture through precision farming using sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud connectivity through IoT.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Semelhante a Design of a prototype for sending fire notifications in homes using fuzzy logic and internet of things
The Design and Implementation of Building Fire Monitoring System using ZIGBEE...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed building fire monitoring system that uses wireless sensor nodes and a Zigbee-WiFi gateway. The system aims to address issues with current building fire safety systems. It would use Zigbee wireless technology to establish a sensor network to detect fires based on temperature, smoke, and other factors. If a fire is detected, the sensor node would send information to a monitoring node via the Zigbee-WiFi gateway. This monitoring node would then alert emergency personnel via text/call to a remote handheld device. The overall goal is to provide real-time fire monitoring and enable faster response in the event of a detected fire.
SMART INDUSTRY MONITORING AND CONROLLING SYSTEM USING IOTIRJET Journal
The document describes a smart industry monitoring and controlling system using IoT. It proposes a system that uses various sensors to monitor environmental conditions and safety hazards. The system sends SMS alerts and updates a web server in real time. Two tests were conducted to evaluate the functionality of the sensors and the reliability of the transmitting section by measuring SMS delivery times and updates to the web server. While the system was successful, further improvements are needed to account for network issues and service quality.
Cloud computing and the low power wide area network (LPWAN) network represent the key infrastructures for developing intelligent solutions based on the internet of things (IoT). However, the diversity of use cases and deployment scenarios of IoT in the different domains makes optimizing IoT-based cloud solutions a major challenge. The cloud solution’s cost increases with the increase in central processing unit (CPU) resources and energy consumption. The optimal use of edge material resources in industrial solutions will reduce the consumption of resources and thus optimize cloud infrastructure costs in terms of resources and energy consumption. The article presents the network and application architecture of an IoT monitoring solution based on cloud services. Then, we study the integration of IoT services based on application placement strategies on the fog cloud compared to the traditional centralized cloud strategy. Simulations evaluate the scenarios with the iFogSim simulator and the analyzed results compare the traditional strategy with the cloud-fog. The results show that cost and energy consumption in the cloud can be significantly reduced by processing the application at the end devices level with respect to the possible limit of CPU processing power for each IoT end device. Latency and network usage respect quality of service constraints in cloud-fog placement for this type of monitoring-oriented IoT application.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Performance Evaluation of Smart Home System using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Nowadays, many researches have been conducted on smart home. Smart home control system (SHCS) can be integrated into an existing home appliances to reduce the need for human intervention, increase security and energy efficiency. We have proposed a smart home system using internet of things and four types of sensors, including PIR, temperature, ultrasonic, and smoke gas sensor for automatic environmental control and intrustion detection. In this paper, the performance of the previously developed prototype of smart home system will be evaluated. First, experiments on various sensors will be conducted. Next, the communicaton channel using wireless and Ethernet modules will be discussed. Moreover, the overall SHCS will be evaluated in terms of hardware and software performance. Additionaly, solar charger enhances the availability of our prototype system. Results showed the effectiveness of our proposed smart home system in the prototype and real life experiments.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Implementation of environmental monitoring based on KAA IoT platformjournalBEEI
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a key to access the internet of things (IoT). The popularity of IoT and the prediction that there will be more devices connected to the Internet cause difficulties in integrating and making connected devices. The problem of IoT implementation are the lack of real-time data collection, processing, and the inability to provide continuous monitoring. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes an IoT device for monitoring environmental conditions through the IoT KAA platform that can be monitored anywhere and anytime in real time. The end device node consists of several sensors such as as temperature, humidity, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors. The collected data from the end device node will be transmitted via a communication based on IEEE 802.15.4 to Raspberry Pi gateway, then sent to the KAA cloud server and saved into the database. The environmental data can be accessed via a web-based sensor application. We Analize the performance evaluation in terms of transaction, availability, data transfer, response time, transaction rate, throughput, and concurrency. The experimental result shows that the use of KAA IoT platform is better than that without platform.
High accuracy sensor nodes for a peat swamp forest fire detection using ESP32...IJICTJOURNAL
The use of smoke sensors in high-precision and low-cost forest fire detection kits needs to be developed immediately to assist the authorities in monitoring forest fires especially in remote areas more efficiently and systematically. The implementation of automatic reclosing operation allows the fire detector kit to distinguish between real smoke and non-real smoke successfully. This has profitably reduced kit errors when detecting fires and in turn prevent the users from receiving incorrect messages. However, using a smoke sensor with automatic reclosing operation has not been able to optimize the accuracy of identifying the actual smoke due to the working sensor node situation is difficult to predict and sometimes unexpected such as the source of smoke received. Thus, to further improve the accuracy when detecting the presence of smoke, the system is equipped with two digital cameras that can capture and send pictures of fire smoke to the users. The system gives the users choice of three interesting options if they want the camera to capture and send pictures to them, namely request, smoke trigger and movement for security purposes. In all cases, users can request the system to send pictures at any time. The system equipped with this camera shows the accuracy of smoke detection by confirming the actual smoke that has been detected through images sent in the user’s Telegram channel and on the graphical user interface (GUI) display. As a comparison of the system before and after using this camera, it was found that the system that uses the camera gives advantage to the users in monitoring fire smoke more effectively and accurately.
Low-cost real-time internet of things-based monitoring system for power grid ...IJECEIAES
This system creates a low-cost IoT-based monitoring system for power grid transformers to monitor their status in real-time. Sensors measure temperature, humidity, oil level, voltage, vibration, and pressure and send the data via ESP32 to a cloud interface. This allows maintenance centers to detect abnormalities before failures and improve transformer efficiency in smart grids. The low-cost system was built for under $23 using inexpensive and accessible components like an ESP32 board, DHT22 sensor, and ultrasonic sensor. It demonstrates the feasibility of remotely monitoring transformers to extend their lifetimes.
IoT Based Automatic Gas, Smoke and Fire Alert Systemijtsrd
The goal of this system is to build an IoT based automatic gas, smoke and fire alert system via Node MCU. We use a Node MCU, sensors, a microcontroller system, and a few more electronic devices in the current endeavor. This endeavor has easy to use gas, smoke and fire detection. When people are outside of industries, residences, or marketplaces, they are not automatically informed about sudden events caused by fire, gas, or smoke. Not even fire departments receive the information instantly. People suffer greatly as a result, and most of the time, fire nearly destroys residences, companies, and marketplaces. However, our system may be able to help by automatically alerting concerned people to the presence of smoke, gas and fire. As a result, people will be able to arrive at the location swiftly and act promptly. For the system to obtain the data from the fire, gas and smoke sensors, a microcontroller needs to be installed to control every device involved in this work. Wi Fi shield functions a way to connect devices with the network. This system uses an Android app to retrieve the sensors data. This experiment analyses the rooms performance in various fire, gas, and smoke conditions as well as burning objects. The researchers found that when smoke concentrations rise above 100 parts per million, people may get fatal heart attacks, coughing fits, and stinging eyes. However, when the smoke content hits 40 parts per million, our system will automatically send out an alert message. With the help of our technology, we hope that individuals will be able to save their lives and property. Md. Abdur Rahim | Md. Sanjidur Rahman | Rafat Ara "IoT Based Automatic Gas, Smoke and Fire Alert System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/63446/iot-based-automatic-gas-smoke-and-fire-alert-system/md-abdur-rahim
Smart Sensor Network for Society Automation-A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of a smart sensor network for monitoring and controlling household electrical appliances in real time. It proposes using a wireless sensor network installed in the home to monitor and control regular appliances. This system allows appliances to be controlled in different ways, providing a cheap and flexible automation solution that can save consumers money on electricity costs. It then reviews several related works involving wireless sensor networks for applications like fire detection, home energy management, intelligent lighting control, and elderly monitoring.
The document proposes a new fire detection system with a multifunctional artificial intelligence (AI) framework and a data transfer delay minimization mechanism. The framework includes multiple machine learning algorithms and an adaptive fuzzy algorithm to improve fire detection accuracy. Additionally, Direct-MQTT based on SDN is introduced to solve traffic concentration problems and reduce the end-to-end delay by an average of 72%. The system aims to improve fire safety in smart cities by more accurately and quickly detecting fires.
Dependable fire detection_system_with_multifunctioBharath Kumar
This document proposes a new fire detection system that uses a multifunctional artificial intelligence framework and a data transfer delay minimization mechanism. The AI framework includes multiple machine learning algorithms and an adaptive fuzzy algorithm to improve fire detection accuracy by analyzing data from multiple fire sensors. A Direct-MQTT approach based on SDN is also introduced to reduce data transfer delays by minimizing queuing delays that occur with traditional centralized MQTT brokers. The proposed system achieved over 95% accuracy in fire detection and reduced average end-to-end delays by 72% compared to existing systems.
COMPLEX EVENT PROCESSING USING IOT DEVICES BASED ON ARDUINOijccsa
Complex event processing systems have gained importance since recent developments in communication
and integrated circuits technologies. Developers can easily develop many smart space systems by
connecting various sensors to an Arduino as an internet of thing device. These systems are useful for many
places such as factories, greenhouses (plant house) and smart-homes. Especially in plant houses when the
desired humidity, temperature, light and soil moisture drops the certain level, the users should be notified
through their smartphones. The sensor information is sent to a central server over the internet via an
access point. The collected sensor data needs to be processed online to check whether an event is occurred
or not. The event processing system based on a complex event processing tool is created on the central
server. It is also an important issue to inform mobile users whenever an event occurs. A publish-subscribe
event based system is implemented on the central server. A mobile user is subscribed to the desired event
topic. When an event occurred, which is related with a specific topic, an alarm notification is sent to the
mobile users about the event information so as to take necessary precautions.
Complex Event Processing Using IOT Devices Based on Arduinoneirew J
Complex event processing systems have gained importance since recent developments in communication
and integrated circuits technologies. Developers can easily develop many smart space systems by
connecting various sensors to an Arduino as an internet of thing device. These systems are useful for many
places such as factories, greenhouses (plant house) and smart-homes. Especially in plant houses when the
desired humidity, temperature, light and soil moisture drops the certain level, the users should be notified
through their smartphones. The sensor information is sent to a central server over the internet via an
access point. The collected sensor data needs to be processed online to check whether an event is occurred
or not. The event processing system based on a complex event processing tool is created on the central
server. It is also an important issue to inform mobile users whenever an event occurs. A publish-subscribe
event based system is implemented on the central server. A mobile user is subscribed to the desired event
topic. When an event occurred, which is related with a specific topic, an alarm notification is sent to the
mobile users about the event information so as to take necessary precautions.
This document discusses a proposed system for warehouse management using IoT. The system would use sensors like DHT11 (for temperature and humidity), a flame detector, and an ADXL335 accelerometer to continuously monitor the environment in a warehouse for factors like temperature, moisture, fire, and earthquakes. If any emergency events are detected, such as a fire or earthquake, the system would send alert messages via GSM to notify warehouse officials, emergency services, and hospitals so they can respond quickly. The system aims to automate environmental monitoring and alerting to improve safety and efficiency over manual methods, while using low-cost, low-power components suitable for rural areas.
IRJET- IoT based Greenhouse Monitoring using PIC16F877AIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based system for monitoring environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, light, and soil moisture in a greenhouse using sensors and a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The sensor data is sent via a GPRS modem to a webpage where it is displayed graphically. This allows farmers to remotely monitor conditions in the greenhouse from anywhere. The system aims to automate greenhouse monitoring to improve agriculture through precision farming using sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud connectivity through IoT.
Semelhante a Design of a prototype for sending fire notifications in homes using fuzzy logic and internet of things (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
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Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Design of a prototype for sending fire notifications in homes using fuzzy logic and internet of things
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2024, pp. 248~257
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v14i1.pp248-257 248
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Design of a prototype for sending fire notifications in homes
using fuzzy logic and internet of things
Johan Huaman-Castañeda, Pablo Cesar Tamara-Perez, Ernesto Paiva-Peredo,
Guillermo Zarate-Segura
Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima, Peru
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 26, 2023
Revised Sep 25, 2023
Accepted Oct 21, 2023
This paper highlights the need to address fire monitoring in densely
populated urban areas using innovative technology, in particular, the internet
of things (IoT). The proposed methodology combines data collection
through sensors with instant notifications via text messages and images
through the user’s email. This strategy allows a fast and efficient response,
with message delivery times varying from 1 to 4 seconds on Internet
connections. It was observed that the time to send notifications on 3G
networks is three times longer compared to Wi-Fi networks, and in some 3G
tests, the connection was interrupted. Therefore, the use of Wi-Fi is
recommended to avoid significant delays and possible bandwidth issues. The
implementation of fuzzy logic in the ESP32 microcontroller facilitates the
identification of critical parameters to classify notifications of possible fires
and the sending of evidence through images via email. This approach
successfully validated the results of the algorithm by providing end users
with detailed emails containing information on temperature, humidity, gas
presence and a corresponding image as evidence. Taken together, these
findings support the effectiveness and potential of this innovative solution
for fire monitoring and prevention in densely populated urban areas.
Keywords:
ESP32
Fires
Fuzzy logic
Internet of things
Sensors
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ernesto Paiva-Peredo
Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú
Calle Natalio Sánchez N° 125, Urb. Santa Beatriz, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Perú
Email: epaiva@utp.edu.pe
1. INTRODUCTION
Currently, any home or space is prone to suffer a fire, which can bring various damages such as
human or material losses, the causes may be due to different factors such as a short circuit, explosions, facing
this problem, a platform supported by the internet of things (IoT) provides a solution accessible to people,
which works in such a way that the notifications generated are as accurate as possible to avoid such accidents
[1]. With the development of an IoT oriented device, a quick response to an incident is sought because we
will get a notification to the user regardless of their location, sometimes fire responses are not performed
properly because the alarms are at the scene, making the response difficult when the user is absent [2].
Therefore, having a smart home environment improves the safety of homes and makes a person’s life more
secure [3].
There are studies related to home security that propose to monitor the data obtained by sensors
[4]–[6]. The data of temperature and humidity can be displayed on a web site and then stored in my
structured query language (MySQL) [4], [6]. On the other hand, [5] proposes to monitor the data obtained by
means of a mobile phone application and at the same time turn on lights or enable people’s entrances from
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the same application. What they propose in [4], [5] is to use a device that helps to obtain the results of the
sensors and make a quick response to something unusual that arises.
Likewise [7], [8] comments that to detect thin smoke by means of images is difficult to differentiate
from other objects (waving flags, climbing vehicles in mountains, and moving lights) since they share similar
characteristics and conventional methods such as chrominance, texture, transparency and frequency, are
difficult to identify in chaotic conditions, if it is scarce, it is much more difficult to detect by the methods
mentioned, for which, other differences must be taken into account. Smoke has differences in it is movement,
but there are also confusions with other objects such as the movement characteristics of flags. Although the
dynamic characteristics of smoke are different from many others, it is difficult to identify and extract this
movement information by hand. That is why there is not much research to detect smoke by dynamic features.
Deep learning is an exceptionally useful tool to extract these features, so [7] proposes a deep neural network
to detect smoke.
Advances in the sensitivity and availability of gas detection sensors and other parameters have been
significant in recent years due to the use of technology and research into their functionalities, which in time
have been decisive in the timely detection of potential fires in houses, buildings, and other environments [9].
Since 2011, IoT has been used to complement sensors and systems previously developed in previous years
[9]. Where sensors are used to detect heat (fuse-element, bimetals, fiber optics, thermocouple, thermistor,
infrared cameras (IR)), gas sensors (MG-811, MQ-2, MQ135), fire sensors (Photodiodes, HTS-220, LM-35,
closed circuit television (CCTV), near infrared (NIR), smoke sensors (ICSD, MQ-6, DHT11, DHT22) [9]. It
is important to mention that the development of intelligent environments coupled with IoT is a remarkably
interesting advance since the system can be fed back and improve its efficiency significantly equal or greater
than 95% as mentioned in [3] which makes the system increasingly robust and new functionalities can be
added.
Various applications have used fuzzy logic to address problems such as energy management
systems [10], manipulator of flexible joints [11], [12], estimation of soil moisture content [13] or navigation
by mobile robots [14]. We have identified research on the use of fuzzy logic for the recognition of fire signal
patterns (humidity, temperature and presence of smoke) [15]–[19]. As well as the development of an
algorithm with fuzzy logic using images for the detection of forest fires to avoid false alarms [16], [20]. On
the other hand, improving the data obtained with sensors and by means of a set of rules using fuzzy logic to
detect the presence of fire [17]. The studies mentioned in [15]–[18] argue that better results are obtained by
applying fuzzy logic in projects related to IoT with 95% assertiveness, since with this we avoid false alarms
and better results are obtained by defining a set of rules that will help to determine if a fire is occurring [21].
In addition, as a first step to standardize the use of fuzzy algorithms, fire detection data should be considered
to eliminate interferences caused by index characteristics and order of magnitude [22]. The mentioned detail
is essential for the normal development of the other processes otherwise the processing and conclusion of the
logic is erroneous [22], [23].
On the other hand, Wang et al. [7] mentions the use of fuzzy logic for the detection of potential fires
considering parameters such as rates of change of temperature, humidity, CO, CO2, O2 and flame (estimated
fire intensity prediction). The use of this method helps to improve fire detection with a high accuracy rate
95% with respect to conventional and analog forms that are below 90% [1]. In addition, there is research on
the use of artificial intelligence in motion devices to visualize through sensors and camera some unusual
activity within a house or establishment to alarm the user remotely [24]. The open system for fire detection is
used in forested areas to reduce wildlife losses using system training, improving the efficiency of the system
by using cameras connected to a server to identify potential fire situations. In addition, fuzzy logic
determines the degree of assertiveness to classify it as a possible fire and trigger the actuators installed in the
area [25]. Advances in the sensitivity and availability of gas detection sensors and other parameters have
been significant in recent years due to the use of technology and research into their functionalities, which in
time have been decisive in the timely detection of potential fires in houses, buildings, and other environments
[22]. Since 2011, IoT has been used to complement sensors and systems previously developed in previous
years [22]. Where sensors are used to detect heat (fuse-element, bimetals, fiber optics, thermocouple,
thermistor, infrared cameras (IR)), gas sensors (MG-811, MQ-2, MQ135), fire sensors (Photodiodes,
HTS-220, LM-35, closed circuit television (CCTV), near infrared (NIR), smoke sensors (ICSD, MQ-6,
DHT11, DHT22) [22]. It is important to mention that the development of intelligent environments coupled
with IoT is a remarkably interesting advance since the system can be fed back and improve its efficiency
significantly equal or greater than 95% as mentioned in [23] which makes the system increasingly robust and
new functionalities can be added.
Finally, to improve the reliability of the alarms sent to the user and the percentage of assertiveness
[7], [26]. The use of IoT is of vital importance in fire detection systems since it is the first link between the
incident and the user making possible alarms reach their destination and action can be taken based on it as
mentioned in [1]–[3]. Therefore, after a thorough analysis of the previously reviewed articles, a pioneering
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proposal emerges. Although so far, fire detection has relied exclusively on sensors or images captured by
cameras, our innovative perspective lies in the integration of both technologies simultaneously. In this sense,
we propose the creation of a prototype that combines the capability of sensors with the support of cameras,
using fuzzy logic to synchronize these two approaches. This system will send notifications via email transfer
protocol (SMTP) to the user. Our primary goal is to evaluate whether this protocol proves to be more
efficient than hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) when employing a Wi-Fi and 3G network. Measuring
notification sending times will be essential for this analysis [27]–[30].
2. METHOD
The objective of the designed prototype is to determine the probability of a fire to verify if the
SMTP protocol is faster than the HTTP protocol, taking as a reference the results of the source [2] where
response times are obtained using the HTTP protocol. Additionally, a comparison of the response time using
different Internet technologies will be made to avoid fires and to have a prompt response when the incident
occurs. Results will be obtained from three parameters (presence of gas, humidity levels, temperature), which
as a whole or individually are indicators of possible fires or a developing incident. In addition, a camera is
used to send evidence through images of the detection of the sensors from the conclusion of the implemented
fuzzy logic. The chronology of the implementation of the prototype starts with the acquisition of the
necessary components according to the need for functional testing and programming development.
2.1. Hardware
The hardware of the system was developed with fundamental blocks where each one fulfils crucial
functions for the operation. On the one hand, the inputs are linked to a fuzzy logic block with the intention of
generating valid and necessary alarms for the user. It has a block of sensors that have the function of
collecting data from the enclosure to be monitored, the DHT-22 sensor has very important features as it has
high sensitivity and performance which gives high reliability to monitor temperature and humidity levels,
likewise with the MQ-2 sensor that has the function to monitor and detect levels of smoke and gas which are
important indicators when a fire develops, The video camera helps to verify the alarms emitted by the
DHT-22 and MQ-2 sensors. All the above mentioned arrives as input data to the ESP32-camera (CAM)
microcontroller block, which has the configuration to process the data properly and make the best decision
according to the fuzzy logic. The last block is in charge of sending an alert message through the Internet to
the user, by means of e-mail, in case of an incident in the area where the prototype is located.
2.1.1. ESP32-CAM
The microcontroller can be widely used in various IoT applications such as smart home systems,
industrial wireless control, wireless monitoring, and wireless positioning signals. The most influential
features in solving the problem are: 32-bit low power dual-core central processing unit (CPU), connectivity
to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, video camera and microSD port up to 4 Gigabytes. It has both analogue and digital pins,
with a supply voltage of 5 volts and support for an input voltage of 3.3 volts.
2.1.2. DC power supply
The power supply used is 5 volts direct current for the microcontroller and the gas sensor. In the
case of the temperature sensor a voltage of 3.3 volts is used. It is important that the devices are properly
powered so that there are no reading and/or operation problems for consistent performance.
2.1.3. Sensors
The DHT-22 and MQ-2 sensors have a key role in the project since they are the main link between
the system and the environment to be monitored, therefore their functionality in extreme situations is of
utmost importance. The DHT22 sensor has especially important and particular characteristics that help it to
be installed in any environment. It is a digital sensor that allows receiving temperature and humidity data.
The MQ-2 sensor is responsible for detecting the presence or level of gas or smoke in the environment. It has
an analogue output to detect several types of gases and a digital output that indicates whether gas is present.
2.2. Software
With respect to the software used for programming the ESP32-CAM microcontroller, the Arduino
Development Environment version 1.8.11 was used. In addition to programming the microcontroller, the
software was used to measure the prototype message sending times. The tests were performed with the
Arduino serial monitor.
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2.3. Development
For the development of the prototype, we start with the correct power supply of the input
components that will have the ESP32-CAM microcontroller and the microcontroller itself. The latter requires
a power supply of 5 volts to operate the camera that has integrated and between its input pins only support a
voltage of 3.3 volts. With respect to the sensors, the DHT22 is powered with a voltage of 3.3 volts and
delivers a maximum voltage of 3.3v at its output. With the MQ-2 gas sensor it requires a 5-volt power supply
for its operation, therefore, to deliver the voltage that the microcontroller supports as maximum (3.3 volts) a
voltage divider was added at the output of the sensor to obtain the desired voltage. Figure 1 shows sensors
connected to the ESP32-CAM.
To start with the programming, we will be using the digital outputs of both sensors, since when the
ESP32-CAM microcontroller is using the Wi-Fi, it disables the analogue inputs of all available pins. We will
be using the Wi-Fi module to be able to send notifications via email in case of an incident. Once the above is
defined, the algorithm will be defined as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram
Figure 2. Algorithm flowchart
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2.3.1. Fuzzy logic
In order to obtain better results with the input sensors, fuzzy logic is used, with the objective of
avoiding false alarms and improving decision making. In this project, temperature and humidity inputs are
being considered for the fuzzy logic algorithm. Regarding the gas sensor input, it will be used as a
reinforcement to the results obtained. For Temperature, the values shown in Table 1 and the membership
function in Figure 3 are defined. While for Humidity [1], the values shown in Table 2 and the membership
function in Figure 4 are defined.
Table 1. Temperature ranges
Level Range
Low 0-20
Medium 15-35
High 30-50
Very High 45-100
Figure 3. Temperature sensor range
Table 2. Humidity ranges
Level Range
dry 0-40
optimum 40-80
wet 80-100
Figure 4. Humidity sensor range
In order to obtain as an answer whether a fire is occurring or not, we will work with probabilities,
where a value greater than 50 is indicative that a fire is occurring in the enclosure. The output values for a
possible fire are defined in Table 3. Then, the membership function is shown in Figure 5. Finally, the Table 4
defines the temperature vs. humidity values.
In summary, the microcontroller will receive data from the DHT-22 and MQ-2 sensors, the data that
will pass through the fuzzy logic will be the temperature and humidity data, obtained by the DHT22 sensor.
If the probability of fire is greater than or equal to 50, we would be talking about a possible fire in the
enclosure. With respect to the MQ-2 gas sensor, the data obtained will be used to support the probability
obtained previously.
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Table 3. Range of first output
Level Range
Low 0-30
Medium 25-55
High 50-80
Very High 75-100
Figure 5. Range of the first output
Table 4. Temperature vs. humidity
Humidity vs Temperature Low Medium High Very High
Dry L M H VH
Optimum L M H VH
Wet L L H VH
2.3.2. Sending notifications
Once it is defined if a fire is occurring, the microcontroller sends an e-mail via the STMP protocol
(port 587) to the user so that a quick response to the incident can be taken. The e-mail sent has the
temperature and humidity recorded in the room, as well as if there is any gas leakage. Figure 6 shows the
flowchart of the proposed prototype.
Figure 6. Flow diagram
2.4. Tests
To determine if the SMTP protocol has a faster response time than the HTTP protocol, tests were
performed with a connection to a Wi-Fi network and to a 3G network to determine the delay time of the
message sent. The tests were performed by sending e-mails with an image of 1,600×1,200 size (UXGA
image type) and the data obtained by the DHT22 and MQ-2 sensors. Additionally, tests were performed in a
mock-up simulating a home environment where fires occur very frequently.
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Figure 7 shows an example of the e-mail that the user will receive. Thus, ten tests of the proposed
prototype connected to a Wi-Fi network were performed and the data shown in Table 5 were obtained. Also,
ten tests of the proposed prototype connected to a 3G network were performed and the data shown in Table 6
were obtained.
Figure 7. Mail sent to the user
Table 5. Tests with a Wi-Fi network Table 6. Test with a 3G network
N° test Size (Kb) Time (ms) Speed (kb/s)
1 64.05 923 69.39
2 54.4 931 58.43
3 57.4 1111 51.67
4 129.98 1054 123.32
5 130.4 1382 94.35
6 58.88 968 60.83
7 59.008 1008 58.54
8 119.99 1260 95.24
9 119.44 986 121.14
10 123.26 878 140.39
N° test Size (Kb) Time (ms) Speed (kb/s)
1 79.82 2344 34.05
2 127.38 3605 35.33
3 77.06 2099 36.71
4 119.22 3749 31.8
5 81.82 2514 32.54
6 76.55 2128 35.97
7 76.3 2124 35.92
8 136.8 4021 34.02
9 75.05 2052 36.57
10 143.43 3933 36.47
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The test results aligned with our expectations. The system's response times fell within the expected
range, as observed in evaluations of other sensor-only systems. When comparing it to our new system, some
advantages emerged, which we will elaborate on shortly.
3.1. Results 1
For this part, the data were obtained by performing tests evaluating response times with a Wi-Fi
network, where the results shown in Figure 8 were obtained. It can be inferred from the Figure 8 that the
average sending time with the SMTP protocol is 1050.1 milliseconds at an average speed of 87.33 Kb/s. A
maximum time of 1,382 milliseconds sending a packet of size 130.4 Kilobytes and a minimum time of
878 milliseconds sending a packet of size 123.234 Kilobytes.
Figure 8. Response times with a Wi-Fi network
923 931
1111 1054
1382
968 1008
1260
986
878
0
500
1000
1500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
(ms)
Test Number
Test with Wi-Fi Internet
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3.2. Results 2
With respect to this part, the data were obtained by performing tests evaluating response times with
a 3G network, where the results shown in Figure 9 were obtained. It can be inferred from the Figure 9 that
the average sending time with the SMTP protocol is 2856.9 milliseconds at an average speed of
34.94 Kb/s. A maximum time of 4.021 milliseconds sending a packet of size 136.8 Kilobytes and a minimum
time of 2.052 milliseconds sending a packet of size 75.049 Kilobytes.
Figure 9. Response times with a 3G network
3.3. Results to compare
Regarding [2], they performs tests with the HTTP protocol connected to a Wi-Fi network and
sending notifications to WhatsApp and a web page for monitoring. The results are shown in Table 7 and it
can be inferred that the average send time with the HTTP protocol is 190.67 milliseconds at an average speed
of 5.25 Kb/s. A maximum time of 251.09 milliseconds and a minimum time of 126.504 milliseconds. These
results are obtained because [2] only sends the notification by text, without indicating the temperature
obtained in the enclosure, with this we can infer that using the HTTP protocol the message will arrive much
faster compared to the SMTP protocol. The most novel is to send data and image using the SMTP protocol
where you can have several receivers (mail) and the message that is determined to be sent, must go through a
fuzzy logic evaluation, and then attach an image and send to the receiver.
Table 7. Results obtained [2]
N° test Throughput (Kb/s) Delay (ms)
1 0.0059 172.49
2 0.0047 172.29
3 10 213.84
4 0.0035 172.1
5 18 126.504
6 14 155.03
7 0.0082 262
8 0.0078 251.09
4. CONCLUSION
Tests showed that the notification sending time for SMTP protocol is longer compared to HTTP
protocol, due to query source uses WhatsApp as a means of notification and only sends text without any
parameters. In this research an email is being sent with the parameters of temperature, humidity, and gas
presence, in addition to sending an image of the enclosure. Therefore, the time to send the notification using
the SMTP protocol is not decreased.
The notification sending time using a 3G network is 3 times longer compared to a Wi-Fi network.
Additionally, many of the tests performed with a 3G network were not completed due to lost connection. For
this prototype it is recommended to use a Wi-Fi network to avoid higher latencies or inconveniences due to
bandwidth.
The use of fuzzy logic within the programming of the ESP32 microcontroller facilitates the system
to identify the minimum and necessary parameters to catalogue them as potential fire notifications and send
evidence with an image via e-mail. By means of this logic it was possible to validate the result of the
2344
3605
2099
3749
2514
2128
2124
4021
2052
3933
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
(ms)
Test Number
Test with 3G Internet
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algorithm by sending an image to the end user. The result consists of an e-mail with details of temperature,
humidity, presence of gas and adding the mentioned image.
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10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Design of a prototype for sending fire notifications in homes using fuzzy logic … (Johan Huaman-Castañeda)
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Johan Huaman-Castañeda electronic engineering student of tenth cycle of the
Faculty of Systems Engineering and Electronics (FISE) at the Universidad Tecnológica del
Perú, Lima-Centro with code U17305740. With special research interest in embedded systems
programming. He can be contacted at the following email: u17305740@utp.edu.pe.
Pablo Cesar Tamara-Perez student of electronic engineering of tenth cycle of
the Faculty of Systems Engineering and Electronics (FISE) at the Universidad Tecnológica
del Perú in Lima-Centro with code 1510843. With special research interest in
telecommunications and data processing. He can be contacted at email: 1510843@utp.edu.pe.
Ernesto Paiva-Peredo received the title of electrical mechanical engineer from
the University of Piura, Peru, in 2013. He has completed a master’s degree in electrical
mechanical engineering with a mention in automation and optimization at the Universidad de
Piura funded by CONCYTEC 2016. He was a research assistant at the Department of
Technology and Innovation (DTI)-SUPSI. Now, he is a professor-researcher at Universidad
Tecnológica del Perú. He can be contacted at email: epaiva@utp.edu.pe.
Guillermo Wenceslao Zarate Segura received the Bachelor of Science degree
major in physics from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Peru, in 2015. He has
completed a master’s degree in aerospace engineering at Kyushu Institute of Technology,
Japan. He was a research assistant at the Department of Planetary Science at Curtin
University, Australia He was a research assistant at the Department of Applied Science at
Innsbruck University, Austria. Now, he is a researcher at Universidad Tecnológica del Perú.
He can be contacted at email: E15040@utp.edu.pe.