Peripheral resistance depends on factors like the diameter of blood vessels and viscosity of blood. Total peripheral resistance is the resistance of the entire circulation and is measured in peripheral resistance units. Blood pressure is the lateral pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls and includes systolic, diastolic, pulse and mean pressures. The body tightly regulates blood pressure through mechanisms like baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and the renin-angiotensin system which act over different time periods to maintain homeostasis.
The document discusses the neural regulation of circulation. It covers:
1. Neural control shifts blood flow between different parts of the body as needed, such as more to muscles during exercise.
2. The circulatory system has cardiac and vascular innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which control heart rate, contraction force, and vessel diameter.
3. The brain monitors blood flow and pressure through signals and controls them by altering cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume through short, intermediate, and long-term mechanisms like baroreceptor reflexes, the renin-angiotensin system, and kidney functions.
Physiological Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure.pptxKpgu
The document outlines the various mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (ABP), including rapidly-acting nervous system reflexes, intermediate-acting hormone systems, and long-term renal control. It discusses the baroreceptor reflex, which senses changes in blood pressure and activates the sympathetic nervous system to rapidly constrict blood vessels and increase cardiac output. The renin-angiotensin system is an intermediate mechanism where low blood pressure triggers renin release to produce angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor that also causes sodium retention. In the long-term, the kidneys regulate blood volume and pressure through pressure natriuresis, where higher pressure causes sodium excretion, and the renal control of fluid levels via
The document discusses the circulatory system's response to exercise. The primary purpose is to deliver adequate oxygen and remove waste from tissues. During heavy exercise, oxygen demand can increase 15-25 times resting levels. To meet this, cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles increase through two mechanisms: 1) increased heart rate and stroke volume leading to higher cardiac output, and 2) redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working muscles. Proper circulatory function is critical for exercise and maintaining homeostasis.
The document discusses the circulatory system and blood pressure regulation. It describes the different types of blood vessels - arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. Blood pressure is regulated through short-term mechanisms like the baroreceptor reflex and long-term mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system. Heart failure and shock can occur if the heart or blood vessels are unable to effectively circulate blood and maintain adequate blood pressure.
Short-term regulation of blood pressure involves nervous and chemical mechanisms that act within seconds or minutes to control blood pressure. The nervous system regulates blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter and heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect changes in blood pressure and stimulate reflex responses to return blood pressure to normal levels. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate responses to maintain proper gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. If blood pressure drops severely, the brain triggers a central nervous system ischemic response to rapidly constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.
This document provides information on the regulation of circulation. It discusses three major types of regulation: neural, humoral, and local. For neural regulation, it describes the innervation of the heart and blood vessels by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It also discusses cardiovascular centers in the brainstem that control blood pressure. For humoral regulation, it outlines vasoconstrictors like epinephrine and angiotensin II, as well as the vasodilator nitric oxide. Finally, it briefly introduces local autoregulation mediated by myogenic activity and chemical factors.
Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac enzymes and their effects in the body system. Cardiac output and effects increasing and decreasing it. Calculations if Ejected fraction and other cardiac parameters.
The document discusses the neural regulation of circulation. It covers:
1. Neural control shifts blood flow between different parts of the body as needed, such as more to muscles during exercise.
2. The circulatory system has cardiac and vascular innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which control heart rate, contraction force, and vessel diameter.
3. The brain monitors blood flow and pressure through signals and controls them by altering cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume through short, intermediate, and long-term mechanisms like baroreceptor reflexes, the renin-angiotensin system, and kidney functions.
Physiological Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure.pptxKpgu
The document outlines the various mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (ABP), including rapidly-acting nervous system reflexes, intermediate-acting hormone systems, and long-term renal control. It discusses the baroreceptor reflex, which senses changes in blood pressure and activates the sympathetic nervous system to rapidly constrict blood vessels and increase cardiac output. The renin-angiotensin system is an intermediate mechanism where low blood pressure triggers renin release to produce angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor that also causes sodium retention. In the long-term, the kidneys regulate blood volume and pressure through pressure natriuresis, where higher pressure causes sodium excretion, and the renal control of fluid levels via
The document discusses the circulatory system's response to exercise. The primary purpose is to deliver adequate oxygen and remove waste from tissues. During heavy exercise, oxygen demand can increase 15-25 times resting levels. To meet this, cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles increase through two mechanisms: 1) increased heart rate and stroke volume leading to higher cardiac output, and 2) redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working muscles. Proper circulatory function is critical for exercise and maintaining homeostasis.
The document discusses the circulatory system and blood pressure regulation. It describes the different types of blood vessels - arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. Blood pressure is regulated through short-term mechanisms like the baroreceptor reflex and long-term mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system. Heart failure and shock can occur if the heart or blood vessels are unable to effectively circulate blood and maintain adequate blood pressure.
Short-term regulation of blood pressure involves nervous and chemical mechanisms that act within seconds or minutes to control blood pressure. The nervous system regulates blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter and heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect changes in blood pressure and stimulate reflex responses to return blood pressure to normal levels. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate responses to maintain proper gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. If blood pressure drops severely, the brain triggers a central nervous system ischemic response to rapidly constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.
This document provides information on the regulation of circulation. It discusses three major types of regulation: neural, humoral, and local. For neural regulation, it describes the innervation of the heart and blood vessels by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It also discusses cardiovascular centers in the brainstem that control blood pressure. For humoral regulation, it outlines vasoconstrictors like epinephrine and angiotensin II, as well as the vasodilator nitric oxide. Finally, it briefly introduces local autoregulation mediated by myogenic activity and chemical factors.
Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac enzymes and their effects in the body system. Cardiac output and effects increasing and decreasing it. Calculations if Ejected fraction and other cardiac parameters.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
This document discusses blood pressure, including its definition, normal values, measurement methods, short-term and long-term regulation, and related conditions like hypertension and hypotension. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure and other terms. It describes the nervous, hormonal, local, renal, and baroreceptor mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short-term and long-term. It provides details on hypertension types and treatment approaches, as well as causes of hypotension. The overall aim is to educate students on blood pressure, its determinants, regulation, and clinical implications.
BLOOD PRESSURE
BY: SAIYED FALAKAARA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH
Definition
Arterial blood pressure can be defined as the lateral pressure exerted by moving the column of blood on the walls of the arteries.
Significance
To ensure the blood flow to various organs
Plays an important role in exchange of nutrients and gases across the capillaries
Required to form urine
Required for the formation of lymph
Normal values
Normal adult range can fluctuate within a wide range and still be normal
Systolic/diastolic
100/60 – 140/80
Unit - mmHg
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
1. Short-term blood pressure regulation involves baroreceptors that detect pressure changes and stimulate the autonomic nervous system. Rising pressure causes vasodilation and lowered heart rate via increased parasympathetic activity. Falling pressure causes vasoconstriction and increased heart rate and contractility via sympathetic stimulation.
2. Long-term regulation maintains blood volume through renal mechanisms. Decreased pressure activates renin and angiotensin to stimulate sodium retention and water reabsorption via aldosterone, increasing blood volume. Vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide also regulate fluid balance.
3. Together these neural, hormonal and renal responses tightly control blood pressure and ensure adequate tissue perf
Maintaining homeostatic mean arterial blood pressuredwp_18
This document discusses mechanisms that regulate mean arterial blood pressure in the body. It describes that blood pressure needs to be regulated to maintain homeostasis. Short term mechanisms include baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which sense pressure changes and regulate heart rate and vessels. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a long term mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. Hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin also affect blood pressure. The cardiovascular regulatory center integrates input from sensors and coordinates the autonomic nervous system response.
Control of blood pressure involves both immediate and long-term mechanisms. Immediate control is mediated by autonomic reflexes like the baroreceptor reflex which senses changes in blood pressure and regulates sympathetic outflow. Intermediate control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and arginine vasopressin. Long-term control is regulated by the kidneys which alter sodium and water balance. Most tissues also autoregulate blood flow by dilating or constricting arterioles in response to pressure and metabolic changes.
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure. It begins by defining key terms related to blood pressure like systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It then discusses factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. The document outlines several regulatory mechanisms for blood pressure, including local mechanisms like autoregulation and vasoactive substances, as well as systemic mechanisms involving hormonal and nervous control. Specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and reflex mechanisms that play roles in regulating blood pressure are also mentioned.
Short-term control of blood pressure is mediated by the nervous system and chemicals that regulate peripheral resistance within seconds or minutes. The baroreceptor reflex detects changes in blood pressure and regulates heart rate, stroke volume, and vascular tone to maintain pressure. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate the vasomotor center. If blood flow to the brain decreases severely, the CNS ischemic response triggers powerful vasoconstriction to increase pressure.
The document defines arterial blood pressure and its components: systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean arterial pressure. It discusses factors that regulate blood pressure, including the nervous system's vasomotor center and reflexes, the kidneys' regulation of fluid volume and renin-angiotensin system, and hormonal factors. It also covers hypertension and hypotension, defining each and describing primary vs. secondary causes, manifestations, and treatment approaches.
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating blood pressure both short-term and long-term. Short-term regulation involves the nervous system increasing parasympathetic activity to lower blood pressure or increasing sympathetic activity to raise blood pressure. Long-term regulation maintains blood volume through renal mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone which regulate sodium and water balance. Increased osmolarity triggers ADH and thirst to restore blood volume.
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiac physiology, including:
- The functions of the heart in generating blood pressure, routing blood flow, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply.
- The cardiac cycle and its phases of isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole.
- Factors that affect cardiac output including venous return, heart rate, contractility, and peripheral resistance.
- Key reflexes that regulate cardiac function such as the baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes.
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that affect it. It defines key terms like stroke volume, minute volume, cardiac index and cardiac reserve. It describes physiological factors like age, gender, exercise and posture as well as pathological factors like fever, anemia and heart failure that can impact cardiac output. The document also covers methods of measuring cardiac output like Fick's principle, dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.
This document discusses the cardiovascular system and types of shock. It begins by describing the five classes of blood vessels - arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. It then covers the structure of blood vessel walls and differences between arteries and veins. The document discusses blood pressure, circulation, and how blood flow is regulated. It defines shock and describes the four main types: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock. For each type, it explains the causes, stages, and pathophysiology.
The document summarizes key concepts related to the cardiovascular system, blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance. It discusses how blood pressure is generated by the heart and maintained through a balance of cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The main short-term controls are neural and chemical mechanisms that regulate resistance to keep blood pressure stable. Long-term controls involve the kidneys regulating blood volume. Local blood flow is also autoregulated to meet tissue demands.
Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow, pressure, and resistance in the circulatory system. It includes the types and functions of blood vessels like arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries have thick elastic walls to withstand high blood pressure and distribute blood to tissues. Veins have thinner walls and valves to return blood to the heart. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange. Blood flow and pressure are regulated intrinsically through the vessels and extrinsically by the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems to meet the demands of tissues. The kidneys also help control blood volume and pressure long-term through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
Cardiovascular system (blood pressure, hypertension) Pharmacy Universe
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the cardiac cycle, cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, and hypertension. It discusses topics such as:
- The cardiac cycle occurs over 0.8 seconds and includes systole and diastole.
- Sinus rhythm is normally set by the sinoatrial node at a rate of 70-80 beats per minute.
- Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
- Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. It can be primary (essential) or secondary due to other medical conditions.
This document provides an overview of the regulation of circulation and blood pressure. It discusses how blood pressure is controlled through nervous mechanisms like the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as well as renal-body fluid mechanisms involving the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, and ADH. The autonomic nervous system regulates blood pressure through reflexes like the baroreceptor reflex which senses changes in blood pressure and activates sympathetic or parasympathetic responses as needed to maintain normal pressure.
The document discusses the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short term, including the nervous system and chemicals. It explains that the nervous system, including the baroreceptor reflex and chemoreceptors, controls blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance within seconds or minutes in response to changes in blood pressure. The document also outlines the roles of the vasomotor center, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, and adrenal glands in short term blood pressure regulation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
This document discusses blood pressure, including its definition, normal values, measurement methods, short-term and long-term regulation, and related conditions like hypertension and hypotension. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure and other terms. It describes the nervous, hormonal, local, renal, and baroreceptor mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short-term and long-term. It provides details on hypertension types and treatment approaches, as well as causes of hypotension. The overall aim is to educate students on blood pressure, its determinants, regulation, and clinical implications.
BLOOD PRESSURE
BY: SAIYED FALAKAARA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SUMANDEEP VIDYAPEETH
Definition
Arterial blood pressure can be defined as the lateral pressure exerted by moving the column of blood on the walls of the arteries.
Significance
To ensure the blood flow to various organs
Plays an important role in exchange of nutrients and gases across the capillaries
Required to form urine
Required for the formation of lymph
Normal values
Normal adult range can fluctuate within a wide range and still be normal
Systolic/diastolic
100/60 – 140/80
Unit - mmHg
This presentation gives you a brief, understandable, captivating and presentable idea on the physiology of blood pressure regulation both on hypertension and hypotension cases.
1. Short-term blood pressure regulation involves baroreceptors that detect pressure changes and stimulate the autonomic nervous system. Rising pressure causes vasodilation and lowered heart rate via increased parasympathetic activity. Falling pressure causes vasoconstriction and increased heart rate and contractility via sympathetic stimulation.
2. Long-term regulation maintains blood volume through renal mechanisms. Decreased pressure activates renin and angiotensin to stimulate sodium retention and water reabsorption via aldosterone, increasing blood volume. Vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide also regulate fluid balance.
3. Together these neural, hormonal and renal responses tightly control blood pressure and ensure adequate tissue perf
Maintaining homeostatic mean arterial blood pressuredwp_18
This document discusses mechanisms that regulate mean arterial blood pressure in the body. It describes that blood pressure needs to be regulated to maintain homeostasis. Short term mechanisms include baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes which sense pressure changes and regulate heart rate and vessels. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a long term mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. Hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin also affect blood pressure. The cardiovascular regulatory center integrates input from sensors and coordinates the autonomic nervous system response.
Control of blood pressure involves both immediate and long-term mechanisms. Immediate control is mediated by autonomic reflexes like the baroreceptor reflex which senses changes in blood pressure and regulates sympathetic outflow. Intermediate control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and arginine vasopressin. Long-term control is regulated by the kidneys which alter sodium and water balance. Most tissues also autoregulate blood flow by dilating or constricting arterioles in response to pressure and metabolic changes.
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure. It begins by defining key terms related to blood pressure like systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It then discusses factors that determine blood pressure like cardiac output and peripheral resistance. The document outlines several regulatory mechanisms for blood pressure, including local mechanisms like autoregulation and vasoactive substances, as well as systemic mechanisms involving hormonal and nervous control. Specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and reflex mechanisms that play roles in regulating blood pressure are also mentioned.
Short-term control of blood pressure is mediated by the nervous system and chemicals that regulate peripheral resistance within seconds or minutes. The baroreceptor reflex detects changes in blood pressure and regulates heart rate, stroke volume, and vascular tone to maintain pressure. Chemoreceptors sense oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and stimulate the vasomotor center. If blood flow to the brain decreases severely, the CNS ischemic response triggers powerful vasoconstriction to increase pressure.
The document defines arterial blood pressure and its components: systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean arterial pressure. It discusses factors that regulate blood pressure, including the nervous system's vasomotor center and reflexes, the kidneys' regulation of fluid volume and renin-angiotensin system, and hormonal factors. It also covers hypertension and hypotension, defining each and describing primary vs. secondary causes, manifestations, and treatment approaches.
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating blood pressure both short-term and long-term. Short-term regulation involves the nervous system increasing parasympathetic activity to lower blood pressure or increasing sympathetic activity to raise blood pressure. Long-term regulation maintains blood volume through renal mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone which regulate sodium and water balance. Increased osmolarity triggers ADH and thirst to restore blood volume.
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiac physiology, including:
- The functions of the heart in generating blood pressure, routing blood flow, ensuring one-way flow, and regulating blood supply.
- The cardiac cycle and its phases of isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole.
- Factors that affect cardiac output including venous return, heart rate, contractility, and peripheral resistance.
- Key reflexes that regulate cardiac function such as the baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes.
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that affect it. It defines key terms like stroke volume, minute volume, cardiac index and cardiac reserve. It describes physiological factors like age, gender, exercise and posture as well as pathological factors like fever, anemia and heart failure that can impact cardiac output. The document also covers methods of measuring cardiac output like Fick's principle, dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.
This document discusses the cardiovascular system and types of shock. It begins by describing the five classes of blood vessels - arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. It then covers the structure of blood vessel walls and differences between arteries and veins. The document discusses blood pressure, circulation, and how blood flow is regulated. It defines shock and describes the four main types: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock. For each type, it explains the causes, stages, and pathophysiology.
The document summarizes key concepts related to the cardiovascular system, blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance. It discusses how blood pressure is generated by the heart and maintained through a balance of cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The main short-term controls are neural and chemical mechanisms that regulate resistance to keep blood pressure stable. Long-term controls involve the kidneys regulating blood volume. Local blood flow is also autoregulated to meet tissue demands.
Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow, pressure, and resistance in the circulatory system. It includes the types and functions of blood vessels like arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries have thick elastic walls to withstand high blood pressure and distribute blood to tissues. Veins have thinner walls and valves to return blood to the heart. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange. Blood flow and pressure are regulated intrinsically through the vessels and extrinsically by the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems to meet the demands of tissues. The kidneys also help control blood volume and pressure long-term through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
There are four main mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: nervous, renal, hormonal, and local. The nervous mechanism acts the fastest via the vasomotor system to control heart rate and vasoconstriction/vasodilation in response to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The renal mechanism regulates blood pressure long-term by controlling extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin system. Hormonal and local factors also contribute to blood pressure regulation.
Cardiovascular system (blood pressure, hypertension) Pharmacy Universe
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the cardiac cycle, cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, and hypertension. It discusses topics such as:
- The cardiac cycle occurs over 0.8 seconds and includes systole and diastole.
- Sinus rhythm is normally set by the sinoatrial node at a rate of 70-80 beats per minute.
- Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
- Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. It can be primary (essential) or secondary due to other medical conditions.
This document provides an overview of the regulation of circulation and blood pressure. It discusses how blood pressure is controlled through nervous mechanisms like the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as well as renal-body fluid mechanisms involving the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, and ADH. The autonomic nervous system regulates blood pressure through reflexes like the baroreceptor reflex which senses changes in blood pressure and activates sympathetic or parasympathetic responses as needed to maintain normal pressure.
The document discusses the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the short term, including the nervous system and chemicals. It explains that the nervous system, including the baroreceptor reflex and chemoreceptors, controls blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance within seconds or minutes in response to changes in blood pressure. The document also outlines the roles of the vasomotor center, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, and adrenal glands in short term blood pressure regulation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
3. Peripheral resistance
• Resistance is the impediment to the blood flow
in a vessel.
• TPR (Total peripheral resistance )- resistance of
entire circulation.
• Unit is PRU (peripheral resistance unit)
• In CGS unit =dyne-sec/cm5
4. Laws related to blood flow and
resistence
1.Poiseuille Hagen formula:
2.Ohm’s law:
F=∆P/R
.Resistance is inversely related to radius
𝜋
5. Peripheral resistance depends on
• Luminal diameter of vessel
• Elasticity of arterial wall
• Velocity of blood
• Viscosity of blood
6. Viscosity is the internal friction to flow
of a fluid
• Whole blood 3-4 times viscous as water
• Plasma 1.8 times viscous
Viscosity depends on
• Hematocrit
• Composition of plasma
• Temp
• Velocity of fluid
7. Elastance
• Blood in the artery stretch the wall of blood vessel
which then recoil and generate pressure, this
recoil force is termed as elastance.
• Elastance=1/distensibility
• Systolic BP related to elasticity
• Diastolic BP is related to peripheral resistance
8. Blood pressure
• It is the lateral pressure exerted by blood on
the vessel wall while flowing through it.
4 types-
1. Systolic pressure
2. Diastolic pressure
3. Pulse pressure
4. Mean pressure
9. Blood pressure contd.
Lateral pressure: It is pressure when force is exerted at
right angles to the direction of fluid(blood) flow at any
point within a tube(blood vessels).
10. Blood pressure contd.
• Systolic pressure: It is the maximam pressure
during systole.
❑ Importance: Systolic pressure indicates-
➢ The extent of work done by heart.
➢ The force with which the heart is working.
➢ It is the index of cardiac output.
11. Blood pressure contd.
• Diastolic pressure: It is the minimum pressure
during diastole.
• Importance: Distolic pressure indicates-
➢ The constant load against which the heart works.
➢ It is the index of peripheral resistance.
12. Blood pressure contd.
• Pulse pressure: It is the difference between systolic
and diastolic pressure.
➢Importance: It is related with stroke volume &
vascular resistance.
• Mean pressure: It is the average pressure persist in
the circulation. It is calculated by=
diastolic pressure +1/3rd of pulse pressure
➢Importance: It forces the fluid to move
forward to get tissue perfusion.
13. Blood pressure
Cardiac output Peripheral resistance
Stroke volume Heart rate
End diastolic volume End systolic volume
14. Mean pressure is nearer to diastolic pressure.
Why?
Q. If systolic BP 120 mm/hg, diastolic BP 90
mm/hg. Calculate the mean pressure of the
subject.
15. Methods of measuring BP
• 1.Palpatory method – only systolic
pressure can be measured
• 2.Auscultatory method- both systolic &
diastolic pressure can be measured.
• Measured by sphygmomenometer.
16. 1. A stethoscope is placed over ante-cubital artery
2. A blood pressure cuff is inflated around the upper
arm.
3. The pressure in the cuff is elevated above systolic
pressure. So brachial artery collaps. No sound is
heard.
4. Gradual decrease of pressure in cuff, so blood
begin to slip through narrow artery, turbulance
flow in vessel. Produce Korotkoff sound
17. • 5. As the pressure falls in the artery the
korotkoff sound changes its quality
• 6.when the pressure is near to diastolic
pressure the sound become muffled.
18. Korotkoff sound
• The jetting of blood through a squeezed artery
produce a sound called so.
• Phases:
1. Phase I:Systolic pressure
2. phase II
3. Phase III
4. Phase IV:Diastolic pressure
19. Vasomotor tone
• a partial state of contraction in the blood
vessels called vasomotor tone
• Under normal condition the vasoconstrictor
area causing continuous & slow & sustained
sympathetic firing .
20. Vasomotor Center in the Brain
• Location: medulla and of the lower
third of the pons
• Vasomotor center transmits
--------- parasympathetic impulses through
the vagus to the heart.
---------sympathetic impulses through
peripheral sympathetic nerves to
virtually all arteries, arterioles, and
veins of the body.
21. Control of arterial pressure
A. Rapid control of arterial pressure(nervous
regulation):Within seconds
1. Baroreceptor reflexes/ baroreceptor
feedback mechanism
2. Chemoreceptor reflexes
3. Atrial & pulmonary artery reflexes
4. Central nervous system ischemic
response
22. B.Intermediate time period pressure
control mechanism (30 min – several hrs)
1.Renin angiotensin II vasoconstrictor mechanism
2. Stress relaxation of vasculature
3. Capillary fluid shift mechanism
23. c.Long term regulation (several days)
1. Renal body fluid mechanism
2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
mechanism
24. Physiologic anatomy of baroreceptor
• Baroreceptors are spray-type nerve endings.
Location:
1. Wall of internal carotid artery above the
carotid bifurcation (carotid sinus)
2. Wall of the aortic arch.
• signals are transmitted from carotid sinus by
glossopharyngeal nerves
• "aortic baroreceptors" by vagus nerves to the
tractus solitarius in the medula
25.
26. Working of baroreceptor in high pressure
Stimulous Increased arterial blood
pressure(>60mmHg-180mmHg)
Receptor Baroreceptor:carotid sinus,aortic sinus
Afferent
nerve
Hering nerve & depressor nerve
Center Vasomotor center—nucleus tractus
solitarius
Efferent
nerve
Vagus
Sympathetic
Effector organ Heart & blood vessel
27. effect
(1) vasodilation of the veins and arterioles:
(↓ peripheral resistance & ↓ BP)
(2) decreased heart rate and strength of heart
contraction. (↓ CO & ↓ BP)
28. Role of the baroreceptors in low pressure
• In low pressure the baroreceptors become inactive
• lose inhibitory effect on vasomotor center.
• The vasomotor center then becomes much more
active
• causing the aortic arterial pressure to rise.
29. Function of the baroreceptors during
changes in body posture.
• Immediately on standing, the arterial pressure
in the head and upper part of body tends to
fall and could cause loss of consciousness.
• falling pressure at the baroreceptors elicits an
immediate reflex, resulting in strong
sympathetic discharge & increase pressure.
30. Chemoreceptor reflexes
• Stimulous: O2 lack, CO2 excess, and [H+]
excess
• Chemoreceptors : chemosensitive cells of
------carotid bodies in bifurcation of common
carotid artery)
---- aortic bodies adjacent to aorta.
• Afferent nerve: Hering's nerves and the vagus
nerves
• Center: vasomotor center
• Whenever the arterial pressure falls below a
critical level (80 mm Hg)
• Effect: elevates the arterial pressure.
31. Atrial & pulmonary artery reflexes
• Stimulous: Response to changes in blood volume
(They detect increased pressure )
• Receptors: low-pressure receptors(Atria and the
pulmonary arteries ).
32. Stretch of the atria
release of atrial
natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
reflex dilation of the afferent
arterioles of kidneys
decrease the
reabsorption of water
from renal tubules
Signals to
hypothalamus
glomerular
capillary pressure
rise
decrease
secretion of ADH
increase
filtration of
fluid
increase excretion
of Na+ & fluid in
the urine
Blood pressure become normal
33. Central nervous system ischemic
response
• Stimulous: low blood flow (60 mm Hg and
below). CO2 increases greatly and & stimulates
Vasoconstrictor area.
Vasoconstrictor area respond directly and become
strongly excited
systemic arterial pressure rises highly (upto 250 mm Hg)
34. Central nervous system ischemic response
• This arterial pressure elevation in response
to cerebral ischemia is known as the CNS
ischemic response.
• CNS ischemic response is one of the most
powerful activators of the sympathetic
vasoconstrictor system.
35. Importance of the CNS Ischemic Response
• It is an emergency pressure control system
that acts rapidly and very powerfully when
blood flow to the brain decreases to the lethal
level.
• It is also called the "last ditch stand" pressure
control mechanism.
36. Cushing reaction
A special type of CNS ischemic response that
results from increased pressure of the CSF .
• The Cushing reaction helps to protect vital
centers of the brain when CSF pressure rises
high enough to compress the cerebral
arteries.
37. Increased pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid around
the brain.
it compresses whole brain & the arteries & cuts off the
blood supply to brain
initiates a CNS ischemic response that causes the
arterial pressure to rise.
38. the arterial pressure has risen to a level higher
than CSF pressure,
blood will flow once again into the vessels of brain
& relieve the brain ischemia
40. 1.Renin angiotensin II vasoconstrictor
mechanism
• Renin is a protein enzyme
• Released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the
kidneys( afferent arteriole
• When the arterial pressure falls too low
• renin raises the arterial pressure
41.
42. Effects of angiotensin II :
1. Vasoconstriction in many areas of the body
2. Decrease excretion of both salt and water by
the kidneys →increase ECF volume →
increase arterial pressure
43. 2.Stress relaxation of vasculature
When blood pressure increases
Blood vessel stretched
the pressure in the vessels falls toward
normal.
45. 3.Capillary fluid shift mechanism
Capillary pressure falls too low
Fluid is absorbed through the capillary
membranes from the tissues to circulation
↑blood volume
↑blood pressure
47. 1.Renal-body fluid mechanism
When body contains too much extracellular
fluid, the blood volume and arterial pressure
rise. The rising pressure cause kidneys to
excrete excess extracellular fluid, thus
returning pressure back normal.
48. 1.Renal-body fluid mechanism
• Pressure diuresis & pressure natriuresis is a
renal mechanism for decreasing arterial
pressure.
• Pressure diuresis :an increase in arterial
pressure can ↑ renal output of water.
• Pressure natriuresis : ↑ the output of salt
49.
50. 2.Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
mechanism
• Angiotensin II retain salt and water in two
major ways:
I. Acts on the kidneys: decrease excretion
of salt and water .
I. Acts on adrenal glands to secrete
aldosterone: increases salt and water
reabsorption by the kidney tubules.
51. Decrease arterial pressure
Renin secretion from kidney
Renin act on angiotensinogen
Formation of angiotensin I
angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting
enzyme
52. Cont…….
Angiotensin II
Constrict renal arteriol
Decrease renal blood
flow
Stimulate aldosteron
secretion
Increase Na
reabsorption
Decrease pressure in
peritubular capillary Increase ECF
Increase BP
Rapid reabsorption of fluid from
tubule.
53. Hypertension
• Persistence high blood pressure.
• Mean arterial pressure greater than 110
mm Hg (normal 90) is considered to be
hypertensive.
• This diastolic blood pressure> 90 and
systolic pressure>135 mm Hg.
54. Two types:
i.Primary (Essential) Hypertension:
• (90 to 95%) or hypertension of unknown
origin.
• There is a strong hereditary tendency
ii.Secondary Hypertension :
Hypertension due to known causes such as renal
artery stenosis, Adrenal medullary tumor etc.