This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points:
1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context.
2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
This document discusses linguistic politeness and address terms. It begins by explaining how language choices indicate social relationships between speakers and listeners. It then examines the historical distinction between tu and vous in French, how symmetrical and asymmetrical usage symbolized intimacy vs. politeness and power relationships. Address terms like titles, first and last names are also analyzed, with mutual first names indicating equality and familiarity. The document concludes by defining positive and negative politeness and the importance of maintaining face in interactions.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
Linguistics varieties and multilingual nationsSyefta Permata
Vernacular languages are first languages used for informal communication to express identity, while standard languages are regulated and used across multilingual nations. Lingua francas facilitate communication between linguistic groups. Pidgins develop for communication between groups lacking a shared language, having simplified structures and vocabularies from contributing languages. Creoles become first languages for communities through acquisition by children, gaining complexity and serving various functions.
This document discusses gender and age related differences in speech. It notes that while women and men share a language, there are often small differences in features like pronunciation or morphology. Research has shown women tend to use more standard forms while men use more vernacular forms. Social class also influences speech, with women across classes using more standard forms than men. The document explores various explanations for why women's speech patterns differ, and discusses how age can influence language use, with vernacular forms highest in youth and old age when social pressures are lower.
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points:
1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context.
2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
This document discusses linguistic politeness and address terms. It begins by explaining how language choices indicate social relationships between speakers and listeners. It then examines the historical distinction between tu and vous in French, how symmetrical and asymmetrical usage symbolized intimacy vs. politeness and power relationships. Address terms like titles, first and last names are also analyzed, with mutual first names indicating equality and familiarity. The document concludes by defining positive and negative politeness and the importance of maintaining face in interactions.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
Linguistics varieties and multilingual nationsSyefta Permata
Vernacular languages are first languages used for informal communication to express identity, while standard languages are regulated and used across multilingual nations. Lingua francas facilitate communication between linguistic groups. Pidgins develop for communication between groups lacking a shared language, having simplified structures and vocabularies from contributing languages. Creoles become first languages for communities through acquisition by children, gaining complexity and serving various functions.
This document discusses gender and age related differences in speech. It notes that while women and men share a language, there are often small differences in features like pronunciation or morphology. Research has shown women tend to use more standard forms while men use more vernacular forms. Social class also influences speech, with women across classes using more standard forms than men. The document explores various explanations for why women's speech patterns differ, and discusses how age can influence language use, with vernacular forms highest in youth and old age when social pressures are lower.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, sociolects, idiolects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. It notes that dialects are varieties of a language used by a particular group that share non-linguistic characteristics. Pidgins develop for communication between groups that don't share a common language, while creoles emerge when a pidgin becomes a community's native language.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided.
Standard language, and standardizationMsShashikala
Standard language is an official form of a language used in formal situations like newspapers, education, and public speeches. It is created through a process of standardization where a public written form of the language is established and codified so that it is accessible to all speakers. Standardization can occur naturally or be imposed, and involves selecting a standard dialect or variety and establishing rules for its usage. Standard languages represent conformity and are important symbols of social class and upbringing.
This document defines and explains various sociolinguistic terms related to language, dialects, and language varieties. It provides definitions for 50 terms, including language, dialect, patois, standardization, standard English, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, de facto norm, regional dialect, received pronunciation, dialect geography, dialect boundary, isogloss, accent, style, register, competence, performance, non-standard variety, variety, sociolect, creole, lingua franca, pidgin, norms, class, prestige, caste, ethnicity, vernacular, idiolect, social dialect, social network, homogeneous, bilingual, and multilingual. The document was created by students and
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses language variation based on social factors. It covers the topics of sociolinguistics, social dialects, education and occupation, social markers, and speech style/style-shifting. Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, investigating how languages function in communication and the structure of language. Social dialects, or sociolects, are language varieties that differ based on a speaker's social status or group, such as social class, religion, or ethnicity. Features like pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar are used to analyze social dialects. Education level and occupation also influence one's speech patterns and style.
This document discusses language variation and varieties. It defines key terms such as language, dialect, and varieties. Some main points:
- No two speakers speak exactly the same way and an individual's speech varies across situations.
- Language varieties refer to different forms of language influenced by social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation.
- A dialect is a language variety spoken by a community that has distinguishing phonological, lexical, and grammatical features.
- Varieties refer to sets of linguistic items associated with external social factors like a geographical area and social group.
- Dialects are influenced by various social factors and everyone speaks at least one dialect. Standard dialects have more prestige than others due
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors such as context, status, and function influence language variation and use.
2) People code switch and use different linguistic varieties depending on social context, including the participants, setting, topic, and function of the interaction. Formal contexts like religion or education use high varieties while informal settings use low varieties.
3) Languages shift when their speakers abandon them for a dominant language due to economic, social, or demographic factors. This can lead to language loss or even death when no one speaks it anymore.
The document discusses sociolinguistics and language variation. It defines sociolinguistics as the systematic study of language in society, focusing on how individuals and groups use language in social contexts. There are three main perspectives in sociolinguistics: geographic, examining regional dialects; anthropological, studying the relationship between language, culture and thought; and sociological, analyzing the link between social relations and language varieties. Speech communities are groups that share the same or similar language varieties. Varieties include dialects, sociolects, and idiolects, which differ by region, social class, gender, age, and ethnicity at the lexical, phonological and syntactic levels. Pidgins are simplified mixed languages for basic communication between
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
This document discusses language variation and the different varieties of language. It defines key terms like dialect, idiolect, and varieties. A dialect is a language variety spoken by a speech community that is distinguished by systematic features. An idiolect refers to the speech variety of an individual speaker. Varieties refer to forms of language associated with social factors like region, social class, situation, and individual. Dialects and varieties differ based on factors like geography, occupation, age, education, gender, and ethnicity. While some dialects have more prestige than others due to historical and social factors, all languages consist of dialects and everyone speaks at least one dialect.
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, exploring how social factors influence language use and how language variations exist between social groups. Some key topics covered include the differences between micro and macrolinguistics, sociolinguistics versus the sociology of language, social factors that determine language choice like participants and setting, and social dimensions of language like solidarity scales. The conclusion emphasizes that sociolinguistics research how language is used in a community and how social relationships and contexts influence linguistic variation and choices in vocabulary, sounds, words and grammar.
Language variety in_sociolinguistics(1)Iwanjirhan1
This document discusses different types of language varieties. It identifies 12 categories of language varieties including individual and social varieties, regional and temporal varieties, native and non-native varieties, spoken and written varieties, formal and informal varieties, standard and non-standard varieties, upper and lower class varieties, women and men's varieties, restricted and elaborated varieties, ethnic varieties, professional field varieties, and secret varieties. Each variety is caused by social, regional, or contextual factors and can be distinguished by differences in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation or register between social groups.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language and society. It analyzes variation within a language based on factors like geographical location, age, occupation, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and sex. Some key aspects of sociolinguistics covered in the document include dialects, accents, speech styles, registers, pidgins, creoles, and the relationship between language and culture/gender. Sociolinguistics helps understand how to communicate appropriately with different groups and gives insights into language variations in society.
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, sociolects, idiolects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. It notes that dialects are varieties of a language used by a particular group that share non-linguistic characteristics. Pidgins develop for communication between groups that don't share a common language, while creoles emerge when a pidgin becomes a community's native language.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided.
Standard language, and standardizationMsShashikala
Standard language is an official form of a language used in formal situations like newspapers, education, and public speeches. It is created through a process of standardization where a public written form of the language is established and codified so that it is accessible to all speakers. Standardization can occur naturally or be imposed, and involves selecting a standard dialect or variety and establishing rules for its usage. Standard languages represent conformity and are important symbols of social class and upbringing.
This document defines and explains various sociolinguistic terms related to language, dialects, and language varieties. It provides definitions for 50 terms, including language, dialect, patois, standardization, standard English, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, de facto norm, regional dialect, received pronunciation, dialect geography, dialect boundary, isogloss, accent, style, register, competence, performance, non-standard variety, variety, sociolect, creole, lingua franca, pidgin, norms, class, prestige, caste, ethnicity, vernacular, idiolect, social dialect, social network, homogeneous, bilingual, and multilingual. The document was created by students and
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses language variation based on social factors. It covers the topics of sociolinguistics, social dialects, education and occupation, social markers, and speech style/style-shifting. Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, investigating how languages function in communication and the structure of language. Social dialects, or sociolects, are language varieties that differ based on a speaker's social status or group, such as social class, religion, or ethnicity. Features like pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar are used to analyze social dialects. Education level and occupation also influence one's speech patterns and style.
This document discusses language variation and varieties. It defines key terms such as language, dialect, and varieties. Some main points:
- No two speakers speak exactly the same way and an individual's speech varies across situations.
- Language varieties refer to different forms of language influenced by social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation.
- A dialect is a language variety spoken by a community that has distinguishing phonological, lexical, and grammatical features.
- Varieties refer to sets of linguistic items associated with external social factors like a geographical area and social group.
- Dialects are influenced by various social factors and everyone speaks at least one dialect. Standard dialects have more prestige than others due
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors such as context, status, and function influence language variation and use.
2) People code switch and use different linguistic varieties depending on social context, including the participants, setting, topic, and function of the interaction. Formal contexts like religion or education use high varieties while informal settings use low varieties.
3) Languages shift when their speakers abandon them for a dominant language due to economic, social, or demographic factors. This can lead to language loss or even death when no one speaks it anymore.
The document discusses sociolinguistics and language variation. It defines sociolinguistics as the systematic study of language in society, focusing on how individuals and groups use language in social contexts. There are three main perspectives in sociolinguistics: geographic, examining regional dialects; anthropological, studying the relationship between language, culture and thought; and sociological, analyzing the link between social relations and language varieties. Speech communities are groups that share the same or similar language varieties. Varieties include dialects, sociolects, and idiolects, which differ by region, social class, gender, age, and ethnicity at the lexical, phonological and syntactic levels. Pidgins are simplified mixed languages for basic communication between
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
This document discusses language variation and the different varieties of language. It defines key terms like dialect, idiolect, and varieties. A dialect is a language variety spoken by a speech community that is distinguished by systematic features. An idiolect refers to the speech variety of an individual speaker. Varieties refer to forms of language associated with social factors like region, social class, situation, and individual. Dialects and varieties differ based on factors like geography, occupation, age, education, gender, and ethnicity. While some dialects have more prestige than others due to historical and social factors, all languages consist of dialects and everyone speaks at least one dialect.
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, exploring how social factors influence language use and how language variations exist between social groups. Some key topics covered include the differences between micro and macrolinguistics, sociolinguistics versus the sociology of language, social factors that determine language choice like participants and setting, and social dimensions of language like solidarity scales. The conclusion emphasizes that sociolinguistics research how language is used in a community and how social relationships and contexts influence linguistic variation and choices in vocabulary, sounds, words and grammar.
Language variety in_sociolinguistics(1)Iwanjirhan1
This document discusses different types of language varieties. It identifies 12 categories of language varieties including individual and social varieties, regional and temporal varieties, native and non-native varieties, spoken and written varieties, formal and informal varieties, standard and non-standard varieties, upper and lower class varieties, women and men's varieties, restricted and elaborated varieties, ethnic varieties, professional field varieties, and secret varieties. Each variety is caused by social, regional, or contextual factors and can be distinguished by differences in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation or register between social groups.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language and society. It analyzes variation within a language based on factors like geographical location, age, occupation, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and sex. Some key aspects of sociolinguistics covered in the document include dialects, accents, speech styles, registers, pidgins, creoles, and the relationship between language and culture/gender. Sociolinguistics helps understand how to communicate appropriately with different groups and gives insights into language variations in society.
This document discusses the relationship between language and culture. It argues that language is central to culture, as culture is transmitted orally through language. Understanding another culture's subtle meanings requires knowledge of its language. Different languages reflect different ways of categorizing the world and processing information. As cultures see the world differently, their languages express different beliefs and values. Language influences thought processes and is integral to cultural identity.
The document discusses language and dialects. It begins by explaining that the way people speak can reveal aspects of their culture and background, similar to how a license provides information. It then discusses the essays "From Outside, In" and "If Black English Isn't a Language Then Tell Me, What Is?" which argue that the way one speaks is a form of cultural identity. The document notes debates around the terms "black English" and "standard English" and finds splitting English into categories to be ridiculous. It concludes that learning a new language can be valid for expanding knowledge but not due to fear of ridicule, as language is tied to assumptions of culture and identity.
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The document discusses accents and dialects in English. It defines an accent as a pattern of pronunciation used by speakers belonging to a particular region, social group, sex, age group or level of education. A dialect refers to variations in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation characteristic of a particular group. The document explores how factors like geography, socioeconomic class, sex, ethnicity and age can influence accents and dialects. It also discusses Received Pronunciation (RP) as the standard accent of English in England.
This document discusses various types of language variation including dialects, idiolects, and styles of language. It provides examples of regional dialects, social dialects, ethnic dialects, and how an individual's idiolect is unique. Dialects are influenced by both regional and social factors. The document also discusses standard versus nonstandard language varieties and gives examples of code-switching and borrowing between languages.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, properties of language like arbitrariness and duality of patterning, the origin of language, and methods of classifying languages. It discusses language as a system of arbitrary symbols used for communication, and outlines properties like displacement and creativity. The functions of language are described, including as a means of expression and communication. Theories on the origin of language incorporate both natural and divine explanations. Languages can be classified geographically, genetically based on ancestry, or typologically based on structural features.
Relationship between language, culture, and identityCool Chaandni
This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and identity. It argues that language and culture influence each other mutually - language is shaped by culture but also shapes culture. Membership in a cultural group influences one's identity. The levels of identification conveyed through language include nationality, social class, gender, generation, and profession. Language determines ways of thinking through influencing cognition as proposed in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Overall, the document presents language, culture and identity as intricately interconnected and constantly evolving.
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6. Aftermath of language variation.pptxMemonMemon4
The document discusses different types of language varieties that emerge from natural variation in language, including dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, jargon, and more. It provides definitions and examples of each. Key varieties discussed are:
- Dialects emerge from regional, social, or ethnic differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. Examples include Southern American English.
- Registers vary based on social context or formality, like casual conversation versus formal writing.
- Pidgins develop for communication between speakers of different languages but become more standardized over time.
- Creoles emerge when a pidgin becomes a community's native language over generations with its own grammar.
- Jargon
This document discusses language variation and geography. It explains that every language has variations in how it is spoken in different regions and countries. There are standard languages as well as regional dialects that vary in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Accents identify where a speaker is from regionally or socially, whereas dialects describe various linguistic features. The document also discusses bilingualism, where two languages are used, and diglossia, where two languages are used in complementary domains but not at the same time.
Since languages exist there have been many studies about itdagallardo
The document discusses the importance of pronunciation and accent in language. It notes that pronunciation represents social roles and that while language is a formal system of communication, dialects are region-specific varieties of a language. The document provides examples of different dialects of English spoken in Papua New Guinea and surrounding areas. It concludes that it is important for English teachers to be familiar with some of the variations in accent and dialects to teach the language properly and help students recognize its diverse forms.
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfseijibrown2
Here are 3 discussion questions to spark further conversation:
1. How has your sense of cultural identity evolved over time? What factors have influenced its development?
2. In what ways does language use shape and reflect cultural identity? Can you think of examples from your own experience?
3. With increasing globalization and exposure to diverse cultures, how might notions of cultural identity continue to change in the future? What opportunities and challenges might this present?
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfseijibrown2
Here are 3 discussion questions to spark further conversation:
1. How has your sense of cultural identity evolved over time? What factors have influenced its development?
2. In what ways does language influence how we see ourselves and relate to others? Can you think of examples from your own experiences?
3. With increasing globalization and exposure to diverse cultures, how might notions of cultural identity continue to change in the future? What opportunities and challenges might this present?
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
5. “
Ethnicity is considered to be shared
characteristics such as culture, language,
religion, and traditions, which contribute
to a person or group’s identity.
6. Ethnic Group
An ‘ethnic group’ has been
defined as a group that
regards itself or is regarded
by others as a distinct
community by virtue of
certain characteristics that
will help to distinguish the
group from the surrounding
community.
7. Ethnicity
▹ Many ethnic groups use a distinctive
language to identify their ethnicity
▹ If the dominants/main language is
use, speakers may incorporate
linguistic signals that identify their
ethnic background
8. Examples
▹ New Zealanders use Maori
linguistic signals like kia
ora, eki, ne to express
their ethnic identity
▹ Chinese Singaporeans in
Singapore use the tag la to
express solidarity
▹ Italians in Boston and
Sydney use particular high
percentage of vernacular
pronunciations of certain
vowels
▹ Scottish people in New
Zealand retain the [r]
sound
▹ Jewish people in Boston
and New York use
marked linguistic tags
such as oy vay, and
Yiddish vocabulary items
such as bagel
9. Example in
Indonesia Chinese Indonesian in Surabaya dominantly use
Indonesian and Javanese, however there are particular
linguistic features, such as:
▹ Words related to the kinship system: tacik, koko, cece
in ‘Ikut sama koko sana!’
▹ Use of pigi for ‘pergi’ (go)
▹ Use of Javanese affixations such as –e in Indonesian
words: ‘namae’, ‘orange’
▹ /r/ sound becomes /l/ sound: /murah/ /murah/
▹ /t/ sound becomes /k/ sound: /lihat/ /lihak/
11. AAVE
▹ It has some features which do not occur
in standard American English, and
some which less frequently occur
▹ Linguistic differences act as symbols of
ethnicity
▹ It exists particularly in the northern
cities of the United States
12. Linguistic
features
represent
cultural
distinctiveness
▹ Absence of copula be (e.g. ‘she very nice’,
‘he a teacher’
▹ Use of copula be to signal recurring actions
(e.g. ‘she be at school on weekdays’)
▹ Multiple negation (e.g. ‘I don’t have no
money’)
▹ Consonant cluster simplification (aks in
place of ‘asks’, las in place of ‘last’)
14. British
Black
English
▹ Members of British Black community
(born in England) speak a variety of
Jamaican Creole, also known as Patois
▹ Patois used as symbol of ethnic identity.
Those who are not fluent in Patois use
English with Patois features. This way,
their English is marked as “Black” which
signals the identity of the speaker
17. Linguistic
Features
Pronunciation
Use of [d]
sound: then
pronounce as
‘den’, the
pronounce as
‘de’
Vocabulary
Kia ora for
greetings
Tangi meaning
‘funeral’
Kuia meaning
‘old woman’
Grammar
Vernacular present
tense forms: with /s/
‘I says you wanna
bet’
Vernacular past tense
‘She seen it
happen…’
19. Features of
Social
Networks
Density
It refers to whether
members of a person’s
network are in touch with
each other
Plexity
It refers to the type of
transactions people are
involved in
• Uniplex relationship:
when the link to someone
else is only in one area
• Multiplex relationship:
interactions with others in
several dimensions
20. Communities of practice develop
around the activities which group
members engage in together, and their
shared objectives and attitudes.
Communities of practice
and the construction of
social identity
21. ▹ Linguistic patterns described by
sociolinguists correlate to macro-level
categories such as gender, age, ethnicity
and class
▹ The concept of community of practice is
aimed at understanding the complexities
of belonging to a certain group