The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It has two circuits - systemic circulation which transports blood to all body tissues except the lungs, and pulmonary circulation which moves blood to and from the lungs. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. It pumps blood rhythmically through a cardiac cycle of diastole and systole powered by electrical signals.
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, including the composition of blood, blood circulation, and the functions of the heart. It notes that blood is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins via the pumping action of the heart. The four chambers of the heart work together with four valves to oxygenate blood in the lungs and circulate it throughout the body in the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, BHM 2ND SEM.pptxSujoy Tontubay
The document provides information on the fundamentals of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It describes the layers of the heart wall, the structure and function of the heart chambers, and the heart valves. It explains the pathway of blood through the heart, the cardiac cycle phases, duration of the cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart rate, blood pressure, and factors that can cause fluctuations in blood pressure.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, cell wastes and more throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps blood in a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The evolution of circulatory systems progressed from simple diffusion in single-celled organisms to closed circulatory systems with multiple heart chambers in vertebrates like humans.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the circulatory system. It describes how the heart pumps oxygenated blood through arteries, which branch into capillaries where gases and nutrients are exchanged, and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins. It also explains the dual circulation of blood through the pulmonary circulation to the lungs and the systemic circulation to the rest of the body. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones and protects the body.
The document provides information about the cardiovascular system and the heart. It discusses the structure and functions of the heart, including the chambers, valves, conduction system, and blood flow pathways. It also covers topics like the cardiac cycle, heart sounds, electrocardiography, regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, and the different types of blood vessels. The heart pumps over 1 million gallons of blood per year to circulate oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, such as the heart pumping blood through two circulations - systemic and pulmonary. It also provides details on the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood flow, and heart sounds.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It has two circuits - systemic circulation which transports blood to all body tissues except the lungs, and pulmonary circulation which moves blood to and from the lungs. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. It pumps blood rhythmically through a cardiac cycle of diastole and systole powered by electrical signals.
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, including the composition of blood, blood circulation, and the functions of the heart. It notes that blood is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins via the pumping action of the heart. The four chambers of the heart work together with four valves to oxygenate blood in the lungs and circulate it throughout the body in the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, BHM 2ND SEM.pptxSujoy Tontubay
The document provides information on the fundamentals of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It describes the layers of the heart wall, the structure and function of the heart chambers, and the heart valves. It explains the pathway of blood through the heart, the cardiac cycle phases, duration of the cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart rate, blood pressure, and factors that can cause fluctuations in blood pressure.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, cell wastes and more throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps blood in a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The evolution of circulatory systems progressed from simple diffusion in single-celled organisms to closed circulatory systems with multiple heart chambers in vertebrates like humans.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the circulatory system. It describes how the heart pumps oxygenated blood through arteries, which branch into capillaries where gases and nutrients are exchanged, and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins. It also explains the dual circulation of blood through the pulmonary circulation to the lungs and the systemic circulation to the rest of the body. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones and protects the body.
The document provides information about the cardiovascular system and the heart. It discusses the structure and functions of the heart, including the chambers, valves, conduction system, and blood flow pathways. It also covers topics like the cardiac cycle, heart sounds, electrocardiography, regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, and the different types of blood vessels. The heart pumps over 1 million gallons of blood per year to circulate oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, such as the heart pumping blood through two circulations - systemic and pulmonary. It also provides details on the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood flow, and heart sounds.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heartbhupendra kumar
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, such as how the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the heart, blood flow, blood vessels, heart sounds, and characteristics of blood.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
The human heart is a muscular organ that provides continuous blood circulation through the cardiac cycle. It is located in the middle of the chest behind the sternum. The heart is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows through the heart via heart valves which allow blood to flow in one direction. The heart's rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial node which generates electrical signals to coordinate contractions. The cardiac cycle consists of diastole where chambers fill with blood and systole where ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The circulatory system transports blood from the heart to tissues and back again via different circulatory routes.
The document discusses the human circulatory system. It describes the double circulation of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Blood is transported through arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart has four chambers and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body. The cardiac cycle involves rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the heart. The lymphatic system returns fluid to the bloodstream. Common cardiovascular diseases result from issues like blockages or ruptures in blood vessels.
This document summarizes the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It describes that the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body before returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The document notes some key differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation, such as lower blood pressure requirements in the pulmonary system.
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange, and veins carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system includes two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which circulates blood to the rest of the body. Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and aneurysm. Modern medical treatments are improving diagnosis and management of these conditions.
1) Mammals require transport systems like the circulatory system to efficiently deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body since diffusion is only effective over short distances. The circulatory system can be open, closed, or a double circulatory system.
2) In a closed circulatory system, blood remains within blood vessels and nutrients/gases are exchanged through vessel walls. A double circulatory system has two circuits - pulmonary and systemic - allowing blood to pass through the heart twice.
3) Diseases can occur if cholesterol builds up in artery walls, restricting blood flow and oxygen delivery. This can cause heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, and high blood pressure. Proper diet, exercise, and managing
The human heart consists of a specialized conduction system that coordinates the contraction of the four chambers. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread through the atria to the atrioventricular node and down through the conduction fibers to the ventricles. This ensures synchronized and efficient pumping of blood. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated filling and contraction of the atria and ventricles. Normal heart rate, blood pressure, and the flow of blood through circulation are essential for oxygen and nutrient delivery throughout the body.
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
The heart contributes to homeostasis by pumping blood through blood vessels to the tissues of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes.
Blood to reach body cells and exchange materials with them, it must be pumped continuously by the heart through the body’s blood vessels.
The heart beats about 100,000 times every day, which adds up to about 35 million beats in a year, and approximately 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime.
The left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated 100,000 km (60,000 mi) of blood vessels, which is equivalent to traveling around the earth’s equator about three times.
The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, enabling blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which pumps blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins which return blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system works to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes through complex vascular pathways and pressure gradients established by the heart. Cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and hypertension can develop when this delicate system is damaged or imbalanced.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs. The heart has four chambers and is divided into left and right sides. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. There are four types of circulation: coronary, pulmonary, systemic, and fetal. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and returns through veins in a continuous cycle, being oxygenated in the lungs. The heart's rhythm is regulated by electrical impulses from the sinus node.
Heart is the center of your cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood through your body, carrying nutrients in and taking waste out. Having good cardiovascular health is an important factor of optimal wellness.
An adult has a mass of 250-350 grams.
Each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times.
Heart has four chambers and four valves present in the heart control the flow of blood in the heart.
The document discusses the three main types of circulation in the body: pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and coronary circulation. Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then returns it back to the heart. Systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body via the aorta and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Coronary circulation uniquely supplies blood directly to the heart muscle through the right and left coronary arteries in order to meet the heart's high energy demands.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart's structure, chambers, valves, and conduction system.
- Blood flow through the heart and the events of the cardiac cycle.
- Types of blood vessels and circulation (pulmonary, systemic, coronary, hepatic portal).
- Functions of the cardiovascular system like oxygen transport and nutrient delivery.
- Key terms like stroke volume and cardiac output.
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the body. It is surrounded by layers including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has valves that allow blood to flow in only one direction. During fetal development, shunts allow blood to bypass the lungs and liver. The cardiovascular system transports blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. It is regulated by the conduction system and heart sounds occur during the cardiac cycle.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation which pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and pulmonary circulation which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a specialized conduction system to coordinate contractions. Nervous and chemical factors regulate heart rate and function to meet metabolic demands. Electrocardiograms record the heart's electrical activity and are used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders.
The heart is divided into four chambers that receive and pump blood throughout the body. The two upper chambers, called atria, receive blood returning to the heart while the two lower chambers, called ventricles, pump blood out to the body and lungs. The heart wall contains three layers and uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions that pump blood in two phases of the cardiac cycle. Valves allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart and into the major arteries and veins.
Multiple choice questions focused on physiology of the cardiovascular system for the 1st stage students of the Nursing College, medical students or anyone interested in the human physiology.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heartbhupendra kumar
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, such as how the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the heart, blood flow, blood vessels, heart sounds, and characteristics of blood.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
The human heart is a muscular organ that provides continuous blood circulation through the cardiac cycle. It is located in the middle of the chest behind the sternum. The heart is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows through the heart via heart valves which allow blood to flow in one direction. The heart's rhythm is controlled by the sinoatrial node which generates electrical signals to coordinate contractions. The cardiac cycle consists of diastole where chambers fill with blood and systole where ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. The circulatory system transports blood from the heart to tissues and back again via different circulatory routes.
The document discusses the human circulatory system. It describes the double circulation of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Blood is transported through arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart has four chambers and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body. The cardiac cycle involves rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the heart. The lymphatic system returns fluid to the bloodstream. Common cardiovascular diseases result from issues like blockages or ruptures in blood vessels.
This document summarizes the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It describes that the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body before returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The document notes some key differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation, such as lower blood pressure requirements in the pulmonary system.
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange, and veins carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system includes two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which circulates blood to the rest of the body. Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and aneurysm. Modern medical treatments are improving diagnosis and management of these conditions.
1) Mammals require transport systems like the circulatory system to efficiently deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body since diffusion is only effective over short distances. The circulatory system can be open, closed, or a double circulatory system.
2) In a closed circulatory system, blood remains within blood vessels and nutrients/gases are exchanged through vessel walls. A double circulatory system has two circuits - pulmonary and systemic - allowing blood to pass through the heart twice.
3) Diseases can occur if cholesterol builds up in artery walls, restricting blood flow and oxygen delivery. This can cause heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, and high blood pressure. Proper diet, exercise, and managing
The human heart consists of a specialized conduction system that coordinates the contraction of the four chambers. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread through the atria to the atrioventricular node and down through the conduction fibers to the ventricles. This ensures synchronized and efficient pumping of blood. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated filling and contraction of the atria and ventricles. Normal heart rate, blood pressure, and the flow of blood through circulation are essential for oxygen and nutrient delivery throughout the body.
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
The heart contributes to homeostasis by pumping blood through blood vessels to the tissues of the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes.
Blood to reach body cells and exchange materials with them, it must be pumped continuously by the heart through the body’s blood vessels.
The heart beats about 100,000 times every day, which adds up to about 35 million beats in a year, and approximately 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime.
The left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated 100,000 km (60,000 mi) of blood vessels, which is equivalent to traveling around the earth’s equator about three times.
The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, enabling blood to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which pumps blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins which return blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system works to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes through complex vascular pathways and pressure gradients established by the heart. Cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and hypertension can develop when this delicate system is damaged or imbalanced.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs. The heart has four chambers and is divided into left and right sides. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. There are four types of circulation: coronary, pulmonary, systemic, and fetal. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and returns through veins in a continuous cycle, being oxygenated in the lungs. The heart's rhythm is regulated by electrical impulses from the sinus node.
Heart is the center of your cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood through your body, carrying nutrients in and taking waste out. Having good cardiovascular health is an important factor of optimal wellness.
An adult has a mass of 250-350 grams.
Each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times.
Heart has four chambers and four valves present in the heart control the flow of blood in the heart.
The document discusses the three main types of circulation in the body: pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and coronary circulation. Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then returns it back to the heart. Systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body via the aorta and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Coronary circulation uniquely supplies blood directly to the heart muscle through the right and left coronary arteries in order to meet the heart's high energy demands.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart's structure, chambers, valves, and conduction system.
- Blood flow through the heart and the events of the cardiac cycle.
- Types of blood vessels and circulation (pulmonary, systemic, coronary, hepatic portal).
- Functions of the cardiovascular system like oxygen transport and nutrient delivery.
- Key terms like stroke volume and cardiac output.
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through the body. It is surrounded by layers including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has valves that allow blood to flow in only one direction. During fetal development, shunts allow blood to bypass the lungs and liver. The cardiovascular system transports blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. It is regulated by the conduction system and heart sounds occur during the cardiac cycle.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation which pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and pulmonary circulation which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a specialized conduction system to coordinate contractions. Nervous and chemical factors regulate heart rate and function to meet metabolic demands. Electrocardiograms record the heart's electrical activity and are used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders.
The heart is divided into four chambers that receive and pump blood throughout the body. The two upper chambers, called atria, receive blood returning to the heart while the two lower chambers, called ventricles, pump blood out to the body and lungs. The heart wall contains three layers and uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions that pump blood in two phases of the cardiac cycle. Valves allow blood to flow in only one direction through the heart and into the major arteries and veins.
Semelhante a Cardiovascular Physiology Lecture notes for Nursing Students.pptx 1-1.pptx (20)
Multiple choice questions focused on physiology of the cardiovascular system for the 1st stage students of the Nursing College, medical students or anyone interested in the human physiology.
Coronary cameral fistula is a rare congenital heart disease where there is an abnormal connection between one or more coronary arteries and a heart chamber, vessel, or sinus. It can cause a left-to-right shunt and myocardial ischemia depending on the size and location of the fistula. Diagnosis is made using echocardiography, CT, MRI, or coronary angiography. Treatment involves either percutaneous closure or surgical repair, especially for large fistulae or those causing symptoms or ventricular dysfunction. Both approaches typically close the fistula but residual shunting occurs in 20-30% of cases.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
27. The major vessels that carry blood to and from
the heart are:
• • inferior vena cava 1 conveys deoxygenated blood
(blood low in oxygen) from the lower extremities of the
body to the heart
• • superior vena cava 1 or 2: coveys deoxygenated
blood from the upper extremities of the body to the
heart
• • aorta 1: conveys oxygenated blood (blood high in
oxygen) away from the heart
• pulmonary trunk or say pulmonary artery 1: from right
ventricle of heart to the lungs for gas exchange.
• Pulmonary veins 4: carry oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the heart.
37. Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
• Blood whose oxygen content has become partially depleted
and carbon dioxide content has increased as a result of
tissue metabolism returns to the right atrium. This blood
then enters the ventricle, which pumps it into the
pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary
arteries branch to transport blood to the lungs, where gas
exchange occurs between the lung capillaries and the
alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen diffuses from the air to the
capillary blood; while carbon dioxide diffuses in the
opposite direction. The blood that returns to the left
atrium by way of the pulmonary veins is therefore enriched
in oxygen and partially depleted of carbon dioxide. The
blood that is ejected from the right ventricle to the lungs
and back to the left atrium completes one circuit: called the
pulmonary circulation.
38.
39. • Oxygen-rich blood in the left atrium enters the
left ventricle and is pumped into a very large,
elastic artery; the aorta. The aorta ascends for a
short distance, makes a U-turn, and then
descends through the thoracic and abdominal
cavities. Arterial branches from the aorta supply
oxygen-rich blood to all of the organ systems and
are thus part of the systemic circulation. As a
result of cellular respiration, the oxygen
concentration is lower and the carbon dioxide
concentration is higher in the tissues than in the
capillary blood. Blood that drains into the
systemic veins is thus partially depleted of oxygen
and increased in carbon dioxide content.
40. These veins empty into two large veins; the
superior and inferior venae cavae that return
the oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium.
This completes the systemic circulation; from
the heart (left ventricle), through the organ
systems, and back to the heart (right atrium)
41.
42. • Blood sequentially flows through the heart in 1
direction through the following structures:
• Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via
the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior
vena cava (IVC) →
• Right atrium (RA) → tricuspid valve → right
ventricle (RV) → pulmonary valve →
• Pulmonary trunk →
pulmonary arteries → lungs (blood is oxygenated)
→ pulmonary veins →
• Left atrium (LA) → mitral valve → left ventricle
(LV) → aortic valve → aorta →
• Systemic arteries → capillaries (blood is
deoxygenated) → veins → SVC/IVC → back to the
heart
43.
44.
45.
46. Cardiac cycle
The cardiac events that occur from the
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning
of the next are called the cardiac cycle. Each
cycle is initiated by spontaneous generation of
an action potential in the sinus node which
travels rapidly through both atria and then
through the A-V bundle into the ventricles.
47. Because of this special arrangement of the
conducting system from the atria into the
ventricles, there is a delay of more than 0.1
second during passage of the cardiac impulse
from the atria into the ventricles. This allows
the atria to contract, pumping blood into the
ventricles before the strong ventricular
contraction begins. Thus, the atria act as
primer pumps for the ventricles, and the
ventricles in turn provide the major source of
power for moving blood through the body’s
vascular system.
48. In a normal heart, cardiac activity is repeated
in a regular cycle. At a normal heart rate of
about 72 beats/minute; for the atria, the cycle
lasts for about 0.15 second in systole and 0.65
second in diastole. For the ventricles, the
duration of each cardiac cycle lasts about 0.8
second. If the heart rate increases, the
diastole decreases, which means that the
heart beating very fast may not remain
relaxed long enough to allow complete filling
of the ventricles before the next contraction.
49. For the ventricles, the two major phases of the
cardiac cycle are:
The diastole; a period of ventricular relaxation
in which the ventricles fill with blood and it
last for about 0.5 second.
The systole; a period of ventricular contraction
and blood ejection, lasting about 0.3 second.
52. The heart derives energy from aerobic metabolism
via many different types of nutrients.
Sixty percent of the energy to power the heart is
derived from fat (free fatty acids and triglycerides),
35% from carbohydrates,
and 5% from amino acids and ketone bodies from
proteins.
These proportions vary widely with available dietary
nutrients. Malnutrition will not result in the death of
heart tissue in the way that oxygen deficiency will,
because the body has glucose reserves that sustain
the vital organs of the body and the ability to recycle
and use lactate aerobically.
53. Action Potential
• Cardiac muscle fibers contract via
excitation-contraction coupling, using a
mechanism unique to cardiac muscle
called calcium -induced calcium release.
• Excitation-contraction coupling
describes the process of converting an
electrical stimulus ( action potential ) into a
mechanical response (muscle
contraction).
•
54. Calcium-induced calcium release involves the
conduction of calcium ions into the
cardiomyocyte, triggering further release of
ions into the cytoplasm.
• Calcium prolongs the duration of muscle cell
depolarization before repolarization occurs.
Contraction in cardiac muscle occurs due to
the binding of the myosin head to adenosine
triphosphate ( ATP ), which then pulls the
actin filaments to the center of the
sarcomere, the mechanical force of
contraction.
55. • excitation contraction coupling (ECC): The
physiological process of converting an
electrical stimulus to a mechanical
response.
• calcium-induced calcium release (CICR):
A process whereby calcium can trigger
release of further calcium from the muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
67. The function of the heart valves
• The atrioventricular valves (AV valves) are
composed of thin membranous cusps (fibrous
flaps of tissue covered with endothelium),
which hangdown in the ventricular cavities
during diastole. After atrial contraction and
just before ventricular contraction, the AV
valves begin to close and the leaflets (cusps)
come together by mean of backflow of the
blood in the ventricles towards the atria.
68. The AV valves include:
• The mitral valve; the left AV valve; bicuspid
valve, which consists of two cusps (anterior
and posterior), located between left atrium
and left ventricle.
• The tricuspid valve; the right AV valve, which
consists of three cusps, located between right
atrium and right ventricle.
69. The function of AV valves is to prevent
backflow (prevent regurgitation; leakage) of
blood into the atria during ventricular
contraction. Normally they allow blood to
flow from the atrium to the ventricle but
prevent backward flow from the ventricle to
the atria. The atrioventricular valves contain
and supported by papillary muscles.
70. The aortic and pulmonary valves each consist of
three semilunar cusps that resemble pockets
projecting into the lumen of aorta and pulmonary
trunk. They contain no papillary muscle. During
diastole the cusps of these valves become closely
approximated to prevent regurgitation of blood
from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the
ventricles. During systole the cusps are open
towards arterial wall, leaving a wide opening for
ejection of blood from the ventricles. In other
words, the pulmonary and aortic valves allow
blood to flow into the arteries during ventricular
contraction (systole) but prevent blood from
moving in the opposite direction during
ventricular relaxation (diastole).
71. • *All valves close and open passively. That is,
they close when a backward pressure gradient
pushes blood backward, and they open when
a forward pressure gradient forces blood in
the forward direction.
• *There are no valves at entrance of superior,
inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins into
the atria. What prevents the backflow of
blood from the atria toward the veins is the
compression of these veins by the atrial
contraction.
76. CARDIAC OUTPUT
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the
heart in one minute. It is the product of the heart rate and
the stroke volume.
Cardiac output 4.0–8.0 L/minute
Stroke volume. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out by
a ventricle with each heartbeat.
Regulation of stroke volume. According to Starling’s law of the heart,
the critical factor controlling stroke volume is how much the cardiac
muscle cells are stretched just before they contract; the more they
are stretched, the stronger the contraction will be; and anything
that increases the volume or speed of venous return also increases
stroke volume and force of contraction.
Factors modifying basic heart rate. The most important external
influence on heart rate is the activity of the autonomic nervous
system, as well as physical factors (age, gender, exercise, and body
temperature).
79. Stroke Volume
Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood ejected from the
heart during a single beat.
It is a measure of the contractility of the heart based on end
diastolic volume (EDV), mathematically described as
SV=EDV-ESV
indexed SV 25-45/m2
EDV is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of
diastole,
while ESV is the volume of blood left inside the ventricles at
the end of systole,
another indicator known as the ejection fraction (EF) is used
to evaluate stroke volume and contractility.
80.
81. Mean Arterial Pressure
Cardiac output is an indicator of mean
arterial blood pressure (MAP), the average
measure of blood pressure within the
body. It is described as MAP = CO×TPR
(total peripheral resistance)
TPR is a measure of resistance in the
blood vessels, which acts as the force by
which blood must overcome to flow
through the arteries determined by the
diameter of the blood vessels.
82.
83. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Both electrical activity and sound accompany the
beating of the heart. The pattern of electrical
activity produced by each heart beat cycle is
called the electrocardiogram (ECG).
The cardiac cycle involves a sequential
contraction of the atria and the ventricles. The
combined electrical activity of the different
myocardial cells produces electrical currents that
spread through the body fluids. These currents
are large enough to be detected by recording
electrodes placed on the skin.
90. Components of Normal ECG complex
P wave-
Represents the spread of electrical activity
(wave of negativity) over the atria after the
initial depolarization of the SA node.
QRS complex
Represents the spread of the negativity wave
(depolarization) through the ventricular
musculature. A small amount of atrial
repolarization also occurs at the same time.
91. PR interval
Time from the beginning of the P wave to
the beginning of the QRS complex,
interval between activation of the SA node
and the beginning of ventricular
depolarization. Any abnormal lengthening
of this interval suggests some interference
with conduction of the impulse through the
atria, atria-ventricular (AV) node, bundle of
His and Purkinje fibres.
92. T wave
Represents the repolarization of the ventricular
musculature. It is of longer duration and lower
amplitude than the depolarization wave (QRS
complex), which indicates that the ventricular
repolarization process is less synchronized and
slower than the depolarization process.
QT interval
Represents the time from the beginning of the
QRS complex to the end of the T wave that is from
the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the
end of ventricular repolarization. The QT interval
varies with the heart rate, becoming shorter as the
heart rate increases.
93. PR segment
From the end of the P wave to the beginning of the
QRS complex. During this time the impulse is
travelling through the AV node, AV bundle and the
Purkinje fibres. These structures are within the
heart myocardium; therefore during this time there
is no change in the negativity of the surface of the
heart, and we say that the record is isoelectric (no
change in potential is occurring).
ST segment
From the end of the S wave to the beginning of
the T wave. During this time the heart is
completely depolarized, and therefore the record
is isoelectric. The position and the shape of the ST
segment are important in diagnosis.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100. Heart Sounds
• When the stethoscope is placed on the chest
wall over the heart, two sounds are normally
heard during each cardiac cycle (1st & 2nd
heart sounds). Heart sounds are associated
with closure of the valves with their
associated vibration of the flaps of the valves
and the surrounding blood under the
influence of the sudden pressure changes
that develop across the valve. That is, heart
sound does not produced by the opening of
the valve because this opening is a slow
developing process that makes no noise.
101. • 1-The first heart sound (S1): is caused by
closure of the AV valves when ventricles
contract at systole. The vibration is soft, low-
pitched lub.
• 2-The second heart sound (S2): is caused by
closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
when the ventricles relax at the beginning of
diastole. The vibration is loud, high-pitched
dup. It is rapid sound because these valves
close rapidly and continue for only a short
period i.e., rapid, short and of higher pitch
dup.
102. • 3-The third heart sound (S3): is caused by
rapid filling of the ventricles, by blood that
flow with a rumbling motion into the almost
filled ventricles; at the middle one third (1/3)
of diastole i.e., it is caused by the vibrations
of the ventricular walls during the period of
rapid ventricular filling that follows the
opening of AV valves. It is a low-pitched
sound and can be heard after the S2. It is
heard in normal heart; in children and in adult
during exercise. It is also heard in anemia,
and AV valve regurgitation.
103. • 4-The fourth heart sound (S4): it is an
atrial sound when the atria contract (at late
diastole). It is a vibration sound (similar to
that of S3) associated with the flow of
blood into the ventricle. It is not heard in
normal hearts but occurs during ventricular
overload as in severe anemia,
Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) or in
reduced ventricular compliance and in
hypertension. If present, it is heard before
S1. (S4, S1, S2, S3).
104.
105.
106. Pathologies to know!!!
• • myocardial infarction: Necrosis of heart muscle
caused by an interruption to the supply of blood to
the heart, often as a result of prolonged ischemia.
• • ischemia: Oxygen deprivation in tissues due to
mechanical obstruction of the blood supply, such
as by a narrowed or blocked artery or clot.
• • angina: Chest pain that indicates ischemia in
the heart. It may be either transient (unstable) or
stable, and stable anginas typically lead to
infarction.