Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to control pests like bollworms. It was first approved for field trials in 1993 in the US and commercial use began in 1995. Bt cotton increases yields by effectively controlling major cotton pests while reducing the need for insecticides. However, it is only effective against pests for 120 days and does not control sucking pests. While Bt cotton has benefits, it also faces controversies regarding cost and effects on local seeds.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
Weeds reduce crop yields by 10-15% by competing for resources. Herbicides were developed to control weeds, but can also damage crops. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits the shikimic acid pathway in plants, blocking growth. To develop resistant crops, scientists have introduced the petunia EPSPS gene to overexpress the enzyme, used a mutant version of EPSPS that cannot bind glyphosate, and introduced bacterial genes that detoxify glyphosate. Combining these strategies provides high levels of herbicide resistance.
This document discusses Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins toxic to certain insect pests. It introduces Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, and Bt corn, which have been genetically engineered to produce these Bt crystal proteins, providing resistance against key insect pests like the cotton bollworm and brinjal fruit and shoot borer. The document discusses the mechanisms through which Bt proteins act selectively on insect pests while being safe for humans and other organisms. It also outlines the process of developing transgenic crops and highlights advantages like reduced pesticide use and increased yields.
This document discusses Bt cotton, which is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticide against the bollworm pest. It was developed by Monsanto in 1987. India is a major producer of Bt cotton, ranking first in total area planted and third in production. However, India's average Bt cotton yield is lower than the world average. Bt cotton provides advantages over traditional cotton like higher yields from effective bollworm control and reduced insecticide use. It also has some disadvantages like higher costs for seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, and harvesting.
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
This document discusses the biosafety of genetically modified crops. It outlines the approach taken to assess safety, including potential risks like toxicity, allergenicity, antibiotic resistance, and gene flow. The regulatory framework for genetically modified crops in India is also mentioned. Specific concerns discussed include Brazil nut allergy in soybean, use of antibiotic resistance marker genes, consumption of foreign DNA, and effects on biodiversity and target species. Strategies to prevent unwanted gene flow are described.
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to control pests like bollworms. It was first approved for field trials in 1993 in the US and commercial use began in 1995. Bt cotton increases yields by effectively controlling major cotton pests while reducing the need for insecticides. However, it is only effective against pests for 120 days and does not control sucking pests. While Bt cotton has benefits, it also faces controversies regarding cost and effects on local seeds.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
Weeds reduce crop yields by 10-15% by competing for resources. Herbicides were developed to control weeds, but can also damage crops. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits the shikimic acid pathway in plants, blocking growth. To develop resistant crops, scientists have introduced the petunia EPSPS gene to overexpress the enzyme, used a mutant version of EPSPS that cannot bind glyphosate, and introduced bacterial genes that detoxify glyphosate. Combining these strategies provides high levels of herbicide resistance.
This document discusses Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins toxic to certain insect pests. It introduces Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, and Bt corn, which have been genetically engineered to produce these Bt crystal proteins, providing resistance against key insect pests like the cotton bollworm and brinjal fruit and shoot borer. The document discusses the mechanisms through which Bt proteins act selectively on insect pests while being safe for humans and other organisms. It also outlines the process of developing transgenic crops and highlights advantages like reduced pesticide use and increased yields.
This document discusses Bt cotton, which is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticide against the bollworm pest. It was developed by Monsanto in 1987. India is a major producer of Bt cotton, ranking first in total area planted and third in production. However, India's average Bt cotton yield is lower than the world average. Bt cotton provides advantages over traditional cotton like higher yields from effective bollworm control and reduced insecticide use. It also has some disadvantages like higher costs for seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, and harvesting.
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
This document discusses the biosafety of genetically modified crops. It outlines the approach taken to assess safety, including potential risks like toxicity, allergenicity, antibiotic resistance, and gene flow. The regulatory framework for genetically modified crops in India is also mentioned. Specific concerns discussed include Brazil nut allergy in soybean, use of antibiotic resistance marker genes, consumption of foreign DNA, and effects on biodiversity and target species. Strategies to prevent unwanted gene flow are described.
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Viral infections in plants can be controlled through several strategies including using certified seed/plants, controlling weeds that harbor viruses, and insecticide use since most viruses are vector-borne. Transgenic virus resistance involves expressing viral genes including coat proteins, replicases, movement proteins, or antisense RNA to interfere with viral replication or movement. The papaya industry was saved through a transgenic papaya resistant to papaya ringspot virus. While virus resistance holds promise, risks like recombination or heterologous encapsidation must be monitored.
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing isolated plant cells called protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties. This fusion occurs under in vitro conditions and can result in symmetric hybrids that contain chromosomes from both parents, or asymmetric hybrids that lose chromosomes from one parent. Cybrids are a type of hybrid where the nucleus comes from one species but the cytoplasm, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, comes from both parental species. Somatic hybridization and cybrid production allow for novel combinations of genes that can provide agricultural benefits like stress resistance but technical challenges remain in regenerating hybrid plants.
In vitro pollination involves pollinating pistils or ovules that have been cultured in a nutrient medium such as Nitsch's medium. This technique can help overcome pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization between plant species. Key steps include sterilizing flower parts, collecting pollen, and applying pollen to excised pistils, ovaries, ovules, or stigmas depending on the method. Factors like culture medium, temperature, genotype, and physiological state of the explant can influence seed set. In vitro pollination has applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility or cross-incompatibility barriers and producing haploid plants or hybrids.
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
Bt technology uses genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to produce insecticidal crystal proteins in transgenic crops. There are several biosafety concerns regarding risks to human health from toxicity or allergies, as well as risks to the environment from increased insect resistance, gene flow to weeds or soil organisms, and effects on biodiversity. Regulatory agencies in India require various levels of approval from institutional biosafety committees, the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, depending on the type and scale of field trials or commercial releases of Bt crops.
introduction
What is virus
What is virus resistance plant
History
Gene use for develop virus resistance plant
Coat protein gene
cDNA of satellite RNA
Defective viral genome
Antisense RNA approach and
Ribozyme – mediated protection
conclusion
References
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
Biofertilizers production and their applicationsroshni mohan
Biofertilizers are products containing living microorganisms that help supply nutrients to plants or improve soil properties. They are prepared by selecting beneficial soil bacteria or fungi, multiplying them in a laboratory, and mixing them with a carrier substance. Biofertilizers can increase crop yields, improve soil fertility and quality, and reduce environmental pollution by minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers. They are an important input for organic farming. Common biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, blue-green algae, and Azolla, which help fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
This presentation focus on how can be develop of herbicides resistant plants, Role of herbicides resistant plant, action of herbicides in unusual plants and agronomic importance of herbicides resistant plants.
Don"t forget to like, share and download
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Molecular tagging of genes involves identifying existing DNA or introducing new DNA to function as a tag or label for the gene of interest. There are four main strategies for gene tagging: marker-based tagging, transposon tagging, T-DNA tagging, and epitope tagging. Marker-based tagging uses molecular markers tightly linked to important traits to assist in plant breeding programs. Transposon tagging relies on transposons, which can move within the genome, to provide a DNA tag that can then be used to identify adjacent DNA sequences and genes.
This document summarizes terminator gene technology, which genetically modifies plants to produce sterile seeds. It was developed by the seed industry to prevent seed saving. There are two types: varietal GURT (V-GURT) renders all subsequent seeds sterile, while trait GURT (T-GURT) switches traits on/off using chemical treatments. While it provides benefits to industry, it is controversial due to concerns over loss of biodiversity and impact on small farmers who rely on seed saving. Most countries have imposed a moratorium on field testing and commercialization of terminator seeds.
Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from sporophytic cells in vitro rather than from a zygote. There are different types of embryos including zygotic, formed from fertilized eggs, and somatic embryos which form directly from other plant tissues and organs in culture. The correct developmental stage of the explant tissue is crucial for initiation of embryogenic callus formation in somatic embryogenesis, with young or juvenile explants producing more embryos than older explants.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces proteins toxic to cotton pests like bollworms. Bt cotton was created by inserting genes for Bt toxins into cotton plants, allowing the plants to naturally produce these insecticides. This spares the need for broad-spectrum insecticides and benefits farm ecology. Bt cotton was introduced in India and led to increased cotton exports and yields while reducing insecticide use, though issues around seed costs, resistance, and effects on other insects remain topics of debate.
Change in pest scenario in the light of Bt cotton in Indiaparthadebnath123
The document discusses the change in pest scenario in cotton in India with the introduction of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton production and pest problems in India. The key pests prior to Bt cotton were the bollworm complex. Bt cotton was developed to control these pests and reduce pesticide use. While Bt cotton provided effective control of bollworms, it led to the emergence of other pests like the mealybug and whitefly as major pests. Overuse of insecticides also contributed to whitefly outbreaks in some regions. Overall, Bt cotton has helped reduce pesticide use but continuous monitoring is needed to address new pest problems.
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Viral infections in plants can be controlled through several strategies including using certified seed/plants, controlling weeds that harbor viruses, and insecticide use since most viruses are vector-borne. Transgenic virus resistance involves expressing viral genes including coat proteins, replicases, movement proteins, or antisense RNA to interfere with viral replication or movement. The papaya industry was saved through a transgenic papaya resistant to papaya ringspot virus. While virus resistance holds promise, risks like recombination or heterologous encapsidation must be monitored.
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing isolated plant cells called protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties. This fusion occurs under in vitro conditions and can result in symmetric hybrids that contain chromosomes from both parents, or asymmetric hybrids that lose chromosomes from one parent. Cybrids are a type of hybrid where the nucleus comes from one species but the cytoplasm, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, comes from both parental species. Somatic hybridization and cybrid production allow for novel combinations of genes that can provide agricultural benefits like stress resistance but technical challenges remain in regenerating hybrid plants.
In vitro pollination involves pollinating pistils or ovules that have been cultured in a nutrient medium such as Nitsch's medium. This technique can help overcome pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization between plant species. Key steps include sterilizing flower parts, collecting pollen, and applying pollen to excised pistils, ovaries, ovules, or stigmas depending on the method. Factors like culture medium, temperature, genotype, and physiological state of the explant can influence seed set. In vitro pollination has applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility or cross-incompatibility barriers and producing haploid plants or hybrids.
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
Bt technology uses genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to produce insecticidal crystal proteins in transgenic crops. There are several biosafety concerns regarding risks to human health from toxicity or allergies, as well as risks to the environment from increased insect resistance, gene flow to weeds or soil organisms, and effects on biodiversity. Regulatory agencies in India require various levels of approval from institutional biosafety committees, the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, depending on the type and scale of field trials or commercial releases of Bt crops.
introduction
What is virus
What is virus resistance plant
History
Gene use for develop virus resistance plant
Coat protein gene
cDNA of satellite RNA
Defective viral genome
Antisense RNA approach and
Ribozyme – mediated protection
conclusion
References
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
Biofertilizers production and their applicationsroshni mohan
Biofertilizers are products containing living microorganisms that help supply nutrients to plants or improve soil properties. They are prepared by selecting beneficial soil bacteria or fungi, multiplying them in a laboratory, and mixing them with a carrier substance. Biofertilizers can increase crop yields, improve soil fertility and quality, and reduce environmental pollution by minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers. They are an important input for organic farming. Common biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, blue-green algae, and Azolla, which help fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
This presentation focus on how can be develop of herbicides resistant plants, Role of herbicides resistant plant, action of herbicides in unusual plants and agronomic importance of herbicides resistant plants.
Don"t forget to like, share and download
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Molecular tagging of genes involves identifying existing DNA or introducing new DNA to function as a tag or label for the gene of interest. There are four main strategies for gene tagging: marker-based tagging, transposon tagging, T-DNA tagging, and epitope tagging. Marker-based tagging uses molecular markers tightly linked to important traits to assist in plant breeding programs. Transposon tagging relies on transposons, which can move within the genome, to provide a DNA tag that can then be used to identify adjacent DNA sequences and genes.
This document summarizes terminator gene technology, which genetically modifies plants to produce sterile seeds. It was developed by the seed industry to prevent seed saving. There are two types: varietal GURT (V-GURT) renders all subsequent seeds sterile, while trait GURT (T-GURT) switches traits on/off using chemical treatments. While it provides benefits to industry, it is controversial due to concerns over loss of biodiversity and impact on small farmers who rely on seed saving. Most countries have imposed a moratorium on field testing and commercialization of terminator seeds.
Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from sporophytic cells in vitro rather than from a zygote. There are different types of embryos including zygotic, formed from fertilized eggs, and somatic embryos which form directly from other plant tissues and organs in culture. The correct developmental stage of the explant tissue is crucial for initiation of embryogenic callus formation in somatic embryogenesis, with young or juvenile explants producing more embryos than older explants.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces proteins toxic to cotton pests like bollworms. Bt cotton was created by inserting genes for Bt toxins into cotton plants, allowing the plants to naturally produce these insecticides. This spares the need for broad-spectrum insecticides and benefits farm ecology. Bt cotton was introduced in India and led to increased cotton exports and yields while reducing insecticide use, though issues around seed costs, resistance, and effects on other insects remain topics of debate.
Change in pest scenario in the light of Bt cotton in Indiaparthadebnath123
The document discusses the change in pest scenario in cotton in India with the introduction of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton production and pest problems in India. The key pests prior to Bt cotton were the bollworm complex. Bt cotton was developed to control these pests and reduce pesticide use. While Bt cotton provided effective control of bollworms, it led to the emergence of other pests like the mealybug and whitefly as major pests. Overuse of insecticides also contributed to whitefly outbreaks in some regions. Overall, Bt cotton has helped reduce pesticide use but continuous monitoring is needed to address new pest problems.
This document discusses transgenic Bt cotton, which has been genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that are toxic to cotton pests. It provides details on the development of Bt cotton in India, including the identification of effective Bt genes, methods of gene transfer, expression of the toxin genes, and development of Bt cotton strains active against key cotton pests. The document also discusses the advantages of Bt cotton such as reduced insecticide use and increased yields, as well as some disadvantages including high costs for small farmers and potential effects on non-target insects.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton created by Monsanto that produces an insecticide to target cotton pests. It works by inserting a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria into cotton plants that code for Bt toxin, which is produced in the cotton tissues and kills lepidopteran larvae pests that eat the cotton. However, Bt cotton is ineffective against other cotton pests which still require insecticides. While Bt cotton has significantly increased yields for Indian farmers by reducing insecticide use, it is also controversial due to concerns about seed monopolies and links to farmer suicides in India.
1. Bt cotton was among the first transgenic crops developed for commercial use by transferring a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that codes for a protein toxic to cotton bollworm pests.
2. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically since its introduction in 1996 due to significant economic and production advantages for farmers including reduced insecticide use and increased yields and income.
3. Studies show Bt cotton reduces insecticide use by up to 94.5 million kilograms globally between 1996-2008, lowering production costs and environmental impacts while increasing farm profits by $7.5 billion over the same period.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton plant that produces an insecticide to combat pests like bollworms. It contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to the larvae of moths and butterflies but harmless to other organisms. The Bt protein is activated in the alkaline environment of the insect's gut and makes holes in the lining, killing the insect. Bt cotton provides benefits like increased yields, reduced insecticide use, and lower costs, but also has disadvantages like higher seed prices and concerns about its effects on human and environmental health. India was an early adopter of Bt cotton in 2002.
Application of biotechnology in textile industry part 1 bt cotton fashion2fas...Adane Nega
This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in the textile industry, specifically focusing on the harvesting of Bt cotton in India. It discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thurigiensis bacteria was isolated and transferred into American cotton and then crossed with Indian cotton varieties. The Bt cotton varieties produced are genetically modified to contain this bacterial gene, which allows the cotton plants to produce a toxin that protects them from the cotton bollworm, a major cotton pest. The summary concludes by noting that Bt cotton has led to reduced pesticide usage while also raising concerns about potential resistance development in insect pests and impacts on non-target organisms.
Application of biotechnology in textile industry part 1 bt cotton fashion2fas...Adane Nega
This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in the textile industry, specifically focusing on the harvesting of Bt cotton in India. It discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thurigiensis bacteria was isolated and transferred into American cotton and then crossed with Indian cotton varieties. The Bt cotton plants are genetically modified to produce Bt toxin that protects the plants from the cotton bollworm, a major cotton pest. While Bt cotton reduces the need for pesticides, resistance management strategies like planting non-Bt cotton refuges are needed to prevent insect resistance from developing over time.
The document summarizes research on the effect of Bt cotton on soil biota. Some key findings:
- Studies found reductions in populations of actinobacteria, bacteria, and fungi in Bt cotton soils compared to non-Bt soils.
- Different bacterial and fungal species were identified in the rhizospheres of Bt and non-Bt cotton varieties.
- Dehydrogenase enzyme activity, an indicator of soil microbial activity, was lower in Bt cotton soils compared to non-Bt soils.
- Counts of total soil bacteria in Bt cotton cultivation fluctuated but were generally lower than in non-Bt cotton soils over time.
Bt corn provides built-in protection against devastating corn borers through a gene that produces a Bt protein toxic to the corn borer. It has been shown to increase yields by controlling the corn borer pest while being safe for human and animal consumption. To delay pest resistance, a resistance management strategy is important such as planting some non-Bt corn and integrated pest management. Future genetically enhanced crops hold promise to further increase world food production.
This document discusses genetically modified crops in India. It provides details on Bt cotton, GM mustard, and Bt brinjal. Bt cotton was introduced in 2002 and contains genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that provide resistance against bollworm insects. GM mustard was developed to increase yields and contains three genes for herbicide tolerance and hybridization control. Bt brinjal contains cry genes from B. thuringiensis for resistance against the brinjal fruit and shoot borer, but its cultivation is currently banned in India due to environmental concerns.
The document summarizes the development and release of Bt cotton in India. It describes cotton production trends in India and the major pest problems faced by farmers, particularly bollworms, which cause significant yield losses. It outlines the process of developing Bt cotton through genetic engineering, including gene identification, breeding, field trials, and regulatory approval. Bt cotton was first approved for commercialization in India in 2002 and has provided farmers protection against bollworms while reducing insecticide use and costs. The document lists various Bt cotton hybrids recommended for cultivation in different regions of India.
Global scenario, status and commercialization of insecticidal genes.pptxKokkula Akhilesh
Global transgenic crop area reached 169.2 million hectares in 2020, dominated by soybean, maize, cotton, and canola. The top 5 countries growing biotech crops are the US, Brazil, India, Argentina, and Canada. Insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria, including Cry genes, are widely used in commercial crops like cotton, maize, and potato to control lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran pests. Other commercial insecticidal genes utilized include vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs), protease inhibitors, lectins, and alpha-amylase inhibitors. Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac was first commercialized in 1996
Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton that expresses a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a protein that is toxic to certain insect pests like bollworms but harmless to other organisms. It was developed to control major cotton pests that can cause significant yield losses. Bt cotton reduces the need for insecticide use and promotes more environmentally friendly cotton cultivation while protecting yields. The Bt gene works by being toxic only to insects that ingest the Bt protein, but is safe for other animals and humans.
Cotton farming was introduced in India in the 1980s as an alternative to food crops. Farmers invested in expensive seeds and pesticides, resulting in debt and farmer suicides spreading across several states. The issue was exacerbated by pests developing resistance to pesticides. To address this, the Indian government approved Bt cotton varieties between 2002-2005, though some farmers grew it earlier without authorization. Bt cotton reduced pesticide use and costs but yields were mixed and new pests emerged in some cases. While Bt cotton cultivation increased, some farmers' organizations and NGOs strongly opposed GM crops and linked farmer suicides to Monsanto's terminator technology, though Monsanto denied this.
The United Nations Organization (UNO) declared 2009 as "The Year of Natural Fibers". Cotton is one of the most important natural fibers. It is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows within a boll or protective case around the seeds of cotton plants from the genus Gossypium. Cotton belongs to the genus Gossypium and there are four main cultivated cotton species - Gossypium herbaceum, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense.
This document discusses cotton production and the use of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton as a crop, its environmental impacts, and history of pesticide use. It then describes the development of Bt cotton through genetic engineering, inserting genes from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria to make cotton resistant to pests. The document discusses the global adoption of Bt cotton and experiences in different countries, including issues that arose for farmers in Indonesia.
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1. Source:- K. R. Kranthi, Ph.D, FNAAS, Director, Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur
Dr. Pavan J Kundur
M.Sc., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
Department of
Biotechnology
P C Jabin Science College
Hubballi, Karnataka, India
Bt Cotton
2. What is Bt-cotton?
Bt cotton is genetically modified cotton crop that expresses an
insecticidal protein whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium
called Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly referred as Bt.
Many subspecies of B.thuringiensis are found in soils and are in general
known to be toxic to various genera of insects but safe to other living
organisms.
Bt was first discovered by a Japanese scientist Ishiwata in the year 1901.
Bt has been used as an insecticide for control of stored grain pests since
1938 in France and from 1961 as a registered pesticide in the USA
later in many other countries including India as sprays in cotton IPM
programs to control insects.
Marketed by Monsanto, USA
3. Bt toxins thus have several decades of proven selective toxicity to insect
pests and with established safety record to non-target animals.
Currently there are 67 recognized subspecies of B. thuringiensis most of
which produce spores and insecticidal proteins.
The Bt gene cry1Ac was used to develop the first Bt-cotton variety.
The gene was transferred into the genome of cotton explants (tissue
pieces) using a bacterium called Agrobacterium tumefasciens.
The transformed cells were developed into a full GM plant now called Bt-
cotton.
In general, Cry1Ac toxins are highly specific to insects at species level, and
are not known to cause any harm to non-target species such as fish, birds,
farm animals and human beings.
4. Currently, Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and Cry1C have been approved for
commercial cultivation in India.
Bt cotton hybrids available in India are derived from technologies
developed by Monsanto
Dow Agro sciences are conducting field trials with Cry1Ac +
Cry1F and Bayer is introducing Cry1Ab + Cry2Ae.
There were 1128 Bt-cotton hybrids in 2012, developed by 40 seed
companies, available in the Indian markets.
5. Why do we need Bt-cotton?
a) Cotton is a long duration crop and is attacked by large number of insect
pests throughout its growth and development.
b) The three bollworms, American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, Pink
bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella and the Spotted bollworms, Earias vittella
and Earias insulana are major pests and cause serious threat to cotton
production resulting in significant yield losses.
c) About 9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs 747 crores were used only for
bollworm control 2011
d) insecticide quantity applied on cotton was the highest
6. e) Bollworms are hidden feeders and generally do not come into
direct contact with insecticide sprays.
f) 50.0% of all insecticides in India were being unsuccessfully used for
cotton pest control, until the year 2001, before Bt cotton was
introduced.
G) Resistant sources are unavailable in the germplasm and resistance
breeding
has been unsuccessful.
8. How does Bt-cotton kill insects?
1. Ingestion
2. Solublization & proteolytic activation
3. Binding to target site
4. Formation of toxic lesions
9. Structure of Cry protein
Cry6Aa
Source :- Wikipedia
Domain I
•7 α-helix
•Helps in membrane insertion
Domain II
•β-prism of 3 antiparallel β-sheets
•Helps in receptor recognition
Domain III
• β-sandwich of antiparallel β -
sheeets
10. Dr. Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
Department of Entomology and Plant
Pathology
The University of Tennessee
2431 Joe Johnson Drive
205 Ellington Plant Sciences Building
Knoxville, TN, 37996
Tel: (865) 974-5931
jurat@utk.edu
How Cry
protein
works?
11. ingestion of the Cry protein by a susceptible insect, solubilization, and
procesing from a protoxin to an activated toxin core in the insect
digestive fluid.
The toxin core travels across the peritrophic matrix and binds to specific
receptors called cadherins on the brush border membrane of the gut
cells.
Toxin binding to cadherin proteins results in activation of an oncotic cell
death pathway and/or formation of toxin oligomers that bind to GPI-
anchored proteins and concentrate on regions of the cell membrane
called lipid rafts. * Glycosyl phosphate dylinositol
Accumulation of toxin oligomers results in toxin insertion in the
membrane, pore formation, osmotic cell shock, and ultimately insect
death.
12. Advantages of Bt-cotton
• Yield superiority
• More profit
• Lesser need of pesticide
• Better quality
• Suitability for early sowing
Disadvantages
• Higher cost of seeds
• Higher fertilizer and irrigation cost
• Higher harvest cost
13. Bt cotton in India
• India is the largest cotton producer and consumer country after China.
• In 2002 Bt cotton was introduced in India.
• India has the largest hectarage of cotton and accounts for
approximately one third of the total cotton are planted in the world.
• For 11th year Bt cotton was planted in India in10.8 mil hectares .
• Decline in insecticide use was from US$160 million in 2004 to US$25 million
in 2010 –an 85% decrease
• Cotton yield increased from 308kg/ha in 2001-02 to 500kg/ha in 2011-12.
14.
15. How many Bt-hybrids are available in India?
The Bt-cotton technology was first approved in 2002 by the GEAC for
commercial cultivation in central and south Indian cotton–growing zones in
India in the form of three hybrids
(MECH-12, MECH-162, and MECH-184)
By the end of July 2008, the total number of Bt-hybrids increased to 283.
By August 2009 the number increased to 564 Bt-hybrids and one Bt-variety.
By August 2010 the total number of Bt-hybrids increased to 809
By May 2012 there were 1128 Bt cotton hybrids available in the market.
16. Govt keeps Bt cotton price unchanged at Rs 730 per packet for 2020-21;
scraps royalty fee to Bayer
Bayer, which in June 2018 completed the USD 63-billion deal to acquire
Monsanto, has expressed disappointment over doing away with trait value or
royalty altogether. According to a government notification, the maximum sale
price for Bollgard-II (BG-II) cotton seed for 2020-21 has been fixed at Rs 730
per packet of 450 gm. The seed value is Rs 730 and trait value zero.
Read more at:
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-
fertilisers/govt-keeps-bt-cotton-price-unchanged-at-rs-730-per-packet-for-
2020-21-scraps-royalty-fee-to-
bayer/articleshow/74827836.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium
=text&utm_campaign=cppst
17. Reference
• Aronson, A. (2002). Sporulation and δ-endotoxin synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis. Cellular and
Molecular Life
Sciences CMLS, 59(3), 417-425.
• Bravo A., Gill S. S., & Soberon M. (2007). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins
and their
potential for insect control. Toxicon, 49(4), 423-435.
• Dulmage, H.T. (1981) Insecticidal activity of isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis and their potential for pest
control. In
Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-80 (Burgess, H.D., ed.). New York, NY: Academic
Press, pp.
193-222.
• English, L. and Slatin, S.L. (1992) Mode of action of deltaendotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis: a
comparison with
other bacterial toxins. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 22, 1-7.
• Perlak, F.J., Deaton, R.W., Armstrong, T.A., Fuchs, R.L., Sims, S.R., Greenplate, J.T. and Fischhoff, D.A.
(1990)
Insect resistant cotton plants. Bio/Technol. 8, 939-943