This was created using a template from Canva. This was also created by students when they were asked to report for a specific topic namely "Atomic and Nuclear Physics." This can serve as a reviewer for students who want to study about this topic.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
PAPERS
1
FOLLOWERS
575
Follow
RELATED PAPERS
Important question answers Information Technology Act, 2000
Suvo Chatterjee
Download
More Options
IT ACT 2000 – PENALTIES, OFFENCES WITH CASE STUDIES From
aru mugam
Download
More Options
Information Technology
trinisha chakroborty
Download
More Options
OVERVIEW OF CYBER LAWS IN INDIA Index
aneesh tvm
Download
More Options
Critical analysis of proposed cyber Crime Bill 2015
Shahid Jamal T U B R A Z Y Cyber Lawyer
Download
More Options
Final Cyber Cri
Prashant Dabhade
Download
More Options
Cyber Laws in India
Vikas Khatkar
Download
More Options
Commentary on THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000
Rohas Nagpal
Download
More Options
INTRODUCTION TO THE ACT 2. NEED AND OBJECTIVES 3 ROLE OF IT IN ECOMMERCE 4 CYBER CRIME 5 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 6 E-GOVERNANCE
keshav agarwal
Download
More Options
NON BAILABLE OFFENCES( Cyber Crimes) UNDER The IT Act, 2000 (Cyber Law)
Adv Prashant Mali, Ph.D.
Download
More Options
P a g e Fundamentals of Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal Asian School of Cyber Laws
vijay onlinesangli
Download
More Options
SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP ON DETECTION OF CYBER CRIME AND INVESTIGATION Presented by
chayapathi A R
Download
More Options
Cyber Crime Investigation and Trial Procedure in Bangladesh: Comparison with India
Thohedul Islam Talukdar
Down
This document summarizes a lecture on the inadequacies of classical mechanics and the introduction of quantum mechanics. It discusses how classical mechanics could not explain blackbody radiation spectra, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, or the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Quantum mechanics was introduced to account for these experimental observations, including the concept of photons and quantized energy levels in atoms like the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. The document also discusses the wave-particle duality of light and how it exhibits both wave and particle properties depending on the situation.
This document discusses the development of quantum mechanics. It summarizes that classical physics could not explain certain experimental observations, leading to quantum theory. Key events were Planck's blackbody radiation law, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using light quanta (photons), and Compton's discovery that photons transfer momentum to electrons. The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as particles (photons), while the de Broglie hypothesis and Davisson-Germer experiment showed that electrons can behave as waves. This established the wave-particle duality of both light and matter.
Chemistry Basic understanding for LIKE WHAT?ArafathIslam4
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made of indivisible atoms and that atoms of different elements have different masses. However, later discoveries showed limitations of this theory. Atoms were found to be divisible into subatomic particles and isotopes of the same element can have different masses. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus, like planets around the sun. However, this model could not explain the stability of atoms and quantum theory was needed to fully explain atomic structure.
This document provides an overview of radioactivity and nuclear reactions. It discusses the structure of the atom and nucleus, the three types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma), radioactive decay, half-life, and methods for detecting radioactivity like cloud chambers, bubble chambers, electroscopes, and Geiger counters. Radioactive dating methods that use isotopes like carbon-14 and uranium are also summarized.
This chapter discusses the evolution of atomic models and the arrangement of electrons in atoms. It covers difficult concepts such as electrons occupying specific energy levels and orbitals. Students are advised to do all assigned homework and bring their textbook to class to fully understand these abstract ideas. Key models discussed include the Rutherford model, the planetary model, Bohr's model linking electrons and photon emission, and the modern quantum mechanical model based on probability.
This document discusses the structure of the atom and various atomic models throughout history. It describes J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model, and how Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the atom's mass and positive charge must be concentrated in a small nucleus. Later, Planck's quantum theory and the photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as quantized packets of energy called photons. This led to developments like the dual wave-particle nature of matter and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
RADIOACTIVITY
Atomic theory
In chemistry and physics, the atomic theory explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time. Atoms were once thought to be the smallest pieces of matter.
The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
Democritus' atomic theory
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
PAPERS
1
FOLLOWERS
575
Follow
RELATED PAPERS
Important question answers Information Technology Act, 2000
Suvo Chatterjee
Download
More Options
IT ACT 2000 – PENALTIES, OFFENCES WITH CASE STUDIES From
aru mugam
Download
More Options
Information Technology
trinisha chakroborty
Download
More Options
OVERVIEW OF CYBER LAWS IN INDIA Index
aneesh tvm
Download
More Options
Critical analysis of proposed cyber Crime Bill 2015
Shahid Jamal T U B R A Z Y Cyber Lawyer
Download
More Options
Final Cyber Cri
Prashant Dabhade
Download
More Options
Cyber Laws in India
Vikas Khatkar
Download
More Options
Commentary on THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000
Rohas Nagpal
Download
More Options
INTRODUCTION TO THE ACT 2. NEED AND OBJECTIVES 3 ROLE OF IT IN ECOMMERCE 4 CYBER CRIME 5 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 6 E-GOVERNANCE
keshav agarwal
Download
More Options
NON BAILABLE OFFENCES( Cyber Crimes) UNDER The IT Act, 2000 (Cyber Law)
Adv Prashant Mali, Ph.D.
Download
More Options
P a g e Fundamentals of Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal Asian School of Cyber Laws
vijay onlinesangli
Download
More Options
SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP ON DETECTION OF CYBER CRIME AND INVESTIGATION Presented by
chayapathi A R
Download
More Options
Cyber Crime Investigation and Trial Procedure in Bangladesh: Comparison with India
Thohedul Islam Talukdar
Down
This document summarizes a lecture on the inadequacies of classical mechanics and the introduction of quantum mechanics. It discusses how classical mechanics could not explain blackbody radiation spectra, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, or the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Quantum mechanics was introduced to account for these experimental observations, including the concept of photons and quantized energy levels in atoms like the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. The document also discusses the wave-particle duality of light and how it exhibits both wave and particle properties depending on the situation.
This document discusses the development of quantum mechanics. It summarizes that classical physics could not explain certain experimental observations, leading to quantum theory. Key events were Planck's blackbody radiation law, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using light quanta (photons), and Compton's discovery that photons transfer momentum to electrons. The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as particles (photons), while the de Broglie hypothesis and Davisson-Germer experiment showed that electrons can behave as waves. This established the wave-particle duality of both light and matter.
Chemistry Basic understanding for LIKE WHAT?ArafathIslam4
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made of indivisible atoms and that atoms of different elements have different masses. However, later discoveries showed limitations of this theory. Atoms were found to be divisible into subatomic particles and isotopes of the same element can have different masses. Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus, like planets around the sun. However, this model could not explain the stability of atoms and quantum theory was needed to fully explain atomic structure.
This document provides an overview of radioactivity and nuclear reactions. It discusses the structure of the atom and nucleus, the three types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma), radioactive decay, half-life, and methods for detecting radioactivity like cloud chambers, bubble chambers, electroscopes, and Geiger counters. Radioactive dating methods that use isotopes like carbon-14 and uranium are also summarized.
This chapter discusses the evolution of atomic models and the arrangement of electrons in atoms. It covers difficult concepts such as electrons occupying specific energy levels and orbitals. Students are advised to do all assigned homework and bring their textbook to class to fully understand these abstract ideas. Key models discussed include the Rutherford model, the planetary model, Bohr's model linking electrons and photon emission, and the modern quantum mechanical model based on probability.
This document discusses the structure of the atom and various atomic models throughout history. It describes J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model, and how Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the atom's mass and positive charge must be concentrated in a small nucleus. Later, Planck's quantum theory and the photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as quantized packets of energy called photons. This led to developments like the dual wave-particle nature of matter and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
RADIOACTIVITY
Atomic theory
In chemistry and physics, the atomic theory explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time. Atoms were once thought to be the smallest pieces of matter.
The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
Democritus' atomic theory
Neutrinos are elementary particles that have no electric charge and interact very weakly with matter. There are three types of neutrinos related to electrons, muons, and tau particles. Neutrinos are abundantly produced in nature by the sun, stars, and nuclear reactions. They pass through the body without interacting but can be detected underground using large detectors composed of layers of iron and detectors that observe the curvature of charged particles produced during neutrino interactions, revealing information about the neutrinos' energy. The INO laboratory under construction in India will also study neutrinos.
The document provides an overview of the history of radiation and basic concepts related to radiation. It discusses how radiation was discovered in the late 19th century by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and Curies. It then describes the atomic models developed by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr to explain the structure of atoms and different types of radiation. Finally, it discusses different types of radiation, dose quantities measured by dosimeters, and commonly used personal dosimeters like TLD badges and film badges.
Ernst Goldstein discovered positive rays (protons) in 1886 by passing cathode rays through a perforated cathode. Positive rays were produced and carried a positive charge. J.J. Thomson later determined the e/m ratio of protons depends on the gas used, with hydrogen giving the maximum ratio and identifying the lightest particle as the proton. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. The neutron was later found to be neutral and able to induce nuclear reactions. Rutherford proposed atoms consisted of electrons and protons in 1911 based on alpha scattering experiments, but the planetary model was defective as it did not explain the stability of electron orbits.
In your previous class you have already studies about the structure of an atom but some of the exception you can learn here in this chapter how the structure of an atom is fully defined
Radiography uses x-rays to generate images of the internal structures of objects. X-rays are generated using an x-ray tube, which accelerates electrons toward a metal target. When the electrons collide with the target, x-rays are produced. These x-rays are used to expose radiographic film, creating a latent image. The film is then developed using chemical processes similar to photographic film development, making the latent image visible. The visible image reveals the internal structures and densities of the object in a manner similar to shadows.
1) Experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the electron as a negatively charged fundamental particle.
2) Further experiments showed that atoms are mostly empty space and contain a small, dense nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.
3) The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as a particle (photon) rather than just a wave, transferring its energy in discrete quantized amounts to electrons and ejecting them from metal surfaces.
This document provides an overview of nuclear medicine and radiology concepts. It discusses atomic and nuclear structure, radioactive decay processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay, and how radiation interacts with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. It also describes common radiation detectors like gas-filled detectors and scintillation detectors. Finally, it summarizes several nuclear medicine imaging systems like planar imaging with gamma cameras and emission computed tomography with SPECT and PET.
The document discusses the structure of atoms and subatomic particles. It describes atoms as being made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells. The document also discusses atomic models, radioactive decay, nuclear fission and fusion as sources of energy. Radiation can be useful in some applications but also poses health risks in large amounts.
An atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the number of protons determines the element. Atoms can undergo radioactive decay through processes like alpha decay (emitting helium nuclei), beta decay (emitting electrons or positrons), or gamma ray emission. Einstein's equation E=mc2 shows that a small amount of mass can be converted into a large amount of energy through nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light. It describes early theories that light was either a wave (wave theory) or particle (particle theory). Later, Max Planck proposed that light has both wave-like and particle-like properties, exhibiting wave-like interference and diffraction patterns but also behaving as discrete packets of energy (photons) when interacting with matter. Albert Einstein further developed this idea by hypothesizing that the photoelectric effect was caused by photons of light energizing electrons. The double slit experiment also demonstrates light's dual nature by showing it can form interference patterns like a wave even when passing through the slits one photon at a time.
This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light. It describes early theories that light was either a wave (wave theory) or particle (particle theory). Later, Max Planck and Albert Einstein provided evidence that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photoelectric effect and double slit experiment showed that light behaves as particles in some cases and waves in others, demonstrating its dual nature.
This document provides an introduction to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses goals of learning about the physics of radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and their applications. It also covers hazards and safety mechanisms. Examples discussed include observing particle trails in a cloud chamber, the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and how intensity of radiation follows the inverse square law.
7.1 Atomic, nuclear and particle physicsPaula Mills
This document discusses atomic, nuclear and particle physics concepts including:
- Atomic energy levels and line spectra which provide evidence that electrons can only have certain discrete energy values within an atom.
- The Bohr model of the atom which assumed quantized electron energy levels and explained hydrogen atom spectra.
- Nuclear structure including mass number, nucleons, atomic number, isotopes, and interactions within the nucleus.
- Three types of nuclear radiation - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - and how they differ in their ionizing properties and penetration abilities due to their mass and charge.
- Nuclear stability and how heavier nuclei require more neutrons to counter the repulsive force between protons.
- Two
The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from Democritus' idea of atoms to Bohr's model. Some key points:
1. J.J. Thomson's experiments in 1897 led him to propose the "plum pudding" model where electrons were embedded in a uniform positive charge.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that the atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center.
3. Bohr modified Rutherford's model in 1913 to propose that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels, explaining atomic line spectra. When electrons fall from higher to lower orbits, photons are emitted.
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
The document discusses atomic models and nuclear physics. It provides information on:
1) Early atomic models including Dalton's billiard ball model, Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's planetary model.
2) Experiments that led to discoveries about the structure of the atom including Thomson's cathode ray tube experiment, Rutherford's gold foil experiment, and Bohr's model of electron orbits.
3) Components of the nucleus including protons, neutrons, and isotopes.
4) Types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma particles and their properties such as mass, charge, penetration and ionization.
5) Experiments that helped discover radiation and nuclear decay processes.
This document contains information about a team of 5 students and milestones in quantum physics. It discusses J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using the photon model, and key observations about the photoelectric effect that classical physics could not explain but quantum theory could.
The document discusses several topics in atomic and nuclear physics:
1) Light can be described as photons and the photoelectric effect occurs when light ejects electrons from metal surfaces.
2) Compton scattering demonstrates that X-rays lose energy when scattered, showing them to have particle-like properties.
3) X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons interact with atoms, and their wavelength depends on the electron's lost kinetic energy.
4) Light exhibits both wave and particle properties in experiments, known as wave-particle duality.
The document discusses several topics in atomic and nuclear physics:
1) Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles, known as wave-particle duality. Photons and the photoelectric effect show light acting as a particle, while experiments like interference and diffraction show its wavelike properties.
2) The Compton effect demonstrates that X-rays can lose energy when scattered by electrons, indicating X-rays act as particles. X-rays are also produced when high-energy electrons interact with atoms.
3) Atoms have distinct energy levels, and photons are emitted or absorbed when electrons transition between these levels. The energy of photons equals the energy difference of the levels.
The document discusses the evolution of atomic models from early Greek ideas to modern particle physics. Early models included plum pudding and solar system models that had problems explaining phenomena like spectra and photoelectric effect. Bohr proposed discrete electron orbits allowing quantum jumps that solved these issues. Later, particles like protons, neutrons, and quarks were discovered, leading to the standard model of subatomic particles and four fundamental forces. Modern techniques like scanning tunneling microscopes allow seeing atoms. Radioactivity and fusion reactions also involve atomic nuclei.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Neutrinos are elementary particles that have no electric charge and interact very weakly with matter. There are three types of neutrinos related to electrons, muons, and tau particles. Neutrinos are abundantly produced in nature by the sun, stars, and nuclear reactions. They pass through the body without interacting but can be detected underground using large detectors composed of layers of iron and detectors that observe the curvature of charged particles produced during neutrino interactions, revealing information about the neutrinos' energy. The INO laboratory under construction in India will also study neutrinos.
The document provides an overview of the history of radiation and basic concepts related to radiation. It discusses how radiation was discovered in the late 19th century by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and Curies. It then describes the atomic models developed by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr to explain the structure of atoms and different types of radiation. Finally, it discusses different types of radiation, dose quantities measured by dosimeters, and commonly used personal dosimeters like TLD badges and film badges.
Ernst Goldstein discovered positive rays (protons) in 1886 by passing cathode rays through a perforated cathode. Positive rays were produced and carried a positive charge. J.J. Thomson later determined the e/m ratio of protons depends on the gas used, with hydrogen giving the maximum ratio and identifying the lightest particle as the proton. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. The neutron was later found to be neutral and able to induce nuclear reactions. Rutherford proposed atoms consisted of electrons and protons in 1911 based on alpha scattering experiments, but the planetary model was defective as it did not explain the stability of electron orbits.
In your previous class you have already studies about the structure of an atom but some of the exception you can learn here in this chapter how the structure of an atom is fully defined
Radiography uses x-rays to generate images of the internal structures of objects. X-rays are generated using an x-ray tube, which accelerates electrons toward a metal target. When the electrons collide with the target, x-rays are produced. These x-rays are used to expose radiographic film, creating a latent image. The film is then developed using chemical processes similar to photographic film development, making the latent image visible. The visible image reveals the internal structures and densities of the object in a manner similar to shadows.
1) Experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the electron as a negatively charged fundamental particle.
2) Further experiments showed that atoms are mostly empty space and contain a small, dense nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.
3) The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as a particle (photon) rather than just a wave, transferring its energy in discrete quantized amounts to electrons and ejecting them from metal surfaces.
This document provides an overview of nuclear medicine and radiology concepts. It discusses atomic and nuclear structure, radioactive decay processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay, and how radiation interacts with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. It also describes common radiation detectors like gas-filled detectors and scintillation detectors. Finally, it summarizes several nuclear medicine imaging systems like planar imaging with gamma cameras and emission computed tomography with SPECT and PET.
The document discusses the structure of atoms and subatomic particles. It describes atoms as being made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells. The document also discusses atomic models, radioactive decay, nuclear fission and fusion as sources of energy. Radiation can be useful in some applications but also poses health risks in large amounts.
An atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the number of protons determines the element. Atoms can undergo radioactive decay through processes like alpha decay (emitting helium nuclei), beta decay (emitting electrons or positrons), or gamma ray emission. Einstein's equation E=mc2 shows that a small amount of mass can be converted into a large amount of energy through nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light. It describes early theories that light was either a wave (wave theory) or particle (particle theory). Later, Max Planck proposed that light has both wave-like and particle-like properties, exhibiting wave-like interference and diffraction patterns but also behaving as discrete packets of energy (photons) when interacting with matter. Albert Einstein further developed this idea by hypothesizing that the photoelectric effect was caused by photons of light energizing electrons. The double slit experiment also demonstrates light's dual nature by showing it can form interference patterns like a wave even when passing through the slits one photon at a time.
This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light. It describes early theories that light was either a wave (wave theory) or particle (particle theory). Later, Max Planck and Albert Einstein provided evidence that light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photoelectric effect and double slit experiment showed that light behaves as particles in some cases and waves in others, demonstrating its dual nature.
This document provides an introduction to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses goals of learning about the physics of radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and their applications. It also covers hazards and safety mechanisms. Examples discussed include observing particle trails in a cloud chamber, the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and how intensity of radiation follows the inverse square law.
7.1 Atomic, nuclear and particle physicsPaula Mills
This document discusses atomic, nuclear and particle physics concepts including:
- Atomic energy levels and line spectra which provide evidence that electrons can only have certain discrete energy values within an atom.
- The Bohr model of the atom which assumed quantized electron energy levels and explained hydrogen atom spectra.
- Nuclear structure including mass number, nucleons, atomic number, isotopes, and interactions within the nucleus.
- Three types of nuclear radiation - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - and how they differ in their ionizing properties and penetration abilities due to their mass and charge.
- Nuclear stability and how heavier nuclei require more neutrons to counter the repulsive force between protons.
- Two
The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from Democritus' idea of atoms to Bohr's model. Some key points:
1. J.J. Thomson's experiments in 1897 led him to propose the "plum pudding" model where electrons were embedded in a uniform positive charge.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that the atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center.
3. Bohr modified Rutherford's model in 1913 to propose that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels, explaining atomic line spectra. When electrons fall from higher to lower orbits, photons are emitted.
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
The document discusses atomic models and nuclear physics. It provides information on:
1) Early atomic models including Dalton's billiard ball model, Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's planetary model.
2) Experiments that led to discoveries about the structure of the atom including Thomson's cathode ray tube experiment, Rutherford's gold foil experiment, and Bohr's model of electron orbits.
3) Components of the nucleus including protons, neutrons, and isotopes.
4) Types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma particles and their properties such as mass, charge, penetration and ionization.
5) Experiments that helped discover radiation and nuclear decay processes.
This document contains information about a team of 5 students and milestones in quantum physics. It discusses J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using the photon model, and key observations about the photoelectric effect that classical physics could not explain but quantum theory could.
The document discusses several topics in atomic and nuclear physics:
1) Light can be described as photons and the photoelectric effect occurs when light ejects electrons from metal surfaces.
2) Compton scattering demonstrates that X-rays lose energy when scattered, showing them to have particle-like properties.
3) X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons interact with atoms, and their wavelength depends on the electron's lost kinetic energy.
4) Light exhibits both wave and particle properties in experiments, known as wave-particle duality.
The document discusses several topics in atomic and nuclear physics:
1) Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles, known as wave-particle duality. Photons and the photoelectric effect show light acting as a particle, while experiments like interference and diffraction show its wavelike properties.
2) The Compton effect demonstrates that X-rays can lose energy when scattered by electrons, indicating X-rays act as particles. X-rays are also produced when high-energy electrons interact with atoms.
3) Atoms have distinct energy levels, and photons are emitted or absorbed when electrons transition between these levels. The energy of photons equals the energy difference of the levels.
The document discusses the evolution of atomic models from early Greek ideas to modern particle physics. Early models included plum pudding and solar system models that had problems explaining phenomena like spectra and photoelectric effect. Bohr proposed discrete electron orbits allowing quantum jumps that solved these issues. Later, particles like protons, neutrons, and quarks were discovered, leading to the standard model of subatomic particles and four fundamental forces. Modern techniques like scanning tunneling microscopes allow seeing atoms. Radioactivity and fusion reactions also involve atomic nuclei.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. M a x
P l a n c k
-a German Physicist
-made a bold step towards a
new understanding of the
nature of light
3. - tiny particles (not possible to see
through the naked eye)
-everything that exists on the universe
is made up of atoms
-it is made up of even smaller particles
called "subatomic particles"
-consists of a central nucleus (protons
and neutrons)
Atomic
Physics
4. -Protons are positively charged and neutrons
have no charge (neutral) which makes the
nucleus an overall positive charge
-if the Sun has planets orbiting it, the nucleus
has electrons orbiting it (which are negatively
charged)
-because nucleus is positively-charged and
electrons are negatively charged, they are
ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER
Atomic
Physics
7. Atomic Spectra
When atoms are excited, they emit light
of certain wavelengths which correspond
to different colors. Each element has a
specific pattern like a barcode.
The emitted light can be observed as a series of colored lines with
dark spaces in between; this series of colored lines is called atomic
spectra.
If we see a planet passing in front of its star, some of that starlight
is absorbed in a very specific pattern called "atomic absorption
spectrum."
9. 2 Kinds of
Atomic
Spectra
Absorption Spectra - light source
is behind a gas and the gas
absorbs and scatters certain
wavelengths of light leaving dark
lines in the spectrum
1.
17. - one confusing thing about
quantum physics is how to picture
an electron
-it seems to be a wave until you
measure it and then it is a particle
Quantum
Physics
21. -apart from huge explosions,
radiation also applies to rainbows
and a doctor examining an x-ray
-energy that travels and spreads out
-has electric field and magnetic field
associated with it
Radiation
34. -Radioactive atoms want to
become stable again so they
release energy until they get
back to a balanced state. This
process is known as
radioactive decay.
Radioactivity
35. 3 Main
Types of
Radiation
Alpha Particles - made up of
two protons and two
neutrons which is exactly the
same as the nucleus of a
helium atom. These particles
don't have any electrons so
they have an overall charge
of 2 + from those two positive
protons.
1.
36. 3 Main
Types of
Radiation
2. Beta Particles - just electrons.
They have a charge of minus 1 and
has no mass. Weird thing about an
electron is that it came from a
nucleus that decays into a proton
and electron.
37. 3 Main
Types of
Radiation
3. Gamma Rays - are not
particles; they are waves of
EMR. They have very short
wavelengths and travel with
the speed of light.