The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization. It discusses the following key points:
1. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern day Pakistan and northwest India. Mohenjo-Daro was a major city of the civilization.
2. Mohenjo-Daro was discovered in 1922 and large scale excavations in the 1930s revealed details of the city including its planned layout with streets intersecting at right angles.
3. The civilization had advanced features such as developed systems of sanitation, drainage, and hygiene. Houses and other buildings were made from burnt bricks. Occupations included agriculture, domestication
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization including its major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Some key details include:
- The civilization flourished from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major cities included Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
- Mohenjo-Daro, meaning "mound of the dead," was one of the world's earliest major cities and was discovered in the 1920s in Pakistan. Major excavations in the 1930s revealed aspects of urban planning and infrastructure.
- Harappa was the first site discovered in 1921. Over 1,400 Harappan sites have
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 3300 BC to 1700 BC. It was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and urban planning including organized streets and drainage systems. The Harappan people engaged in agriculture, domesticated animals, developed trade networks, and had a literate society with skilled artisans. At its peak, the Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization:
(1) It developed over 5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley and extended throughout parts of modern day Pakistan and North India. (2) Important sites include Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Dholavira, which had well-planned cities with drainage systems and baked brick homes. (3) The civilization began declining around 1900 BCE possibly due to environmental factors like drought or flooding.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Northwestern India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Its two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featured planned streets laid out in grids, sophisticated sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Residents lived in well-built homes and engaged in extensive trade. Though the civilization declined between 1900-1300 BCE for unknown reasons, it was an early urban society that developed significant achievements in urban planning, crafts, and infrastructure.
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia.
It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
It was named after the city of Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were important centers.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization including its major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Some key details include:
- The civilization flourished from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major cities included Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
- Mohenjo-Daro, meaning "mound of the dead," was one of the world's earliest major cities and was discovered in the 1920s in Pakistan. Major excavations in the 1930s revealed aspects of urban planning and infrastructure.
- Harappa was the first site discovered in 1921. Over 1,400 Harappan sites have
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 3300 BC to 1700 BC. It was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and urban planning including organized streets and drainage systems. The Harappan people engaged in agriculture, domesticated animals, developed trade networks, and had a literate society with skilled artisans. At its peak, the Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization:
(1) It developed over 5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley and extended throughout parts of modern day Pakistan and North India. (2) Important sites include Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Dholavira, which had well-planned cities with drainage systems and baked brick homes. (3) The civilization began declining around 1900 BCE possibly due to environmental factors like drought or flooding.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Northwestern India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Its two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featured planned streets laid out in grids, sophisticated sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Residents lived in well-built homes and engaged in extensive trade. Though the civilization declined between 1900-1300 BCE for unknown reasons, it was an early urban society that developed significant achievements in urban planning, crafts, and infrastructure.
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia.
It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
It was named after the city of Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were important centers.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It included over 1,000 settlements of varying size, from small villages to large cities. Notable cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and infrastructure like planned streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization developed an urbanized culture and trade networks but suddenly declined around 1300 BCE for unknown reasons. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley Civilization, it was one of the most developed ancient civilizations.
The Vedic period in India began around 1500 BCE when Indo-European speaking people known as the Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent from Central Asia. They settled along the Indus and Gangetic plains and their culture is defined by the Vedic texts they produced including the Rig Veda. The Aryans practiced cattle herding and their society was divided into two periods - the Early Vedic period from 1500-1000 BCE and the later Vedic period from 1000-500 BCE. Major cities developed during this time along the Indus and Ganges rivers and Vedic culture and religion became dominant in North India.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. It was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with gridded streets and advanced architecture. The civilization's economy was based on agriculture and trade. Religiously, they worshipped bull and other animal gods. The Indus Valley people developed sophisticated techniques in metallurgy, craft-making, town planning, and sanitation systems.
The document provides a history of cities in ancient India, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization from 3000 BC. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with organized streets and drainage systems. During the Vedic period after 1500 BC, Aryan invaders established villages with thatch huts. Ancient texts like Sthapatya Veda and Vaastu Shastras provided guidance on city planning principles. Under the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BC, the capital Patliputra was laid out on a grid plan with defensive walls and infrastructure.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets, private houses, drainage systems, and a granary. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban society, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban culture, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or conflicts with invading groups.
INDUS VALLEY and its historic background.pptAliAzharRajput
1. The Indus River Valley Civilization consisted of two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which were centrally planned with fortresses, a grid layout, and advanced infrastructure like baked brick homes, water and sewage systems, and granaries.
2. Both cities displayed a uniform culture and advanced architecture, agriculture, crafts and trade networks, though the language remains undeciphered, suggesting a highly organized society and economy.
3. The civilization began declining around 1750 BCE due to environmental factors, and was ultimately replaced by Aryan groups entering the region by 1500 BCE.
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
Asian studies; Ancient India, Indian Civilization, Indus Valley CivilizationJaymie Lopez
The document provides details about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization that existed from 3300-1300 BCE in modern day India and Pakistan. Some key points:
1) The civilization developed along the Indus River valley and its cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had advanced urban planning with drainage systems.
2) The culture is still mysterious as its writing remains undeciphered. Artifacts show an emphasis on trade, religion, and advanced agriculture including early cotton cultivation.
3) The civilization declined around 1900 BCE possibly due to drought or invasion, though the exact causes are uncertain. Immigrating Aryan groups may have contributed to its collapse and cultural transformation in northern India.
Contains basic knowledge about The Indus Valley Civilization, Mohen-Jo-Daro, Harappa, Art, Culture, Living, Sanitation, Proper Architecture. Hope you like it .
The Indus Valley Civilization had advanced architectural features for its time. Cities were carefully planned with broad streets intersecting at right angles, and divided into blocks. Houses were built with standardized bricks around a courtyard, while public buildings including baths were larger. An advanced drainage system and water supply helped maintain sanitation.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed around cities along the Indus River valley between 3300-1300 BCE. Two major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, buildings, roads, sewage systems, and an advanced drainage system. Mohenjo-Daro, one of the largest cities, was divided into the citadel area for public buildings and the lower city for homes. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE due to unknown reasons like flooding or invasion.
This document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It flourished around 4000-1000 BCE along the Indus River valley. Key traits included the development of large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks connecting it to other regions. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for currently unknown reasons, but its roots stretch back even earlier and influenced later cultures in the region.
Mohen jo Daro Indus valley by ALI HYDER GADHI BALOCH ALI HYDER GADHI
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The people developed sophisticated urban planning with standardized brick buildings, roads, and drainage systems. They traded extensively and produced crafts such as pottery, seals, toys, and jewelry. The civilization declined around 1900 BC for unknown reasons but left lasting cultural influences.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban cultures in South Asia, flourishing around 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had sophisticated sewage and water systems including covered drains and wells. The cities followed a grid pattern and many homes had bathing areas. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE for unknown reasons but left lasting impacts on the region.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks. While its writing remains undeciphered, artifacts indicate it may have been an advanced civilization. Around 1500 BC, ecological disasters and Aryan migrations contributed to the decline and deurbanization of the Indus Valley civilization.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had advanced architecture with standardized brick sizes and street layouts, as well as water and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade of materials like copper, bronze and ivory. Though no religious buildings have been found, seals depict gods and evidence suggests religions like Hinduism and Buddhism. The Indus people developed innovative techniques in metallurgy, craft-making, and agriculture along the Indus River.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 30,000 people and featured planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and had a mature urban planning. While the decline of this civilization remains unclear, it may have been due to floods, earthquakes, or disease.
The document provides information on architecture in the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes how Harappan cities had elaborate drainage systems and were divided into planned sections with streets intersecting at right angles. Houses were made of baked bricks and had rooms surrounding a courtyard, while public buildings included granaries and a Great Bath. The cities also featured engineered structures like dockyards. Town planning innovations seen at Lothal included its division into sections and houses with entryways onto main streets.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
various types of light source that can be used in interior space BY SAKSHI.pdfsakshivaswani2
This presentation explores different light sources for interior spaces, including natural light, LED lighting, incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, halogen bulbs, and track lighting. It discusses the characteristics and uses of each type as well as smart lighting systems and principles of effective lighting design. The goal is to understand how lighting impacts ambiance and functionality in order to create visually appealing and functional interior spaces.
Plumbing works done in residential buildings include installing pipes for water supply and drainage. Common plumbing materials used are galvanized iron, PVC, CPVC, and multi-layer composite pipes. Proper plumbing is important to provide water and remove waste. Inspection chambers allow access for maintenance of underground drainage systems. Quality materials and installation are needed for a durable plumbing system.
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The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It included over 1,000 settlements of varying size, from small villages to large cities. Notable cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and infrastructure like planned streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization developed an urbanized culture and trade networks but suddenly declined around 1300 BCE for unknown reasons. While much remains unknown about the Indus Valley Civilization, it was one of the most developed ancient civilizations.
The Vedic period in India began around 1500 BCE when Indo-European speaking people known as the Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent from Central Asia. They settled along the Indus and Gangetic plains and their culture is defined by the Vedic texts they produced including the Rig Veda. The Aryans practiced cattle herding and their society was divided into two periods - the Early Vedic period from 1500-1000 BCE and the later Vedic period from 1000-500 BCE. Major cities developed during this time along the Indus and Ganges rivers and Vedic culture and religion became dominant in North India.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. It was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with gridded streets and advanced architecture. The civilization's economy was based on agriculture and trade. Religiously, they worshipped bull and other animal gods. The Indus Valley people developed sophisticated techniques in metallurgy, craft-making, town planning, and sanitation systems.
The document provides a history of cities in ancient India, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization from 3000 BC. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with organized streets and drainage systems. During the Vedic period after 1500 BC, Aryan invaders established villages with thatch huts. Ancient texts like Sthapatya Veda and Vaastu Shastras provided guidance on city planning principles. Under the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BC, the capital Patliputra was laid out on a grid plan with defensive walls and infrastructure.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets, private houses, drainage systems, and a granary. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban society, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban culture, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or conflicts with invading groups.
INDUS VALLEY and its historic background.pptAliAzharRajput
1. The Indus River Valley Civilization consisted of two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which were centrally planned with fortresses, a grid layout, and advanced infrastructure like baked brick homes, water and sewage systems, and granaries.
2. Both cities displayed a uniform culture and advanced architecture, agriculture, crafts and trade networks, though the language remains undeciphered, suggesting a highly organized society and economy.
3. The civilization began declining around 1750 BCE due to environmental factors, and was ultimately replaced by Aryan groups entering the region by 1500 BCE.
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
Asian studies; Ancient India, Indian Civilization, Indus Valley CivilizationJaymie Lopez
The document provides details about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization that existed from 3300-1300 BCE in modern day India and Pakistan. Some key points:
1) The civilization developed along the Indus River valley and its cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had advanced urban planning with drainage systems.
2) The culture is still mysterious as its writing remains undeciphered. Artifacts show an emphasis on trade, religion, and advanced agriculture including early cotton cultivation.
3) The civilization declined around 1900 BCE possibly due to drought or invasion, though the exact causes are uncertain. Immigrating Aryan groups may have contributed to its collapse and cultural transformation in northern India.
Contains basic knowledge about The Indus Valley Civilization, Mohen-Jo-Daro, Harappa, Art, Culture, Living, Sanitation, Proper Architecture. Hope you like it .
The Indus Valley Civilization had advanced architectural features for its time. Cities were carefully planned with broad streets intersecting at right angles, and divided into blocks. Houses were built with standardized bricks around a courtyard, while public buildings including baths were larger. An advanced drainage system and water supply helped maintain sanitation.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed around cities along the Indus River valley between 3300-1300 BCE. Two major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, buildings, roads, sewage systems, and an advanced drainage system. Mohenjo-Daro, one of the largest cities, was divided into the citadel area for public buildings and the lower city for homes. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE due to unknown reasons like flooding or invasion.
This document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia. It flourished around 4000-1000 BCE along the Indus River valley. Key traits included the development of large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, advanced sanitation systems, and extensive trade networks connecting it to other regions. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for currently unknown reasons, but its roots stretch back even earlier and influenced later cultures in the region.
Mohen jo Daro Indus valley by ALI HYDER GADHI BALOCH ALI HYDER GADHI
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2600-1900 BC along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities of the civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The people developed sophisticated urban planning with standardized brick buildings, roads, and drainage systems. They traded extensively and produced crafts such as pottery, seals, toys, and jewelry. The civilization declined around 1900 BC for unknown reasons but left lasting cultural influences.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban cultures in South Asia, flourishing around 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had sophisticated sewage and water systems including covered drains and wells. The cities followed a grid pattern and many homes had bathing areas. The civilization declined around 1300 BCE for unknown reasons but left lasting impacts on the region.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, wells, and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks. While its writing remains undeciphered, artifacts indicate it may have been an advanced civilization. Around 1500 BC, ecological disasters and Aryan migrations contributed to the decline and deurbanization of the Indus Valley civilization.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 4000-1000 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had advanced architecture with standardized brick sizes and street layouts, as well as water and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade of materials like copper, bronze and ivory. Though no religious buildings have been found, seals depict gods and evidence suggests religions like Hinduism and Buddhism. The Indus people developed innovative techniques in metallurgy, craft-making, and agriculture along the Indus River.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 30,000 people and featured planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and had a mature urban planning. While the decline of this civilization remains unclear, it may have been due to floods, earthquakes, or disease.
The document provides information on architecture in the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes how Harappan cities had elaborate drainage systems and were divided into planned sections with streets intersecting at right angles. Houses were made of baked bricks and had rooms surrounding a courtyard, while public buildings included granaries and a Great Bath. The cities also featured engineered structures like dockyards. Town planning innovations seen at Lothal included its division into sections and houses with entryways onto main streets.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
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Plumbing works done in residential buildings include installing pipes for water supply and drainage. Common plumbing materials used are galvanized iron, PVC, CPVC, and multi-layer composite pipes. Proper plumbing is important to provide water and remove waste. Inspection chambers allow access for maintenance of underground drainage systems. Quality materials and installation are needed for a durable plumbing system.
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Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta is created by shaping clay and then firing it, which hardens the clay into a solid structure. The word terracotta comes from the Italian translation of "baked earth". Terracotta has been used for sculptures, pottery, bricks and roofing throughout history around the world. It has properties such as durability, cost effectiveness and fire protection. Common uses of terracotta today include sculptures, roof tiles, bricks and decorative items.
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sakshi vaswani - use of teracotta in interior design.pdfsakshivaswani2
Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically brownish red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta has been used throughout history for pottery, sculpture, bricks and roofing. Some key properties of terracotta include its porous nature, durability, and ability to be customized. It is mainly produced in parts of India and has many uses including sculptures, vessels, water pipes, and roofing tiles.
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The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites. Some key points:
- The civilization developed between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major sites included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
- Mohenjo-Daro, one of the world's earliest major cities, was a well-planned urban center with structures like the Great Bath. It was discovered in 1922 and excavated in the 1920s-1930s.
- The Indus Valley people developed sophisticated urban infrastructure with standardized brick architecture, water and drainage systems, and public buildings. Their culture included trade, agriculture, craft
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Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
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Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
3. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
🠶 The Indus Valley Civilization was an
ancient civilization located in what is
Pakistan andnorthwest India today, onthe
fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its
vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in
this areadatebackapproximately to 5500
BCE.Farming settlements beganaround
4000 B C E andaround 3000 B C E there
appearedthe first signs of urbanization.B y
2600 B C E , dozensof towns andcities had
beenestablished, and between 2500 and 2000
B C E the Indus Valley Civilization was at
its peak.
4. MOHENJO DARO
Mohenjo Daro, or "Mound of theDead" is anancient Indus Valley
Civilization city that flourished between2600 and1900 B C E . I t was oneof
thefirst world andancient Indian cities. The site was discovered in the 1920s
andlies in Pakistan's Sindh province. Only ahandful of archaeologists have
excavated here, described in the introduction and illustrated essay Mohenjodaro:
A n Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis.
5. DISCOVERY AND MAJOREXCAVATIONS
🠶 Mohenjo-daro was discovered in 1922 by R. D . Banerji, an officer
of the Archaeological Survey of India, two years after major
excavations had begun at Harappa, some 590 km to the north. Large-
scale excavations were carried out at the site under the direction of
John Marshall, K . N . Dikshit, Ernest Mackay, andnumerous
other directors through the 1930s.
6. DISCOVERYOF HARAPPA
🠶 Sir John Marshall was thefirst person to use theterm‘Indus civilisation’.
The Indus or the Harappan civilisation belongsto theChalcolithic or Bronze
Age since the objects of copperandstone were found at the various sites of
this civilisation. Nearly, 1,400 Harappan sites are known so far in thesub-
continent.
🠶 They belongto early, mature andlate phasesof theHarappan culture. B u t the
numberof thesites belongingto the mature phase is limited, and of them only
half a dozen can beregarded as cities.
🠶 Some of thenoteworthy sites which havebeenexcavatedare Harappa (1921)by
Daya Ram Sahni, Mohenjodaro (1922)byR . D . Banerjee, Dholavira (1967-
68) byJ . P . Joshi and(1990-91)by R.S. Bisht, Kalibangan by D r . A .
Ghosh, Lothal (1955-63), Chanhu-daro, Banawali (1975-77), etc.
8. FEATURES
🠶 TownPlanning:The excavations of the ruins showed a remarkable skillin town planning. The main streets
and roads were set in a line, sometimes running straight for a mile, and were varying in width from 4
meters to 10 meters. Most of these roads and streets were paved with fire brunt bricks. On the either side
of the street stood houses of various sizeswhich did not protrude into the streets. The main streets
intersected at right angles, dividing the city into squares or rectangular blocks each of which was divided
length wise and cross wise by lanes. Some buildings had a lamp post and a well. There was an elaborate
drainage system which emptied into the river.
🠶 TheDrainageSystem;The Drainage System of the Indus Valley Civilization was far advanced. The drains
were covered with slabs. Water flowed from houses into the street drains. The street drains had manholes
at regular intervals. Housewives were expected to use pits in which heavier part of the rubbish will settle
down while only sewerage water was allowed to drain off. All soak pits and drains were occasionally
cleaned by workmen. Inevery house there was a well-constructed sink, and water flowed from the sink
into the underground sewers in the streets. This elaborate drainage system shows that the Indus Valley
people were fully conversant with the principles of health and sanitation.
🠶 Great Granary: Another large building in the city was the Great Granary which was made about 45
meters long and 15 meters wide. Itwas meant to store food grains. Ithad lines of circular brick platforms
for pounding grain. There were barrack like quarters for workmen. The granary also had smaller halls and
corridors
9. FEATURES
🠶 Houses:The houses were of different sizes varying from a palatial building to one with two small rooms. The houses
had a well, a bathroom, and a covered drain connected to the drain in the street. The buildings were made of burnt
bricks, which have been preserved even to this day. Sun-dried bricks were used for the foundation of the buildings
and the roofs were flat and made of wood. The special feature of the houses was that rooms were built around an
open courtyard. Some houses were double storied. Some buildings had pillared halls; some of them measured 24
square meters. Itis assumed that there also must have been palaces, temples or municipal halls.
🠶 Great Bath: One of the largest buildings was the Great Bath measuring 180 feet by 108 feet. The bathing pool, 39 feet
long, 28 feet wide and 8 feet deep was in the center of the quadrangle, surrounded with verandahs, rooms and
galleries. A flight of steps led to the pool. The pool could be filled and emptied by means of a vaulted culvert, 6 feet
and 6 inches high. The walls of the pool were made of burnt bricks laid on edge, which made the pool watertight.
The pool was filled with water from a large well, situated in the same complex. Periodic cleaning of the pool was
done by draining off the used water into a big drain. The Great Bath building had six entrances. The Great Bath
reflected the engineering genius of those ancient days.
🠶 TheAssembly Hall: An important feature of Mohen-jo-daro was its 24 square meters pillared hall. Ithad five rows of
pillars, with four pillars in each row. Kiln baked bricks were used to construct these pillars. Probably, it was the
Assembly Hall or the ruler's court. Itis said that it also housed the municipal office which had the charge of town
planning and sanitation.
10. FEATURES
🠶 Dress:From the sculptured figures it can be seen that the dress of men and women consisted of two
pieces of cloth-one resembling a dhoti, covering the lower part, and the other worn over the left
shoulder and under the right arm. Men had long hair designed differently. Women wore a fan shaped
head dress covering there hair. The discovery of a large number of spindles showed that they knew
weaving and spinning. Similarly it was concluded, by the discovery of needles and buttons, that the
people of this age knew the art of stitching.
🠶 Ornaments:Both men and women wore ornaments made of gold, silver
, copper and other metals.
Men wore necklaces, finger rings and armlets of various designs and shapes. The women wore a head
dress, ear rings, bangles, girdles, bracelets and anklets. Rich people wore expensive ornaments made
of gold while the poor had ornaments made of shell, bone or copper.
🠶 Cosmetics: The ladies of Mohen-jo-daro were not lagging behind in styles as used by the ladies of the
present day, when it came to the use of cosmetics and the attainment of beauty. Materials made of
ivory and metal for holding and applying cosmetics prove that they knew the use of face paint and
collyrium. Bronze oval mirrors, ivory combs of various shapes, even small dressing tables, have been
found at Mohen-jo-daro and other sites. Women tied the hair into a bun and used hair pins made of
ivory. Toilet jars, found at Mohen-jo-daro, show that women took interest in cosmetics.
11. FEATURES
🠶 Furnitureand Utensils:The furniture and utensils found at Mohen-jo-daro show a high degree of
civilization because of their variety in kind and design. The beautifully painted pottery, numerous
vessels for the kitchen, chairs and beds made of wood, lamps of different material, toys for children,
marbles, balls and dice, indicate what people manufactured in those days.
Conveyance A copper specimen found at Harappa resembles the modern Ekka (cart) with a top-
cover. Bullock carts with or without the roof was the chief means of conveyance.
Amusementsand Recreation:The Indus Valley people liked more of indoor games than outdoor
amusements. They were fond of gambling and playing dice. Dancing and singing were considered
great arts. Boys played with toys made of terracotta, while girls played with dolls.
🠶 Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation of the Indus Valley people. Crops such as wheat,
barley, peas and bananas were raised. In the olden days, there was enough rain in that region and
occasional floods brought a great deal of fertile soil to the area. People used to plough the land with
wooden ploughshares drawn by men and oxen. From the existence of granaries it is concluded that
there were surplus food-grains.
12. FEATURES
🠶 Food:Specimens of wheat and barley show that they were cultivated in that region. Rice was also
probably grown. There is evidence to show that date palms were grown in the area. Besides these, the
diet of the people consisted of fruits, vegetables, fish, milk and meat of animals i.e. beef, mutton and
poultry.
🠶 DomesticationofAnimals:The people of Harappa domesticated animals like oxen, buffaloes, pigs,
goats and sheep. Camels and asses were used as means of transport. Dogs and cats were kept as
pets. The humped bull was considered a great asset in the farming community. Crafts The discovery of
spindles at the sites of Harappan culture shows that the people used to spin and weave. Goldsmiths
made jewellery of gold, silver and precious stones. People were also engaged in brick-laying and in the
art of sculpture. The making of seals was developed during this period. Bronze-smiths made various
types of weapons and tools such as knives, spears, saws and axes which were used in daily life.
🠶 Trade:Traders carried on trade in the country as well as with other countries like Egypt, Babylon and
Afghanistan. Many seals of Harappa found in Mesopotamia show that trade existed between the two
countries. The seals were made of terracotta and were used by merchants to stamp their goods.
The people of the Indus Valley used weights and measures in their business transactions. They used 16
and its multiplies: 64,160 and 320, in measurement and weight.
17. The great bath
🠶 The most interesting structure of this metropolis of Mohenjo-daro
isthe Great Bath which isabout 55 meters long and 33 meters
wide.
🠶 It is found to contain a large, open space at the centre and
galleries, rooms lie on all sides.
🠶 In the central space, there was the provision of a large swimming
enclosure, having the measurements of 12 meters long, 7 meters
wide and 24 meters deep.
🠶 The water was discharged probably by a huge drain with a cor-
belled roof more than 1.8 meters in height.
🠶 The strength and durability of the constructions of Great Bath of
Mohenjo-daro were superb as they could withstand the ravages
of five thousand years.
18. Grannary
🠶 Built on top of a tapered brick platform, this building had a
solid brick foundation that extended for 50 meters east
west and 27 meters north south. The foundation was
divided into 27 square and rectangular blocks by narrow
passageways, two running east west and eight running
north south. A section of the northern foundation had
hollow sockets for wooden beams used to support a
stairway or wooden structure. Later wells and walls are seen
in the foreground.
32. A Brief Introduction
The Gupta dynasty was founded by Srigupta.
Timeline of Gupta empire is about (319-550AD).
The main rulers of this dynastywereSamudraguptaand Chandragupta-II (Vikramaditya).
The Gupta era is also known as golden era in Indian history. ( Art, Architecture, Litrature,
Culture)
c. 380
The Great Indian poet
and author- Kalidasa
• Abhijnanashakuntala
• Vikramorvashi
• Malavikagnimitra
• Raghuvamsha
• Kumarasambhava
• Meghaduta
• Poetry on Ramayana,
the Mahabharata and
the Puranas
476–550 CE
The Great Indian
Mathematician- Aryabhatta
• Approximation of pi value
• Concepts of Trigonometry functions
• Summation of squares and cubes
• Rotation of Earth
• Early concept of Gravity
33. Architecture of the Golden Era
- Monuments
- Stupas
- Chaitya, Viharas
- Cave art and Architecture
- Temple Architecture
• Guptaarchitecture was diverse in style, design
and features.
• It can beclassified intocaves , stupaand
temples.
• A wide variety of towers and elaborate
carvingsadorned the templesthatwere built
from stone.
34. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Ajanta)
Ajanta caves are located in the Aurangabad
district of Maharashtra.
Only cave no.16 and 17 belongs to Gupta period.
These caves are carved on a perpendicular cliff.
There are 25 Viharas and 4 Chaityas.
As they are on perpendicular side,
There are no courtyards.
All the three forms of art are combined in these
caves: Architecture ,Sculpture ,Paintings.
Ajanta cave 16 is a popular and renowned for
the work of sculptor and frescoes.
35. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Ellora)
This cave site is located in Aurangabad
district and contains Buddhist, Brahmanical
and Jain caves.
Contribution of Rashtrakutas is visible on this
cave.
Cave 10 is a chaitya hall for Lord Buddha ,
cave 13 & 14 belongs to Ravan ki Khai, cave
15 to Dashavatara temple and cave 16
belongs to Kailash temple.
Three storey caves are also present in Ellora.
Most of the temples have courtyards.
Cave no 10 is a
chaityahall for
lord Buddha.
Cave no 14 is related
with Ravan ki khai.
Cave no 15 belongs
to Dashavatara
temple.
36. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Ellora)
Cave 16 is related with
The Kailash temple.
37. Architecture of the Golden Era- Caves (Junagarh)
These caves are found in the Junagarh
district of Gujarat , hence the name.
It has many interesting Buddhist caves
and was evidently the site of Buddhist
monastery of ancient times.
It was an ancient fortress whose
entrance in the form of an archway is
a fine specimen of Hindu Torana.
The most distinguishing feature of this
cave is uparkots means, citadel
which is around 30-40 feet high.
38. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Gupta period marks the beginning of Indian temple architecture.
Manuals were written regarding how to form temples.
The Gupta temples were of five main types.
Type 1-
Square building with flat roof and shallow pillared porch.
The nucleus of a temple, the sanctum or cella
(garbhagriha) with a single entrance and a porch
(mandapa) appears for the first time here.
Notable examples are: kankali devi temple (tigawa) and
vishnu varah temple (eran).
39. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Type 2-
An elaboration of type 1 with the addition
of an ambulatory (pradakshina) around the
sanctum.
Some temples had a second storey.
Notable examples are: Shiva temple at
Bhumara (M.P.) and Ladkhan temple at
Aihole.
40. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Type 3-
Square temple with a pillared approach and
a high platform at a base.
Appearance of curvilinear tower known as
“shikhara”. The panchayatan style was
introduced along with the concept of
subsidiary shrines.
Notable examples are:
Dashavtara temple at Deogarh, Jhansi and
the brick temple at Bhitargaon , Kanpur.
41. Architecture of the Golden Era- Hindu Temples
Type 5-
This stage introduced circular temples with
shallow rectangular projections at the four
cardinal faces.
The only monument exemplifying the style
is the Maniyar math shrine at Rajgir, Bihar.
42. Temple Architecture
It was a gradual evolution starting from the rock cut- cave temples to
monolithic rathas which finally culminated in structural temples.
Temples are widely classified into following:-
- Nagara (in North India)
- Dravida (in South India)
-At times, the Vesara style of temples as an independent style created
through the mixing of Nagara and Dravida orders.
43. Temple Architecture
Garbhagriha:
It literally means ‘womb-house’ and
is a cave like a sanctum.
In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a single
entrance.
Later it grew into a larger complex.
The Garbhagriha is made to house
the main icon (main deity) which is
itself the focus of much ritual
attention.
44. Temple Architecture
Mandapa:
It is the entrance to the temple.
It may be a portico or colonnaded
(series of columns placed at regular
intervals) hall that incorporates space
for a large number of worshippers.
Dances and such other entertainments
are practiced here.
Some temples have multiple mandapas
in different sizes named as
Ardhamandapa, Mandapa, and
Mahamandapa.
45. Temple Architecture
Shikhara or Vimana:
They are mountain like the
spire of a free-standing temple.
Shikhara is found in North
Indian temples and Vimana is
found in South Indian temples.
Shikhara has a curving shape
while vimana has a pyramidal-
like structure.
46. Temple Architecture
Amalaka:
It is a stone disc like structure
at the top of the temple and
they are common in North
Indian temples.
Kalasha:
It is the topmost point of the
temple and commonly seen in
North Indian temples.
47. Temple Architecture
Antarala (vestibule):
Antarala is a transition area
between the Garbhagriha and
the temple’s main hall
(mandapa).
Jagati:
It is a raised platform for sitting
and praying and is common in
North Indian temples.
48. Temple Architecture
8. Vahana:
It is the mount or vehicle of
the temple’s main deity along
with a standard pillar or Dhvaj
which is placed axially before
the sanctum.
49. Early Chalukyan Phase
The kingdom was founded by raja
Jaisimha after defeating Kadamba (The
Royal family of Northern Karnataka
region). The Chalukyan kings shifted their
early Capital from Aihole to Vatapi now
known as Badami.
The Chalukyans were Vaishnavites but
were tolerant towards other religion.
Hence they encouraged construction of
Shiva and Jain temple.
50. Early Chalukyan Phase
The rule of the Chalukyas
important milestone in the
marks an
history of
South India. It is also called as a golden
age in the history of Karnataka.
The Chalukyan Dynasty was a dominant
power in northern Karnataka during the
6th century.
Pulakeshin I in 543–566 founded the
dynasty. Built major Hindu temples in the
Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal region.
He is referred to as Satyashraya, Vallabha
and Dharmamaharaja in inscriptions.
51. Early Chalukyan Phase
-Pulakeshin II (609–642 AD) was the first
ruler in South India to issue gold coinage.
-Vikramaditya I (655–680 AD) restored
order in the fractured kingdom and made
Vatapi as capital.
Someshvara IV (1184–1200 AD) was the
last king of the Western Chalukya empire.
He managed to capture Basavakalyana but
failed to prevent feudatories from
completely overwhelming the Chalukya
empire by 1200.
52. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
This dynasty is attributed with having
introduced its own style of temple
architecture called Chalukyan Architecture.
This architecture blends the finer aspects
of the Dravidian and Nagara temple
architecture. Hence it is also referred as
Vesara.
Badami, Aihole and Pattadkal are eloquent
evidences of the evolution of the temple
architecture from the cave temples to
structural temples.
53. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
They built a number of rock-cut cave-
temples and structural temples of stone
dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma.
Badami Architecture style is called as the
Vesara style and Chalukya style.
The Chalukya style mainly originated in
Aihole and Badami and was perfected in
Pattadakal and Mahakuta.
54. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Features:
The architecture gets distinguished into Rock cut and
Structural temples.
• Chalukyan built several structural temples majorly along
the edge of the lake and hill tops .
•About 15 km from Badami, at Mahakuta, stands a group
of temples Enclosed by a fort-like heavily built wall.
•At Aihole and Pattadkal that experimentation in temple
building Conducted from from 450 - 650 A.D. gave birth to
the hindu temple and evolved its various architectural
components and features. Aihole is a small vilage on the
banks of River Malaprabha, located near Badami in the
state of Karnataka. The village of Aihole contains over 125
temples from the Early Western Chalukya and later periods
(6th - 12th century).
Aihole, often termed as the ‘cradle of Indian architecture’
55. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Features:
The early chalukyans combined some
features of contemprory north and South
Indian style of construction i.e. Nagara and
Dravidian to create. Their own style of
construction which is characterized by:
1. High platform
2. Pithas ornate door frame
3. Plinth moulding
4. Vestibule-projected roof
5. Octagonal Shikara over Garbhghira
56. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Ladkhan Temple:
Few modifications they set are the task of adapting its timber
Structural form to the permanency of stone masonry, and its
village council plan to one fit for the worship of gods.
•The result of their innocent Endeavour is a temple, which for
some curious reason is popularly known as Lad Khan
•It is a square hall 50ft side, Roofed with huge sloping stone
slabs.
•Instead of timber post to hold up the roof ,there is an inner
double row of massive stone columns.
•The load of the roof is taken up by walls of cyclopean stone
blocks piled one over without the use of binding material.
•In the middle of rear wall a small portion was partitioned to
Garbhagriha.
•In the attached portico the worshippers sit and chat after their
rituals are over, even the bench has been reproduced in stone,
there by serving two function of sitting and a baluster.
57. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Ladkhan Temple:
The chalukyans builders copied the timber prototype
of their choice as faithfully as their Buddhist
predecessors.
•The projecting edges of the slabs of the roof are
rounded off to inmate the original thatch covering.
•It is called lad khan because Lad Khan make it as its
residence.
58. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
The Durga Temple at Aihole:
•The Chalukyans builders in the search of an appropriate
monumental shrine tried to adapt the plan of Buddhist chaitya
hall to Hindu worship.
•The temple stands on a high moulded plinth 3m high and
consist of pillared hall or Mukha Madapa and an additional
verandah all around with an apsidal sanctuary, like Buddhist
Chaitya.
•Two flight of steps one from north and other from south are
provided in front of the porch
•Two row of columns separate the hall into central nave and
two side aisles.
•The temple derives its name because of fort like enclosure
called Durga. No wonder that it failed to win hindu approval as
an appropriate sacrosanct edifice.
•They intercepted the Hindu concept of temple as a house of
god.
59.
60. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Hucchimalli Gudi temple:
•Hucchimalli is a 7th-century Hindu temple
(gudi). The building faces west, and consists of a
mandapa plus sanctuary.
•It was the first south indian temple with a porch.
•A distinctively slanted roof covers the
circumambulatory passage around the temple
shrine.
NORTH SHRINE
•The tower of this small detached shrine appears
to be fashioned in pyramidal style, unlike the
curving tower of the main temple.
•The pierced stone screen between porch and
shrine is a later addition.
61. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
GaudaraGudi temple:
•Gaudura Temple appears to be the oldest of all
Aihole temples. The temple has16 pillars, a sanctum
and parikrama path.
62. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Rock Cut Structures:
Ravana Phadi
•It is the earliest rock cut temple in chalukyan dynasty.
•The 6th century cave temple is dedicated to Shiva. A broken column lines up with the cave entrance,
which opens to the southwest. The cave is dramatically recessed on a deep ledge, with free-standing
shrines on either side.
It is carved out of the sandstone
outcrop. It has retained its
originality quite well with the
lapse of time. It is Dedicated to
Shiva.
There is a Sivalinga in the
sanctum sanctorum. The walls
and sides of the temple are
covered with large
Figures.
Ar
. Pranay Kumar Tode
63. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Rock Cut Structures:
Ravana Phadi
•Shiva, in his ten-armed form (compare Ellora
Cave 29), dances beside Ganesh and Parvati
(left, hidden behind pillar).
•The panel is located in a shallow chamber on
the left side as you face the linga shrine.
•Shiva's elongated torso, high hat, and
pleated garments are markers of the Early
Western Chalukya style in sculpture.
64. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Rock Cut Structures
(Badami):
•The Chalukyan capital Badami was
surrounded by moat.
•The most interesting thing in Badami is
the series of four caves temple hewn from
top to bottom in the scrap of southern hill
called Ranmandal.
•These are Brahminical in nature ,one
Shaivite, two Vishnavites and the fourth
belongs to Jain.
A.Cave 1 (Shaiva cave): this cave can be
reached by climbing 35 steps.
B.This is L-shaped cave ,and measures
14m long and 7.5m deep and faces toward
northern side.
65. Chalukyan Temple Architecture
Temples at Pattadakkal, Karnataka:
• There are ten temples at Pattadakkal including a Jain temple and is a UNESCO
world Heritage Site.
• Out of ten temples, four are in Dravida style, four are in Nagara style and one is a
Jain temple, The Papanatha Temple is built in a fusion of both Nagara and Dravida
styles.
• The Jain temple (Jain Narayana temple) was built by Rashtrakutas in the 9th Cen.
• The Virupaksha temple at Pattadakkal is also known as Sri-Lokeswar-Maha-Sila-
Prasad, was built by Loka Mahadevi, the Queen of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya
II (733-44).
• It was probably built around 740 CE to commemorate her husband’s victory over
the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.
• It closely resembles the Kailasnath temple at Kanchipuram on plan and elevation.
• It represents a fully developed and perfect stage of the Dravida architecture.