Paranasal sinuses are a group of air containing spaces that surround the nasal cavity and directly open into the nasal cavity through their ostia.
Lined by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Pterygopalatine fossa and approaches by Dr.Ashwin MenonDr.Ashwin Menon
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located between the posterior maxilla and pterygoid processes. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, vidian nerve and branches of the maxillary artery. The fossa has anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior walls. Imaging shows its low density due to contained fat. Conditions involving the fossa include referred otalgia, foramen ovale lesions, and hay fever. Nerve blocks of the maxillary, mandibular and inferior alveolar nerves provide anesthesia to the region. The transantral approach is commonly used to access the fossa during procedures like vidian neurectomy.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space between the maxilla and sphenoid bone. It contains the maxillary nerve, third part of the maxillary artery, and pterygopalatine ganglion. It connects anteriorly to the orbit, posteriorly to the middle cranial fossa through the foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal, and medially to the nose through the sphenopalatine foramen. The maxillary nerve enters through the foramen rotundum and exits through the infraorbital foramen onto the face.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located behind the maxilla and below the orbit. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, maxillary artery and veins. The fossa communicates with several areas through canals including the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. It is an important distribution center for branches of the maxillary nerve and artery.
Mucosal folds and ventilation of middle ear AlkaKapil
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear spaces and mucosal folds.
1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
1. The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus and frontal recess. It develops from ethmoidal cells that pneumatize into the frontal bone.
2. It describes different surgical approaches to access and drain the frontal sinus including external approaches and various types of endoscopic frontal sinusotomies.
3. Type 1 and 2 endoscopic procedures involve draining the frontal sinus via the frontal recess and removing obstructions. Type 3 is a more extensive procedure that creates a common chamber between the frontal sinus and nasal cavity via an intranasal modified Lothrop procedure.
The facial nerve originates from the pons and has both motor and sensory components. It passes through the internal acoustic meatus, facial canal within the temporal bone, and exits at the stylomastoid foramen. Within the facial canal it has several segments separated by genu. Important surgical landmarks along the facial canal include the geniculate ganglion, cochleariform process, and digastric ridge. The main trunk divides into 5 terminal branches in the parotid gland which innervate muscles of facial expression. Careful knowledge of the anatomy is important for safe middle ear, mastoid, and parotid surgery.
Surgical anatomy of Infratemporal fossa. by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the infratemporal fossa. It describes the boundaries, contents, neurovasculature, and communications of the infratemporal fossa. Key structures discussed include the maxillary artery and its branches, the mandibular nerve and its branches, the otic ganglion, and muscles such as the temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. Surgical approaches and nerve blocks related to the infratemporal fossa are also summarized.
Anatomy of temporal bone By Dr.Vijay kumar , AMUvijaymgims
The temporal bone is divided into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains important structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The mastoid part projects backward and contains air cells. The squamous part forms the lateral skull base. The tympanic part forms much of the external acoustic meatus. The temporal bone articulates with other bones of the skull base and contains multiple important structures and passages.
Pterygopalatine fossa and approaches by Dr.Ashwin MenonDr.Ashwin Menon
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located between the posterior maxilla and pterygoid processes. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, vidian nerve and branches of the maxillary artery. The fossa has anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior walls. Imaging shows its low density due to contained fat. Conditions involving the fossa include referred otalgia, foramen ovale lesions, and hay fever. Nerve blocks of the maxillary, mandibular and inferior alveolar nerves provide anesthesia to the region. The transantral approach is commonly used to access the fossa during procedures like vidian neurectomy.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space between the maxilla and sphenoid bone. It contains the maxillary nerve, third part of the maxillary artery, and pterygopalatine ganglion. It connects anteriorly to the orbit, posteriorly to the middle cranial fossa through the foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal, and medially to the nose through the sphenopalatine foramen. The maxillary nerve enters through the foramen rotundum and exits through the infraorbital foramen onto the face.
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located behind the maxilla and below the orbit. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, maxillary artery and veins. The fossa communicates with several areas through canals including the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. It is an important distribution center for branches of the maxillary nerve and artery.
Mucosal folds and ventilation of middle ear AlkaKapil
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear spaces and mucosal folds.
1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
1. The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus and frontal recess. It develops from ethmoidal cells that pneumatize into the frontal bone.
2. It describes different surgical approaches to access and drain the frontal sinus including external approaches and various types of endoscopic frontal sinusotomies.
3. Type 1 and 2 endoscopic procedures involve draining the frontal sinus via the frontal recess and removing obstructions. Type 3 is a more extensive procedure that creates a common chamber between the frontal sinus and nasal cavity via an intranasal modified Lothrop procedure.
The facial nerve originates from the pons and has both motor and sensory components. It passes through the internal acoustic meatus, facial canal within the temporal bone, and exits at the stylomastoid foramen. Within the facial canal it has several segments separated by genu. Important surgical landmarks along the facial canal include the geniculate ganglion, cochleariform process, and digastric ridge. The main trunk divides into 5 terminal branches in the parotid gland which innervate muscles of facial expression. Careful knowledge of the anatomy is important for safe middle ear, mastoid, and parotid surgery.
Surgical anatomy of Infratemporal fossa. by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the infratemporal fossa. It describes the boundaries, contents, neurovasculature, and communications of the infratemporal fossa. Key structures discussed include the maxillary artery and its branches, the mandibular nerve and its branches, the otic ganglion, and muscles such as the temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. Surgical approaches and nerve blocks related to the infratemporal fossa are also summarized.
Anatomy of temporal bone By Dr.Vijay kumar , AMUvijaymgims
The temporal bone is divided into four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. The petrous part is pyramid-shaped and contains important structures like the internal acoustic meatus. The mastoid part projects backward and contains air cells. The squamous part forms the lateral skull base. The tympanic part forms much of the external acoustic meatus. The temporal bone articulates with other bones of the skull base and contains multiple important structures and passages.
Temporal bone & Mastoid anatomy - Arjun Antony GraisonArjun Graison
The temporal bone is formed from the fusion of four bones during development. It houses important structures of the ear. The mastoid air cells begin developing in utero and continue growing after birth, providing increasing protection to the facial nerve. Key landmarks include the mastoid tip, digastric groove, sigmoid sinus, and Trautman's triangle, which is important for neurosurgical approaches. The temporal bone has complex pneumatization patterns that can vary between individuals.
I have tried my level best to complete this one. Basics & subjective details as much possible, are included here with understandable diagrams, CT-scans & charts. Clinical associations with possible anatomical structures are also touched . Frequent questions based on the topic discussed, will be there at the middle & end of presentation.
If you find it helpful then please like it & if any query regarding this ppt or upcoming ppts then mail me
drsuraj1997@gmail.com
Development of the middle ear is not covered in this presentation. If you are interested then please mail me. I will try to upload it as a separate one.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear, which consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), the chorda tympani nerve, and tympanic plexus. It is further divided into compartments and its walls, contents, and structures like the ossicles, nerves, muscles are described in detail.
this presentaion has covered all the aspects of maxillary sinus starting from surgical anatomy to various surgical procedures from the view of oral and maxillofacial surgeon an is very helpful for post graduates especially.
The document discusses the use of the Hadad-Bassagasteguy (HB) flap in reconstructing anterior skull base defects after endonasal skull base surgery. The HB flap uses the vascularized nasal septal mucoperiosteum to repair defects. In a study of 53 patients who underwent HB flap reconstruction, only 2 patients (3.8%) experienced post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The study found the HB flap to be effective at preventing post-operative CSF leaks across a variety of patient profiles and skull base surgery types. The HB flap is becoming a standard technique for reconstructing anterior skull base defects due to its high success rate and versatility.
The infratemporal fossa is located lateral to the lateral pterygoid plate and contains muscles like the temporalis and lateral pterygoid. It is bounded by bones including the mandible, sphenoid, and palatine. The maxillary artery and its branches supply the fossa, along with nerves like V3. The fossa contains the temporalis muscle, pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery branches, and the pterygoid venous plexus.
The document discusses the anatomy of the sinus tympani, a cavity located in the posterior region of the tympanic cavity. It describes how the sinus tympani was first named and discussed in 1820. It defines the two portions of the retrotympanum based on the position of the facial nerve. It outlines different shapes that the sinus tympani can take, including classical, confluent, partitioned, and restricted, and different types - A, B, and C - based on its extension in relation to the facial nerve. The shapes and types of the sinus tympani can influence the surgical approach used for cholesteatoma surgery.
The middle ear cavity lies between the external ear canal and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and has three parts - mesotympanum, epitympanum (attic), and hypotympanum. The mesotympanum contains the ossicles and is lined by epithelium. The hypotympanum is below the eardrum and lined by ciliated epithelium. The epitympanum (attic) is above the eardrum and divided into medial and lateral parts by the ossicles. It provides communication between the middle ear cavity and mastoid air cells.
1. The document describes various anatomical features of the round window membrane, including its shape, thickness, layers, and surgical implications.
2. It notes that the round window membrane is a neglected part of otological surgery but gaining more attention for procedures like cochlear implants.
3. Key structures that support the round window membrane are described, such as the fustis, a bony column that regulates sound wave flow and pressure differences.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the neck spaces. It describes the layers of fascia in the neck - superficial, deep and its divisions. It then discusses the various neck spaces in detail - their boundaries, contents and clinical importance. The key neck spaces mentioned are retropharyngeal space, danger space, visceral vascular space enclosing carotid sheath and various suprahyoid and infrahyoid spaces like submandibular, pharyngomaxillary, masticator and parotid spaces. It also briefly covers the classification of neck spaces by Grodinsky and Holyoke.
The document describes the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses based on endoscopic examination. It discusses the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses that make up the anterior group and drain into the middle meatus. The posterior ethmoid cells and sphenoid sinus comprise the posterior group. A key structure is the ostiomeatal complex, which consists of the anterior ethmoid air cells and represents the drainage pathway of the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid sinuses. Several anatomical structures within the complex are then described in detail, including the uncinate process, bulla ethmoidalis, hiatus semilunaris, ethmoid infundibulum, and maxillary and frontal sinus ostia.
The inner ear develops from the otic placode and pit beginning in the 4th week of embryological development. It consists of the bony labyrinth housed within the temporal bone and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The membranous labyrinth includes the cochlear duct which contains the organ of Corti, the utricle and saccule containing the maculae, and three semicircular ducts containing the cristae which detect rotational movement. The stria vascularis within the cochlea secretes endolymph responsible for the endocochlear potential needed for hearing.
The soft palate is a mobile muscular flap that hangs from the posterior hard palate. It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. It consists of mucous membrane enclosing five pairs of muscles. The soft palate has roles in swallowing, breathing, modifying voice quality, and protecting the nasal mucosa during sneezing and coughing. It receives its blood supply from the lesser palatine, facial, and ascending pharyngeal arteries and innervation from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
This document provides information about the paranasal sinuses. It discusses the embryology, classification, anatomy and histology of the different paranasal sinuses including the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinuses and sphenoidal sinus. For each sinus, it describes the measurements, relations, arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply. The document appears to be notes for a medical student on the topic of paranasal sinuses.
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) which transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The middle ear is bounded by thin bony walls and contains important structures like the Eustachian tube, oval and round windows. Infections of the middle ear can spread to the mastoid air cells behind it. The middle ear evolved to optimize transmission of sound to the inner ear while protecting it.
The pterygopalatine fossa is an inverted cone-shaped space located laterally in the skull. It is bounded by bones of the skull including the maxilla, palatine bone, and sphenoid bone. Several structures pass through the fossa, including the maxillary nerve, maxillary artery, nerve of the pterygoid canal, and the pterygopalatine ganglion. The fossa communicates with nearby areas such as the orbit, middle cranial fossa, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa, and nasopharynx through openings and canals.
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity within the temporal bone. It functions to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the three ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes. The middle ear is divided into three parts and bounded by thin bone walls that separate it from surrounding structures like the carotid artery and mastoid air cells. It contains the ossicles, two muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and connects anteriorly to the nasopharynx and posteriorly to the mastoid antrum.
The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. It develops within the body of the maxilla and communicates with the nasal cavity via the ostium in the middle meatus. The maxillary sinus has important anatomical relationships with surrounding structures like the orbit, teeth roots, and nerves. Diagnostic evaluation of the maxillary sinus involves medical history, clinical examination including transillumination, and imaging modalities like radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy.
The nose and paranasal sinuses have complex anatomy. The nose is divided into an external cartilaginous portion and internal bony nasal cavities separated by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain turbinates and drain into various meatuses. Several pairs of paranasal sinuses surround the nasal cavities. The sinuses are lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium and drain into the nasal cavities. The nose has roles in breathing, warming, and filtering air as well as detecting smells. Congenital anomalies like choanal atresia can cause nasal obstruction.
ANATOMY OF NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES.pptxsubrat0002
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. It discusses the four main sinuses - maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. For each sinus, it describes the location, development, borders, drainage pathways, arterial supply, and clinical importance. It also discusses the osteomeatal complex and provides classifications for pneumatization of certain sinuses. In summary, the document is a comprehensive review of the anatomy and surgical considerations of the paranasal sinuses.
Temporal bone & Mastoid anatomy - Arjun Antony GraisonArjun Graison
The temporal bone is formed from the fusion of four bones during development. It houses important structures of the ear. The mastoid air cells begin developing in utero and continue growing after birth, providing increasing protection to the facial nerve. Key landmarks include the mastoid tip, digastric groove, sigmoid sinus, and Trautman's triangle, which is important for neurosurgical approaches. The temporal bone has complex pneumatization patterns that can vary between individuals.
I have tried my level best to complete this one. Basics & subjective details as much possible, are included here with understandable diagrams, CT-scans & charts. Clinical associations with possible anatomical structures are also touched . Frequent questions based on the topic discussed, will be there at the middle & end of presentation.
If you find it helpful then please like it & if any query regarding this ppt or upcoming ppts then mail me
drsuraj1997@gmail.com
Development of the middle ear is not covered in this presentation. If you are interested then please mail me. I will try to upload it as a separate one.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear, which consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), the chorda tympani nerve, and tympanic plexus. It is further divided into compartments and its walls, contents, and structures like the ossicles, nerves, muscles are described in detail.
this presentaion has covered all the aspects of maxillary sinus starting from surgical anatomy to various surgical procedures from the view of oral and maxillofacial surgeon an is very helpful for post graduates especially.
The document discusses the use of the Hadad-Bassagasteguy (HB) flap in reconstructing anterior skull base defects after endonasal skull base surgery. The HB flap uses the vascularized nasal septal mucoperiosteum to repair defects. In a study of 53 patients who underwent HB flap reconstruction, only 2 patients (3.8%) experienced post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The study found the HB flap to be effective at preventing post-operative CSF leaks across a variety of patient profiles and skull base surgery types. The HB flap is becoming a standard technique for reconstructing anterior skull base defects due to its high success rate and versatility.
The infratemporal fossa is located lateral to the lateral pterygoid plate and contains muscles like the temporalis and lateral pterygoid. It is bounded by bones including the mandible, sphenoid, and palatine. The maxillary artery and its branches supply the fossa, along with nerves like V3. The fossa contains the temporalis muscle, pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery branches, and the pterygoid venous plexus.
The document discusses the anatomy of the sinus tympani, a cavity located in the posterior region of the tympanic cavity. It describes how the sinus tympani was first named and discussed in 1820. It defines the two portions of the retrotympanum based on the position of the facial nerve. It outlines different shapes that the sinus tympani can take, including classical, confluent, partitioned, and restricted, and different types - A, B, and C - based on its extension in relation to the facial nerve. The shapes and types of the sinus tympani can influence the surgical approach used for cholesteatoma surgery.
The middle ear cavity lies between the external ear canal and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and has three parts - mesotympanum, epitympanum (attic), and hypotympanum. The mesotympanum contains the ossicles and is lined by epithelium. The hypotympanum is below the eardrum and lined by ciliated epithelium. The epitympanum (attic) is above the eardrum and divided into medial and lateral parts by the ossicles. It provides communication between the middle ear cavity and mastoid air cells.
1. The document describes various anatomical features of the round window membrane, including its shape, thickness, layers, and surgical implications.
2. It notes that the round window membrane is a neglected part of otological surgery but gaining more attention for procedures like cochlear implants.
3. Key structures that support the round window membrane are described, such as the fustis, a bony column that regulates sound wave flow and pressure differences.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the neck spaces. It describes the layers of fascia in the neck - superficial, deep and its divisions. It then discusses the various neck spaces in detail - their boundaries, contents and clinical importance. The key neck spaces mentioned are retropharyngeal space, danger space, visceral vascular space enclosing carotid sheath and various suprahyoid and infrahyoid spaces like submandibular, pharyngomaxillary, masticator and parotid spaces. It also briefly covers the classification of neck spaces by Grodinsky and Holyoke.
The document describes the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses based on endoscopic examination. It discusses the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses that make up the anterior group and drain into the middle meatus. The posterior ethmoid cells and sphenoid sinus comprise the posterior group. A key structure is the ostiomeatal complex, which consists of the anterior ethmoid air cells and represents the drainage pathway of the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid sinuses. Several anatomical structures within the complex are then described in detail, including the uncinate process, bulla ethmoidalis, hiatus semilunaris, ethmoid infundibulum, and maxillary and frontal sinus ostia.
The inner ear develops from the otic placode and pit beginning in the 4th week of embryological development. It consists of the bony labyrinth housed within the temporal bone and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The membranous labyrinth includes the cochlear duct which contains the organ of Corti, the utricle and saccule containing the maculae, and three semicircular ducts containing the cristae which detect rotational movement. The stria vascularis within the cochlea secretes endolymph responsible for the endocochlear potential needed for hearing.
The soft palate is a mobile muscular flap that hangs from the posterior hard palate. It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. It consists of mucous membrane enclosing five pairs of muscles. The soft palate has roles in swallowing, breathing, modifying voice quality, and protecting the nasal mucosa during sneezing and coughing. It receives its blood supply from the lesser palatine, facial, and ascending pharyngeal arteries and innervation from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
This document provides information about the paranasal sinuses. It discusses the embryology, classification, anatomy and histology of the different paranasal sinuses including the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinuses and sphenoidal sinus. For each sinus, it describes the measurements, relations, arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply. The document appears to be notes for a medical student on the topic of paranasal sinuses.
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) which transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The middle ear is bounded by thin bony walls and contains important structures like the Eustachian tube, oval and round windows. Infections of the middle ear can spread to the mastoid air cells behind it. The middle ear evolved to optimize transmission of sound to the inner ear while protecting it.
The pterygopalatine fossa is an inverted cone-shaped space located laterally in the skull. It is bounded by bones of the skull including the maxilla, palatine bone, and sphenoid bone. Several structures pass through the fossa, including the maxillary nerve, maxillary artery, nerve of the pterygoid canal, and the pterygopalatine ganglion. The fossa communicates with nearby areas such as the orbit, middle cranial fossa, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa, and nasopharynx through openings and canals.
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity within the temporal bone. It functions to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the three ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes. The middle ear is divided into three parts and bounded by thin bone walls that separate it from surrounding structures like the carotid artery and mastoid air cells. It contains the ossicles, two muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and connects anteriorly to the nasopharynx and posteriorly to the mastoid antrum.
The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. It develops within the body of the maxilla and communicates with the nasal cavity via the ostium in the middle meatus. The maxillary sinus has important anatomical relationships with surrounding structures like the orbit, teeth roots, and nerves. Diagnostic evaluation of the maxillary sinus involves medical history, clinical examination including transillumination, and imaging modalities like radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy.
The nose and paranasal sinuses have complex anatomy. The nose is divided into an external cartilaginous portion and internal bony nasal cavities separated by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain turbinates and drain into various meatuses. Several pairs of paranasal sinuses surround the nasal cavities. The sinuses are lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium and drain into the nasal cavities. The nose has roles in breathing, warming, and filtering air as well as detecting smells. Congenital anomalies like choanal atresia can cause nasal obstruction.
ANATOMY OF NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES.pptxsubrat0002
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. It discusses the four main sinuses - maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. For each sinus, it describes the location, development, borders, drainage pathways, arterial supply, and clinical importance. It also discusses the osteomeatal complex and provides classifications for pneumatization of certain sinuses. In summary, the document is a comprehensive review of the anatomy and surgical considerations of the paranasal sinuses.
This document provides an overview of the nasal septum and paranasal sinuses. It describes the anatomy of the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Key points include that the nasal septum divides the nose into right and left halves, the nasal cavity has floors, walls and openings that connect to the paranasal sinuses, and the paranasal sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses within facial bones. Clinical correlations regarding examining and treating conditions like sinusitis are also discussed.
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into left and right cavities. Each cavity contains 4 passages formed by the nasal conchae: the sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus, and inferior meatus. The nasal cavities are lined with mucous membrane and contain paranasal sinuses. Epistaxis or nosebleeds can occur due to various causes like trauma, infections, or anatomical abnormalities. Posterior nosebleeds from Woodruff's plexus are difficult to treat due to its inaccessible location.
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into left and right cavities. Each cavity contains 4 passages formed by the nasal conchae: the sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus, and inferior meatus. The nasal cavities are lined with mucous membrane and contain paranasal sinuses. Epistaxis or nosebleeds can occur due to various causes like trauma, infections, or anatomical abnormalities. Posterior nosebleeds from Woodruff's plexus are difficult to treat due to its inaccessible location.
The document describes the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It details the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into right and left halves and has a floor, roof, lateral walls, and medial wall. It is connected to the paranasal sinuses which include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. The document outlines the openings, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymph drainage of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. There are four paired paranasal sinuses located in the skull bones surrounding the nasal cavity: the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. Each sinus has thin bony walls and is lined with mucous membrane continuous with the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinus is the largest sinus, located within the body of the maxilla bone. The ethmoid sinuses are numerous air cells located within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and nasal cavity. The frontal sinus is located within the frontal bone above the orbit, while the sphenoid sinus occupies the sphenoid bone behind the ethmoid labyrinth.
The document discusses the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into right and left halves and contains three meatuses - the inferior, middle, and superior. The four paranasal sinuses are the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses. Each sinus opens into a meatus of the nasal cavity and drains mucus through small openings. The document outlines the bones, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
This document provides an overview of the venous drainage of the head and neck region in 3 parts:
1) Veins of the head including the dural venous sinuses, diploic veins, and veins of the scalp.
2) Veins of the face and scalp including the supraorbital, supratrochlear, angular, and superficial temporal veins.
3) Veins of the neck including the internal and external jugular veins, as well as the anterior jugular vein. Key anatomical structures and clinical significance are discussed for major veins.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose, including:
- The external nose is made up of bone and cartilage, with the upper 1/3 formed by the bony pyramid and the lower 2/3 by the cartilaginous vault.
- The nasal septum divides the nose and is formed by bone and cartilage, including the quadrilateral cartilage.
- The lateral wall of the nose contains the superior, middle, and inferior turbinates and their meatuses.
- The sphenoid sinus is located in the body of the sphenoid bone and its ostium opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess. It has important neighboring structures that must be considered during surgery.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ear, including the external, middle, and inner ear structures. The external ear includes the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles, nerves and vessels. The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth containing the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals, as well as the membranous labyrinth and organ of Corti which is responsible for hearing.
The document discusses the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity contains the floor, roof, lateral and medial walls. It is divided by the nasal septum into right and left passages. The paranasal sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses. They open into the nasal cavity and drain mucus through their openings. The document outlines the blood supply, nerve supply, and lymph drainage of the nose and sinuses.
The document summarizes the major veins and lymph drainage of the neck. It describes the courses and tributaries of the external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, and subclavian veins. It also outlines the regional cervical lymph nodes, including the occipital, retroauricular, parotid, buccal, submandibular, submental, anterior cervical, and superficial cervical nodes. Finally, it discusses the deep cervical lymph nodes located along the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.
The nose has two main parts: the external nose and the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum. It has several important functions including respiration, olfaction, filtration of dust, and humidification. The nasal septum contains Little's area, a highly vascular region supplied by several arteries, which is a common site for nosebleeds. The lateral wall of the nasal cavity contains three curved bony shelves called conchae that divide it into air spaces called meatuses.
The nose has two main parts: the external nose and the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum. It has several important functions including respiration, olfaction, filtration of dust, and humidification. The nasal septum contains important blood vessels and is a common site of nosebleeds. The lateral wall of the nasal cavity contains projections called conchae and depressions called meatuses which contain many openings of glands and sinuses.
The framework of the nose consists of bone and cartilage. Two small nasal bones and extensions of the maxillae form the bridge of the nose, which is the bony portion. The remainder of the framework is cartilage and is the flexible portion. Connective tissue and skin cover the framework.
Air enters the nasal cavity from the outside through two openings: the nostrils or external nares. The openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx are the internal nares. Nose hairs at the entrance to the nose trap large inhaled particles.
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the frontal, maxilae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. These sinuses, which have the same names as the bones in which they are located, surround the nasal cavity and open into it. They function to reduce the weight of the skull, to produce mucus, and to influence voice quality by acting as resonating chambers.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity has a floor, roof, medial wall and lateral walls. The lateral walls have three projections called conchae that divide the nasal cavity into inferior, middle, and superior meatuses. The paranasal sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses. They communicate with the nasal cavity and have functions such as resonating voice and reducing skull weight.
venous drainage of head and neck and its branches are described in detail along with applied anatomy for better understanding of the anatomy and its application in oral and maxillary surgeries. knowing the anatomy and the course of the veins is crucial and helps in better locating the vein and ligating it to avoid further complications while performing a oral and maxillofacial surgeries such as in trauma fixation, tumor resection and as well as reconstruction of the defect pertaining to the maxillofacial region.
This document discusses the treatment and management of encephalitis. The main aims are to maintain vital functions, provide symptomatic management, ensure adequate nutrition, and prevent neurological sequelae. Specific treatments are outlined for different causes of encephalitis, including acyclovir for herpes simplex encephalitis, doxycycline for rickettsia, and amphotericin B or fluconazole for cryptococcal infections. Complications can include personality changes, speech and language problems, memory issues, and epilepsy. The prognosis depends on the cause, with an overall 5% mortality rate and two-thirds of survivors usually recovering fully.
Symptomatic therapy:
Raised intracranial pressure- 20% Mannitol i.v 0.5 g/kg every 4-6 hr for maximum 6 doses.
Convulsions-Diazepam i.v followed by phenytoin.
Dyselectrolytemia-Maintenance fluids.
Hydrocephalus and persistent decerebration-Ventriculocaval shunt.
Tuberculous Meningitis,
Meningitis is a complication of childhood TB
More common at the age of 6 and 24 months of age
There is usually a focus of primary infection or miliary tuberculosis.
If untreated, high frequency of neurological sequelae and mortality occurs.
VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised (80-150 mm of H20)
LEUCOCYTES : few-1000 cells/mm3 - Initially poly morpho nuclear later mononuclear cells predominate
PROTEIN : Usually 50 -200 mg/dL
GLUCOSE : Normal or slightly reduced
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised
LEUCOCYTES: 100 cells/mm3, lymphocytosis
PROTEIN : Mildly elevated
GLUCOSE : Normal
csf findings:
Elevated pressure , turbid.
Elevated cell count >1000/mm3 , mostly polymorphic neutrophil.
Protiens are elevated above 100mg/dl.
Sugar is reduced below 50% of blood sugar level or below 40mg /dl.
Microspic examination of sediments with gram stain helps to identify organisms.
Collect CSF for culture.
In partially treated cases CSF is clear with more lymphocytes, culture is usually sterile.
Is an inflammatory process of brain parenchyma.
Occurs most often in the first year of life
M/C in world and in INDIA _ Japanese encephalitis
In immunocompetent host- Vaicella , EBV, herpes
OUTLINE:
*INITIAL STABILIZATION
*ANTIBIOTICS THERAPY
*STEROIDS
*ICP MANAGEMENT
*SYMPTOMATIC THERAPY
*PROGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
INITIAL STABILIZATION
•
Airway, breathing and circulation must be
maintained
•
Correct shock, respiratory distress , multiple
organ system failure
•
Paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) until the
child is stable.
•
Monitoring of pulse rate, BP and respiratory rate
•
Frequent neurologic assessment
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
These agents are simple nitric and nitrous acid esters of polyalcohols. Otherwise called, Nitro-vasodilators
Nitroglycerin may be considered the prototype of the group.
Important molecular donors of exogenous nitric oxide.
Denitration of the organic nitrates to liberate nitric oxide.
Relax smooth muscle (especially vascular smooth muscle, but also other types including oesophageal and biliary smooth muscle).
This document outlines the classification of breast tumours according to histopathology, grade, stage, receptor status, and DNA. It describes the WHO histological classification including epithelial and stromal tumours of the breast, as well as tumours of the male breast and nipple. Benign and malignant epithelial lesions are defined. Malignant lesions include carcinoma in situ (DCIS and LCIS) and invasive carcinoma. Molecular subtypes and specific tumour types such as lobular carcinoma are also detailed. The classification of stromal tumours, tumours of the male breast, and nipple are summarized.
pathological aspects of paget's disease of nipple with excellent animation for progress of paget's disease. all the points derived from standard reference books.
This document provides information on femoral triangle anatomy, femoral hernia, and umbilical hernia. It describes the boundaries of the femoral triangle and sheath. It then discusses the presentation, types, investigations, and surgical treatments of femoral hernia using various approaches like Lockwood, Lotheissen, and McEvedy. For umbilical hernia, it outlines the causes in children versus adults and various surgical repair techniques like Mayo's repair and mesh repair options based on hernia size and location.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. INTRODUCTION:
• Paranasal sinuses are a group of air containing
spaces that surround the nasal cavity and directly
open into the nasal cavity through their ostia.
• Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
3. DEVELOPMENT:
Sinuses develop as small diverticula from the
nasal capsule which invade the surrounding
bones of the skull. Only the frontal sinus is
absent at birth and most of the sinuses are fully
developed by puberty.
• Maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are
present at birth
• Sphenoid sinus is rudimentary at birth
• Frontal sinus is recognizable at 6 years of
age.
5. MAXILLARY SINUS:
• Also called Antrum of high more
• First appears at the 14 to 16th week of
gestation
• Largest sinus
Dimensions:
• Pyramidal in shape
• Apex towards zygomatic process
• height is 33 mm, width is 23 mm,
AP is 34 mm
• Capacity varies from 15 to 30 ml
6. MAXILLARY SINUS:
Roof:
• By floor of orbit
• Traversed by infraorbital canal
Floor:
• Lies 1.25 cm below the nasal floor
• By alveolar & palatine process of the
maxilla
• Related to the roots of the teeth
8. Median or nasal wall:
• From above: Uncinate
process, descending part
of lacrima bone
• From below: inferior
turbinate
• From behind:
perpendicular plate of
palatine bone
MAXILLARY SINUS:
10. FRONTAL SINUS:
• Paired sinuses and separated by
intervening bony septum
• Posterior to the superciliary arches
• Between the outer and inner tables
Dimensions:
• Two parts : vertical and horizontal
• Like a pyramidal
• height is 31.6 mm, breadth is 25.8 mm,
depth is 18 mm
• Capacity varies from 15 to 30 ml
11. FRONTAL SINUS:
Anterior wall:
• By outer table of frontal bone
Posterior wall:
• Thin
• By inner table of frontal bone
• Separates the sinus from anterior
cranial fossa
Medial wall:
• Septum and anterior ethmoidal sinus
12. Floor:
• Orbital cavity and its contents
• Slopes towards the opening of
frontonasal duct
Extensions:
• Superiorly – between inner and
outer tables of frontal
FRONTAL SINUS:
14. ETHMOIDAL SINUSES:
• The ethmoid sinuses are the most
variable of the sinuses and develop from
pneumatization of the ethmoid bone.
• Occasionally, the pneumatization of the
ethmoid bone can extend beyond the
ethmoid bone
• Well pneumatised at birth
15. Group:
• Anterior group
• Posterior group
By basal/ground lamina
from middle turbinate
ETHMOIDAL SINUSES:
16. Anterior group:
• Agger nasi cells – anterior most ethmoid cells
• Ethmoid bulla - posterior boundary of the hiatus
semilunaris.
• Supraorbital sinus – posterior & lateral to frontal sinus
• Frontoethmoid cells – floor of frontal sinus
• Haller cells – pneumatisation of orbital floor
• Concha bullosa – pneumatisation of middle turbinate
Posterior group:
• Onodi cells – most posterior ethmoidal air cells & related
to optic nerve and internal carotid artery.
ETHMOIDAL SINUSES:
18. Roof:
• Related to cranial cavity
• Fovea ethmoid
• Orbital plate of frontal bone
Floor:
• Anteriorly- orbital plate of
maxilla
• Posteriorly- orbital process
of palatine bone
ETHMOIDAL SINUSES:
19. Lateral wall:
• By lamina papyracea, which
separates it from orbit
• Anteriorly – lacrimal bone
• Posteriorly – with lesser wing of
sphenoid
Medially:
• Both middle and superior
turbinate
ETHMOIDAL SINUSES:
20. Arterial supply:
• Anterior and posterior ethmoid artery
• Sphenopalatine artery
Venous drainage:
• Anterior and posterior ethmoidal vein
Lymphatics drainage:
• Submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
ETHMOIDAL SINUSES:
21. • It occupies the body of sphenoid
• Two sinuses are separated by a
thin bony septum
• Rudimentary at birth
• Bones of Bertin
• Major cause of cavernous sinus
thrombophlebitis
SPHENOID SINUS:
Dimensions:
• 2 cm – height, breadth, depth
• Capacity varies from 0.5 to 30 ml
Average 7.5ml
25. Arterial supply:
• Sphenopalatine artery br. of maxillary artery
Venous drainage:
• Posterior ethmoidal vein to the superior ophthalmic vein
Lymphatics drainage:
• Retropharyngeal lymph nodes
SPHENOID SINUS:
26. DRAINAGE OF PARANASAL SINUS:
Osteomeatal complex:
It is that area of middle meatus
where sinus ostia of anterior
group of sinuses are surrounded
by uncinate process, ethmoidal
infundibulum and bulla
ethmoidalis.
27. DRAINAGE OF PARANASAL SINUS:
Structures of osteomeatal
complex:
• Uncinate process
• Bulla ethmoidalis
• Ethmoidal infundibulum
• Hiatus semilunaris
• Frontal recess
Even a minor pathology in this area can lead to secondary
sinusitis in major sinuses by obstruction to sinus ostia.
28. DRAINAGE OF PARANASAL SINUS:
Frontal sinus:
• Ethmoidal infundibulum or
frontonasal duct
Anterior ethmoid cells:
• Ethmoidal infundibulum
Bulla ethmoidalis:
• Retrobullar recess
Maxillary sinus:
• Natural ostium
Into the middle meatus:
29. DRAINAGE OF PARANASAL SINUS:
Into the superior meatus:
Into the nasal cavity:
• Sphenoid sinus
30. FUNCTION OF PARANASAL SINUS:
• Air conditioning, i.e. warming and moistening
• Reduction of skull weight
• Heat insulation of orbital & intracranial structures
• Vocal resonance
• Secretion of mucus to keep nasal chambers moist
• Provides mechanical rigidity to skull