This education document is prepared by Behailu Zenebe it is used only for educational purpose

1. 3/8/2024 1
Cadastral Surveying and Mapping Level II
Organize and Maintain Equipment and
Supplies/Accessories
EIS CSM2 02 923
Behailu Z.

2. Learning Objectives/Out comes
At the end of this course the trainees will be able to:
LO1:Select equipment and Supplies/Accessories
 1.1 Checking specifications of equipment and supplies/accessories
 1.2 Select appropriate tools, equipment and Accessories
 1.3 Contingencies planning and risk management processes
 1.4 Checking safe working order of the equipment
 1.5 Allocating appropriate persons, equipment and accessories
 1.6 Monitoring and supervising the work
 1.7 Arranging equipment’s and accessories for transportation
 1.8 Personal protective equipment
 1.9 Updating equipment changes
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3. Cont’d………….
LO2: Outlay equipment and Supplies/ Accessories to be
used
 2.1 Allocating work for team members
 2.2 Operating equipment according to manufacturer
specifications and user manual.
 2.3 Equipment Adjustment, calibration and maintenance
LO3:Maintain and organize equipment for field work.
 3.1 Identifying unsafe or faulty equipment for maintenance
 3.2 Organizing unsafe or faulty equipment for repair according to
organizational guidelines
 3.3 Storing Tools, equipment and batteries properly according to
manufacturer’s specifications
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4. An Overview
Before starting any survey work/ activities:
 organize and maintain equipment and supplies or accessories
according to the specifications and organizational guidelines.
 make equipment ready for survey work.
 Check the equipment to ensure as it is in safe working condition.
 Arrange equipment and supplies or accessories for safe
transportation.
 Do not miss any item of equipment and supplies or accessories
to avoid loss of time and money.
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5. Cont’d.…………
 Prepare the following items:
• Tripod
• Battery Pack
• Tribrach
• Survey Controller
• Total Station
• Stake with nail
• Survey marker
• Power Cable
• Communication Cable
• Hammer and etc.
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6. Cont’d...........
• operate equipment according to manufacturer specifications and
user manual.
• Arrange adjustment, calibration and maintenance of equipment .
• Identify & arrange unsafe or faulty equipment in place for
maintenance.
• Organize repair work for unsafe or faulty equipment under
direction of relevant personnel and according to organizational
guidelines.
• store tools, equipment and batteries safely in an appropriate
location and according to manufacturer’s specifications.
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7. Cont’d……….
LO1: Select Equipment and Supplies or Accessories
1.1 Checking specifications of equipment and supplies/accessories
• Before using an instrument, make a visual inspection for
any damages.
• Check for any exposed machine surfaces including the
polished faces of lenses.
• The instrument motions should be checked to ensure they
have a smooth operation.
• The interior of the instrument should be cleaned regularly
in accordance with the specifications given by the
manufacturer.
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8. 1.2 Select appropriate tools, equipment and
Accessories
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9. Cont’d……….
• If the dirt in the instrument is left to accumulate, it may
lead to uneven motion in the horizontal and vertical
movements.
• Use a camel’s-hair brush and clean soiled non-optical parts
with a soft cloth or with a clean chamois to remove the
dirt.
• The external lens surface should also be cleaned using a
lens tissue using liquids such as pure alcohol.
• Take care not to scratch lenses or their coating.
• Never touch optical glass with your fingers.
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10. Cont’d…………
• Do regular adjustment to the equipment to ensure it is
properly functioning and that accuracy of work is maintained.
 The following are good practices while using the surveying
instruments:
• The instrument should be removed and returned to its box
carefully.
• Tape should be straight when used and avoid stepping on it.
• The instruments with mechanical parts should be protected
from vibration and impact.
• The dirt and dust should be regularly cleaned from movable
parts of the instrument.
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11. Cont’d…………
• The clamping and adjusting screws should not be
tightened far more than necessary.
• The objective and eye piece lens should not be touched
with fingers.
• Raise the magnetic needle off the pivot of the instrument
when not in use.
• Recharge the battery after its use in the field. Also, carry a
spare battery for field work.
• Shelter total station against harsh weather elements using
an umbrella.
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12. Cont’d………..
• Charge the GPS station after a day’s work.
• When transporting a total station or theodolite
for long distances, return carefully into casing box.
• For medium distances release from tribes clamp
and carry from top handle.
• For short distances move it holding it vertically
upright.
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13. Cont’d………..
Total station
leveling equipment
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14. Cont’d………..
• Select instrument stations that won’t put instrument
man, instrument or team at danger during field work.
• Conduct daily inspection on the equipment used.
• Never leave the instruments unattended.
• Never point the total station or theodolite directly at
the Sun.
• Keep the shoes of the tripods clean and dirt free.
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15. 1.3 Contingencies planning and risk management
processes
• Survey equipment should be taken care of with utmost
caution and in the correct manner.
• The chief party is responsible for his party’s equipment.
• Care must be taken against some of the following
potential risks that may affect the equipment adversely:
• Adverse weather conditions
e.g. rain, strong winds and high temperatures
• Wrong use of the equipment,
e.g. sitting on the equipment cover case
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16. Cont’d………..
• Setting up the equipment at dangerous
positions
e.g. near the edge of a valley, river bank or next
to a busy road.
• Leaving equipment in an unsecured location.
• Transporting the equipment in the wrong way.
• Lack of routine care practices
e.g. inspecting, cleaning and safely storing the
equipment.
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17. 1.4 Checking safe working order of the equipment
Prepare checklist before embarking on further field
work procedures containing the following items:
• Date and time of picking the item
• Return date and time of the item
• Name of team party leader in charge of the
equipment
• Equipment name and number of items collected from
storage
• Officer in charge of the storage room
• Condition of the item taken
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18. 1.5 Allocating appropriate persons to
equipment's and accessories
Identifying Professional Code of Ethics
Necessary requirements of Professional Land Surveyors:
• hold the safety, health and welfare of the public.
• perform services only in the areas of their competence/area of
specialization.
• public statements should be only in an objective and truthful
manner.
• act in professional manner to be faithful or trustees and avoid
conflicts of interest.
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19. Cont’d………..
• build professional reputations (prominence/being famous) on
the merit of the services that they deliver.
• act in a manner to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity,
and dignity of their profession.
• continue developing their profession throughout their
careers/job category.
• provide opportunities for developing the profession of those
under their supervision.
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20. 1.6 Monitoring and supervising the work
Q1. What is monitoring and what is supervising?
Q2. what is the similarity and difference between
the words monitoring and supervising?
• We will discuss about monitoring in detail in the next PPT.
But now let’s see about supervising…….
• Supervising is a process of guiding and assisting staffs to
continuously improve their own work performance.
• Supervising means overseeing, watching over, and
providing direction for peoples doing some work.
Example,
 a manager supervise an employee who is working in an
ongoing process or a project.
 parents supervise their children's to keep them grow
fulfilling common decency and ethical considerations,
social norms, cultural and religious beliefs.
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21. Cont’d………..
Similarity and difference between supervising and monitoring
 Similarity:
• Both are problem solving techniques.
• Both are conducted to ensure efficiency, performance,
effectiveness, capability, capacity, productivity, competency
and so on in a certain organization.
 Difference:
Supervising
• it is a process of guiding and assisting staff to continuously
improve their own work performance.
• It is carried out in a respectful and non-authoritarian way to
improve the knowledge and skills of health staff.
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22. Cont’d………..
• It encourages open, two-way communication and builds
team approaches that facilitate problem solving.
• It can be a short or long term process, depending on the
duration of the activity, carried out randomly in an
organization.
• Is conducted only on the area of specialization through
professionally.
• Is not performed in a systematic way and no need of data
gathering and analyzing to judge productivity.
Monitoring
• It is a process involves regular collection and analysis of
data on various aspects of activities.
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23. Cont’d………..
• It can be done through desk review of reports and providing
feedback on phone or e-mail/letter during the review
meetings as well as during supervisory visits.
• It may be conducted in an authoritarian way to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of the output of a
project/program/organization.
• It might be carried out in an open/closed communication
form as the case permits to solve a certain problem.
• It is an ongoing process throughout the project period and
does not terminate at some time.
• It is long term process carried out deliberately in a routine
basis.
• May not need area of specialization / professionalism.
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24. What is monitoring?
• Is the systematic and routine collection and analysis of
data/information, regarding the workplace operation
under consideration, to continuously assess the
progress of an item/activities of the operation and to
increase or improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
that workplace operation in an organization or in a
project over time.
• Is the process of systematically reviewing, observing
and checking the progress or quality of a project over
a period of time.
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25. Cont’d………..
The word monitoring has equivalent meaning with the
following terms:
• Checking
• Watching
• Observing
• Supervising
• Examining
• Screening
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26. Cont’d………..
Steps to monitor work place operations:
• Step 1: Create specific forms of measurement to
determine the productivity level of employees when
performing an activity in a given day, week or month.
 For example, you may judge productivity on sales
figures, product production or customers served.
• Step 2: Develop a system for monitoring operational
progress on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.
 For example, You can use time sheets, flow charts or
departmental progress reports to track statistical
progress.
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27. Cont’d………..
• Step 3: Create an accountability system in which
employees document their time usage during a given
time period.
• Step 4: Compare the employee time documentation
with information gathered from your operational
monitoring process.
• Step 5: Create an open/transparent work environment.
• Step 6: Hire additional staff, pay an additional salary,
offer incentives, provide letter of appreciations.
• Step 7: Invest in new technologies and train new hires
to create awareness on their job area and to ensure
productivity.
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28. Cont’d………..
 For example, new computers, new
equipment's/devices/tools , new telephone systems
etc. that are compatible to your organization services.
• Step 8: Motivate well performing employees in
accordance with production goals set, to inspire them
continue serving well.
 For example,
understanding and meeting their needs/demands.
Try to have good and effective communication and
relation with all the employees.
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29. Cont’d………..
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• Note…
Therefore, from the above point of view we understand
that:
• “Monitoring” in anywhere is an ongoing process
throughout the workplace operation to ensure efficiency,
performance, capacity, capability, effectiveness,
productivity and etc.
• Monitoring must not terminate at some time of the
workplace operation without ensuring the required goal.
• “The final out come of effective monitoring is being
more productive in delivering service, producing
product, administering an organization and etc.”.

30. 1.7 Arranging equipment’s and accessories
for transportation
• Arranging equipment means putting the equipment in a neat, attractive, or
required order that is suitable for transporting it.
• Transporting equipment refers to moving the equipment from its place of
storage to work area and vice versa, manually or by means of vehicle,
depending on the distance of movement by keeping its safety and health.
How to arrange equipment's and accessories for transportation
• Always keep the survey instrument in clean and dry conditions as possible.
• List the equipment you need to carryout the activity.
• Identify the necessary accessory that best fit with the equipment .
• Use an efficient storage case for the equipment and accessory.
• Estimate the distance that the equipment is to be transported and decide
whether to move manually or by the use of vehicle.
• Provide compartment within the vehicle ,if any to keep the equipment and
the related supplies separated.
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31. 1.8 Using Personal Protective Equipment
• Personal protective equipment's (PPE) are tools
used to protect and keep the persons safety from
some hazards/risks, accidents and/or incidents that
may cause body injury or internal infection, and that
may damage or harm the persons health.
Here are some Personal protective Equipment's (PPE)
• Protective clothing, . Head set/earphone
• Helmets . Safety shoes/bot
• Eye Goggles . Hand gloves
• Garments . Safety belts and etc.
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32. Cont’d………..
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PPE is mandatory on many job-sites and under many conditions.

33. 1.9 Updating equipment changes
• Equipment Updating means changing or modifying internal or
external part of any delivered equipment to bring it to the latest
version due to the emerging technology or to fix or otherwise
correct faults, design shortcomings or shortcomings in meeting
the Specifications, correct bugs or defects to enhance safety.
How to update equipment changes
• Check/test the equipment with its accessory whether its Serving the
intended purpose or not.
• Identify the faulty part including software.
• Search for the new accessory to be substituted or installed if software.
• Troubleshoot the problem observed
• Calibrate Regularly
• Safely and carefully casing and uncasing
• Transporting in carrying cases
• Regular cleaning with soap and water or alcohol wipes
• Precautions against Job Conditions
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34. LO2: Outlay equipment and Supplies/ Accessories
2.1 Allocating work for team members
2.2 Operating equipment according to manufacturer
specifications and user manual.
2.3 Equipment Adjustment, calibration and maintenance
LO3:Maintain and organize equipment for field work.
3.1 Identifying unsafe or faulty equipment for maintenance
3.2 Organizing unsafe or faulty equipment for repair according to
organizational guidelines
3.3 Storing Tools, equipment and batteries properly according to
manufacturer’s specifications
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35. Surveying Equipment
Includes:
• Theodolites
• Levels
• Total stations
• Electronic Measuring Devices
• GPS receivers
• Tapes
• Odometer
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36. Casing and Uncasing
• Before removing an instrument, study the way it is
placed and secured in the case.
• The instrument must be replaced in the same position
when returned to the case.
• In removing the instrument from the case, carefully
grip it with both hands, but do not grip the vertical
circle standard or where pressure will be exerted on
tubular or circular level vials.
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37. Care During Instrument Setups
• select instrument stations where operation is not
dangerous to the instrument operator, the crew, or the
instrument.
• Select stable ground for the tripod feet.
• Do not set an instrument closely in front of, or behind, a
vehicle or equipment which is likely to move.
• Take a safe route to all setups.
• At the site, firmly plant the tripod with its legs widespread.
Push along the legs, not vertically, downward.
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38. Angular Measuring Instruments
• Theodolites and mainly total stations are today’s primary
angle measuring instruments, particularly on all baseline
and control surveys.
• Angular measurements by a theodolite or a total station
are done essentially following the same procedure.
• The main difference between them is that a total station
has battery operated electronic devices to display the
measured angles, measure distances and perform on board
computation.
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39. Care of Theodolites and Total Stations
• careless or rough use and unnecessary exposure to the elements can
seriously damage .
• Some general guidelines for the care of instruments are:
A. Lifting - Instruments should be removed from the case with both
hands, gripping the micrometer knob standard and base on the older
instruments.
B. Carrying a Tripod - the instrument should be removed and re-cased
for transportation to a new point.
C. Adjusting Collimation - The collimation error of theodolites and total
stations is determined by following the procedure outlined in the
user’s manual.
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40. Distance Measuring Instruments
• all distance measurements are made today with
an electronic instrument such as an EDM or GPS.
• Tapes are used only when very short distances
have to be measured (i.e. on a construction site).
Total Stations and EDM’s
• Most electronic distance measuring instruments
(EDM’s) are used in combination with a total
station.
• The EDM is either integrated into a total station
or mounted on top of it.
• Some theodolites have special brackets for
mounting an EDM on top of them as well.
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41. Tapes
• Surveyor's tapes are available in various lengths, of
different materials, and with many methods of
graduations.
• Although EDM’s have replaced tapes for longer
measurement,
• every crew should have both metallic and non-metallic
tapes available.
• Tape reels for metallic or fiberglass tapes save time and
help prevent damage to the tape, particularly if used in
construction or heavy traffic areas.
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42. Surveying equipment Accessories
• Tribrachs
A tribrach is the detachable base of all theodolites,
total stations, forced centering targets, and most
EDM’s.
• Staffs
Are tools used for taking vertical readings to determine
reduced level of a ground surface.
• Range pole
Red and white painted metalic pole used for easily
getting the point where a measurement is to be taken.
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43. Cont’d ………
Tripods
• provide a fixed base for all types of surveying
instruments and sighting equipment.
Types of Tripods
• Tripods are made of either metal or wood.
• Wooden tripods are recommended for precision
surveys to minimize errors because of expansion
and contraction due to heat and cold.
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44. Cont’d ……… Plumb Bob
Plumb bob
• The plumb bob string with Gammon reel is the
old standard short distance sighting method,
particularly for establishing temporary points.
• Steadiness of the holder can be enhanced by the
use of braces or any type of framework.
• Various types of inexpensive string line targets
are also available.
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45. Parts of Leveling Instruments
• Most surveyors maintain a hand level as part of their
personal equipment.
• Hand levels are useful in level "runs" for quick location
of turn and instrument points and to determine
differences in elevation when chaining.
• They are also quite useful for rough elevation checks
during grading operations.
• As with any other level, the level bubble can become
out of adjustment and should be checked periodically.
• A quick check can be made against a good carpenter's
level and adjusted similar to a regular level instrument.
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46. Parts of theodolite Instruments
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47. Parts of total station Instruments
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48. Cont’d ………
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49. Analyzing Errors
• All measurements, no matter how carefully
executed, will contain error, and so the true
value of a measurement is never known. It
follows from this that if the true value is never
known, the true error can never be known
and the position of a point known only with a
certain level of uncertainty.
• The sources of error fall into three broad
categories, namely:
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50. Cont.
(1) Natural errors caused by variation in or adverse
weather conditions, refraction, unmolded gravity effects,
etc.
(2) Instrumental errors caused by imperfect construction
and adjustment of the surveying instruments used.
(3) Personal errors caused by the inability of the
individual to make exact observations due to the
limitations of human sight, touch and hearing.
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51. Classification of errors
(1) Mistakes are sometimes called gross errors,
but should not be classified as errors at all.
They are blunders, often resulting from fatigue
or the inexperience of the surveyor.
(2) Systematic errors can be constant or variable
throughout an operation and are generally
attributable to known circumstances.
• Systematic errors, conform to mathematical and
physical laws; thus, it is argued that appropriate
corrections can be computed and applied to
reduce their effect.
• Careful calibration of all equipment is an essential
part of controlling systematic error.
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52. Cont’d……..
(3) Random errors;- are those varieties which remain
after all other errors have been removed.
 They are beyond the control of the observer and result
from the human inability of the observer to make exact
measurements, for reasons already indicated above.
 Random errors should be small and there is no
procedure that will compensate for or reduce any one
single error.
 The size and sign of any random error is quite
unpredictable.
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53. Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy refers to the correctness of a measurement
or prediction .
• The results can vary a lot, but what matters is the
difference between the measurements or predictions
to what is considered to be the real or accepted
value.
• Precision is often contrasted with accuracy by
emphasizing the repeatability meaning of the word.
• This is most applicable to measurements, but can be
applied to modeling too (e.g., stochastic models).
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54. Cont’d……….
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55. Reading, Recording Data and Writing Technical
Report
• Field notes are the written records of the survey field
work.
• Modern survey equipment record data in digital data
files and allow for easy storage and retrieval of survey
data.
Necessary requirements of field notes:
• Legible i.e. visible and readable
• Accurate. Data recorded should be accurate with
correct precision.
• Integrity. Notes should be complete in all respect before
leaving the site.
• Clarity. Records should be clear and readable.
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