Christian Tiambo presented on the potential of stem cell and genetic engineering technologies to develop African animal genetic resources in a sustainable way. Key points include:
- Africa's population is growing rapidly and food demand is projected to increase significantly by 2050, requiring innovations to boost livestock production.
- African livestock show great genetic diversity but local breeds are threatened. New technologies could help conserve breeds, restore extinct ones, and disseminate elite genetics.
- Stem cells and genome editing like CRISPR/Cas9 allow trait discovery and deployment to improve growth, disease resistance, milk quality and more in a targeted way.
- Applications include biobanking genetic resources, generating disease-resistant animals, increasing
This project aims to increase productivity and profitability of smallholder pig farming in Uganda through appropriate pig genetics. It will evaluate productivity of household pig production systems and assign breeds through genomic analysis. A genetic improvement strategy will be designed with stakeholders. A registration scheme for suppliers of pigs of known breed will be developed and tested. Capacity building workshops for pig keepers and other stakeholders will be conducted. The goal is to provide evidence and tools to support selection of optimal pig breeds for Ugandan smallholder systems.
Advances in Genomics Research and Molecular Breeding in Dryland Crops through...apaari
Advances in Genomics Research and Molecular Breeding in Dryland Crops through Partnership for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security by Rajeev Varshney, ICRISAT, India
TRANSGENIC AND GENOME EDITED ANIMALS,.pptxPoojaJangir21
This document discusses transgenic and genome edited animals and some of their applications and ethical issues. Transgenic animals have foreign DNA randomly inserted into their genome, while genome edited animals have targeted changes made within their own DNA. Examples provided include glowing zebrafish, disease model mice, livestock that produce human therapeutic proteins, faster growing salmon, and efforts to create pigs and cattle with desirable traits. While these techniques aim to benefit research and agriculture, they also raise ethical concerns about animal welfare, environmental impacts, and unintended consequences that warrant consideration and oversight.
Semen Banking for conservation of livestock biodiversityKaran Veer Singh
1) Semen banking is an important method for the conservation of livestock biodiversity and genetic resources in India. It involves the collection, evaluation, processing, freezing and storage of semen from genetically important breeding males.
2) For long-term conservation, a minimum of 30,000 semen doses from 15 unrelated bulls is preserved for cattle and buffalo breeds. Quality control measures ensure high post-thaw motility and integrity of stored semen doses.
3) Twenty percent of preserved semen doses for each breed are stored at the National Gene Bank in Karnal, while the remaining eighty percent are stored at regional centers, allowing for distribution and utilization of genetic material.
Applications of Biotechnologies in Ex Situ Conservation, Characterization and...apaari
This document discusses the application of biotechnologies in ex situ conservation, characterization, and utilization of fish genetic resources. It covers several key points:
1) Biotechnologies like cryopreservation of gametes and cells, and molecular characterization can help conserve genetic diversity of fish outside their natural habitats and aid breeding programs.
2) Characterizing genetic diversity within and among fish species is important for conservation efforts, understanding evolution, and improving aquaculture. Molecular tools are crucial for tasks like species discovery, genetic stock identification, and selection programs.
3) Emerging techniques like genome sequencing and stem cell technologies provide new opportunities for conservation and utilization of fish genetic resources, but also pose challenges like standardization and preventing
Biosciences research at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)ILRI
This document summarizes a seminar given by Steve Kemp and Vish Nene at the University of Nairobi on biosciences research at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It discusses how livestock is a major global commodity and demand is growing. It then outlines ILRI's mission to improve food security and reduce poverty through sustainable livestock research. The document provides details on ILRI's strategic objectives, competencies, research teams, resources, facilities including the Biosciences eastern and central Africa hub, and examples of trypanosomiasis and vaccine research.
This project aims to increase productivity and profitability of smallholder pig farming in Uganda through appropriate pig genetics. It will evaluate productivity of household pig production systems and assign breeds through genomic analysis. A genetic improvement strategy will be designed with stakeholders. A registration scheme for suppliers of pigs of known breed will be developed and tested. Capacity building workshops for pig keepers and other stakeholders will be conducted. The goal is to provide evidence and tools to support selection of optimal pig breeds for Ugandan smallholder systems.
Advances in Genomics Research and Molecular Breeding in Dryland Crops through...apaari
Advances in Genomics Research and Molecular Breeding in Dryland Crops through Partnership for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security by Rajeev Varshney, ICRISAT, India
TRANSGENIC AND GENOME EDITED ANIMALS,.pptxPoojaJangir21
This document discusses transgenic and genome edited animals and some of their applications and ethical issues. Transgenic animals have foreign DNA randomly inserted into their genome, while genome edited animals have targeted changes made within their own DNA. Examples provided include glowing zebrafish, disease model mice, livestock that produce human therapeutic proteins, faster growing salmon, and efforts to create pigs and cattle with desirable traits. While these techniques aim to benefit research and agriculture, they also raise ethical concerns about animal welfare, environmental impacts, and unintended consequences that warrant consideration and oversight.
Semen Banking for conservation of livestock biodiversityKaran Veer Singh
1) Semen banking is an important method for the conservation of livestock biodiversity and genetic resources in India. It involves the collection, evaluation, processing, freezing and storage of semen from genetically important breeding males.
2) For long-term conservation, a minimum of 30,000 semen doses from 15 unrelated bulls is preserved for cattle and buffalo breeds. Quality control measures ensure high post-thaw motility and integrity of stored semen doses.
3) Twenty percent of preserved semen doses for each breed are stored at the National Gene Bank in Karnal, while the remaining eighty percent are stored at regional centers, allowing for distribution and utilization of genetic material.
Applications of Biotechnologies in Ex Situ Conservation, Characterization and...apaari
This document discusses the application of biotechnologies in ex situ conservation, characterization, and utilization of fish genetic resources. It covers several key points:
1) Biotechnologies like cryopreservation of gametes and cells, and molecular characterization can help conserve genetic diversity of fish outside their natural habitats and aid breeding programs.
2) Characterizing genetic diversity within and among fish species is important for conservation efforts, understanding evolution, and improving aquaculture. Molecular tools are crucial for tasks like species discovery, genetic stock identification, and selection programs.
3) Emerging techniques like genome sequencing and stem cell technologies provide new opportunities for conservation and utilization of fish genetic resources, but also pose challenges like standardization and preventing
Biosciences research at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)ILRI
This document summarizes a seminar given by Steve Kemp and Vish Nene at the University of Nairobi on biosciences research at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It discusses how livestock is a major global commodity and demand is growing. It then outlines ILRI's mission to improve food security and reduce poverty through sustainable livestock research. The document provides details on ILRI's strategic objectives, competencies, research teams, resources, facilities including the Biosciences eastern and central Africa hub, and examples of trypanosomiasis and vaccine research.
Technology Profile - Breeding TIMPs for Small RuminantsPodisi (CCARDESA) 2017 Hillary Hanson
This document summarizes information on improved breeding practices for small ruminants like sheep and goats in Namibia. It discusses how selection of superior animals through genetic testing and selective breeding can improve important traits like growth rate and fertility. While techniques like artificial insemination are used in some areas, traditional selective breeding is more common due to lower costs. The benefits of scaling up improved breeding include increased productivity, meat quality, and hardiness of goats and sheep, which would improve incomes and food security, especially for smallholder farmers in northern Namibia.
Biotechnological Interventions for chickpea improvement by Kanak SaxenaDr. Kanak Saxena
This document summarizes Kanak Saxena's seminar presentation on biotechnological approaches for chickpea improvement. It introduces chickpea production statistics in India and discusses major biotic and abiotic constraints like Ascochyta blight, Fusarium wilt, and drought. It then outlines various biotechnological strategies used to develop resistance in chickpea, including embryo rescue, genetic transformation to introduce Bt cry1Ac gene for pod borer resistance, and transformation with alpha-amylase inhibitor gene for bruchid resistance in storage. Molecular techniques like PCR, Southern blotting, and Western blotting were used to confirm transgenic events.
Transgenic animals like goats and pigs have been generated using various techniques over the past few decades. Pronuclear injection was an early technique used to produce the first transgenic farm animals in 1985. Since then, other methods like somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) and viral vectors have been used. These techniques allow introduction of foreign genes encoding therapeutic proteins or genes modifying milk composition. Transgenic goats can express human proteins in their milk for pharmaceutical purposes. Pigs have been targeted as potential donors for xenotransplantation due to organ similarities to humans. New genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 now enable more precise genetic modifications of goats and pigs.
The document summarizes objectives and activities from Tropical Legumes I and II projects. The projects aimed to improve productivity of tropical legumes through developing genomic resources, identifying molecular markers and genes for biotic and drought stress resistance. Key outputs included genomic resources, genetic stocks with traits introgressed, molecular markers, improved germplasm, trained scientists, and data management strategies. The projects collaborated with partners in Africa and South Asia to build breeding capacity and validate approaches in drought-prone environments.
Technology Profile - Breeding TIMPs for Small RuminantsPodisi (CCARDESA) 2017 Hillary Hanson
This document summarizes improved breeding practices for small ruminants like sheep and goats in Namibia. It discusses how selection of superior animals through genetic testing can improve key traits over multiple generations. While techniques like artificial insemination are used in other livestock, challenges around record keeping and animal mixing make these difficult for smallholder farmers in Namibia. Instead, selecting best animals to breed and culling poor performers can still provide benefits at low cost. Modeling suggests scaling improved breeding across Namibia's northern region could provide economic gains of $9-106 million by 2025.
The document discusses using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to analyze the population structure and genetic diversity of African cassava. GBS was performed on over 3,300 cassava samples from germplasm banks across Africa. Analysis identified about nine subpopulations and showed that improved varieties have ancestry from multiple subpopulations. GBS can help breeders better understand cassava diversity and develop genomic tools and resources to accelerate cassava breeding.
Genomics selection in livestock: ILRI–ICARDA perspectivesILRI
Presented by Raphael Mrode (ILRI), Joram Mwacharo (ICARDA) and Olivier Hanotte (ILRI) at the Workshop on Implementing Genomic Selection in CGIAR Breeding Programs, Montpellier, 10-12 December 2015
The document discusses strides in building collaborations for cassava breeding. It summarizes IITA's cassava breeding efforts over multiple years involving national and international partners. Key activities included developing improved varieties with higher yields, drought tolerance, and disease resistance through methods like phenotypic selection, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and hybrid breeding. Progress was shown in shortening breeding cycles, increasing genetic gains, and disseminating improved varieties to farmers in Africa.
Tropical maize genome: what do we know so far and how to use that informationCIMMYT
The document discusses tropical maize genomics, outlining what is currently known about tropical maize genomes from projects like the maize HapMaps. It describes how genomic information can be used to unlock genetic variation in tropical maize germplasm and drive molecular breeding efforts through approaches like genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and the development of multiple panels of SNP markers. The document also explores how plant breeding will increasingly be driven by big data and artificial intelligence.
Future of innovations in transgenic animalsAlisha89316
This document discusses the future of innovations in transgenic animals through genome editing and reproductive technologies. It outlines various techniques for creating transgenic animals such as embryo splitting, pronuclear injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and molecular tools like recombinases, transposons, ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9. Applications of transgenic animals include disease modeling, producing therapeutic agents, improving traits like growth and milk production, generating disease resistance, and xenotransplantation. While progress has been made, challenges remain around efficiency, mosaic mutations, and off-target effects that further research and regulation may help address.
This document summarizes approaches, resources and tools for gene discovery and breeding in rice. It discusses the use of introgressions from wild rice species, like Oryza glaberrima, to discover genes of importance for traits like yield, abiotic stress tolerance and disease resistance. It describes the development and use of nested association mapping (NAM) populations, chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), and interspecific "iBridge" lines to overcome reproductive barriers for wider use of wild species diversity in rice breeding. Software, genetic maps, and populations involving multiple institutions are also summarized for integrating genetic and genomic approaches to gene discovery.
Crop genetic improvement and utilization in china. xinhai liExternalEvents
This document summarizes a case study on crop genetic resources in China. It discusses 1) the collection and conservation of crop germplasm resources in China through various national actions, 2) genomic characterization of crops like rice, wheat, millet, cotton through genome sequencing efforts that have identified genes for traits like yield, quality and stress resistance, and 3) advances in crop molecular breeding in China using techniques like marker-assisted selection, double haploid breeding, and transgenic breeding to develop new crop varieties with desired traits. The document concludes with perspectives on further improving germplasm through basic research and using novel techniques.
Molecular applications in characterization and differentiation of sri lankan ...ExternalEvents
1) The study aimed to develop molecular tools to differentiate wild boar meat from village pig and exotic pig meats in Sri Lanka.
2) Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and the MC1R gene revealed polymorphisms that distinguish wild boar from other pig types.
3) Restriction analysis of amplified mtDNA can be used as a tool for meat authentication, while a mutation in the wild boar MC1R gene allele allows detection of crossbred animals. This helps enforce laws around the sale of wild boar meat.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Semelhante a Stem cell and genetic engineering technologies for conservation and sustainable development of African animal genetic resources
Technology Profile - Breeding TIMPs for Small RuminantsPodisi (CCARDESA) 2017 Hillary Hanson
This document summarizes information on improved breeding practices for small ruminants like sheep and goats in Namibia. It discusses how selection of superior animals through genetic testing and selective breeding can improve important traits like growth rate and fertility. While techniques like artificial insemination are used in some areas, traditional selective breeding is more common due to lower costs. The benefits of scaling up improved breeding include increased productivity, meat quality, and hardiness of goats and sheep, which would improve incomes and food security, especially for smallholder farmers in northern Namibia.
Biotechnological Interventions for chickpea improvement by Kanak SaxenaDr. Kanak Saxena
This document summarizes Kanak Saxena's seminar presentation on biotechnological approaches for chickpea improvement. It introduces chickpea production statistics in India and discusses major biotic and abiotic constraints like Ascochyta blight, Fusarium wilt, and drought. It then outlines various biotechnological strategies used to develop resistance in chickpea, including embryo rescue, genetic transformation to introduce Bt cry1Ac gene for pod borer resistance, and transformation with alpha-amylase inhibitor gene for bruchid resistance in storage. Molecular techniques like PCR, Southern blotting, and Western blotting were used to confirm transgenic events.
Transgenic animals like goats and pigs have been generated using various techniques over the past few decades. Pronuclear injection was an early technique used to produce the first transgenic farm animals in 1985. Since then, other methods like somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) and viral vectors have been used. These techniques allow introduction of foreign genes encoding therapeutic proteins or genes modifying milk composition. Transgenic goats can express human proteins in their milk for pharmaceutical purposes. Pigs have been targeted as potential donors for xenotransplantation due to organ similarities to humans. New genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 now enable more precise genetic modifications of goats and pigs.
The document summarizes objectives and activities from Tropical Legumes I and II projects. The projects aimed to improve productivity of tropical legumes through developing genomic resources, identifying molecular markers and genes for biotic and drought stress resistance. Key outputs included genomic resources, genetic stocks with traits introgressed, molecular markers, improved germplasm, trained scientists, and data management strategies. The projects collaborated with partners in Africa and South Asia to build breeding capacity and validate approaches in drought-prone environments.
Technology Profile - Breeding TIMPs for Small RuminantsPodisi (CCARDESA) 2017 Hillary Hanson
This document summarizes improved breeding practices for small ruminants like sheep and goats in Namibia. It discusses how selection of superior animals through genetic testing can improve key traits over multiple generations. While techniques like artificial insemination are used in other livestock, challenges around record keeping and animal mixing make these difficult for smallholder farmers in Namibia. Instead, selecting best animals to breed and culling poor performers can still provide benefits at low cost. Modeling suggests scaling improved breeding across Namibia's northern region could provide economic gains of $9-106 million by 2025.
The document discusses using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to analyze the population structure and genetic diversity of African cassava. GBS was performed on over 3,300 cassava samples from germplasm banks across Africa. Analysis identified about nine subpopulations and showed that improved varieties have ancestry from multiple subpopulations. GBS can help breeders better understand cassava diversity and develop genomic tools and resources to accelerate cassava breeding.
Genomics selection in livestock: ILRI–ICARDA perspectivesILRI
Presented by Raphael Mrode (ILRI), Joram Mwacharo (ICARDA) and Olivier Hanotte (ILRI) at the Workshop on Implementing Genomic Selection in CGIAR Breeding Programs, Montpellier, 10-12 December 2015
The document discusses strides in building collaborations for cassava breeding. It summarizes IITA's cassava breeding efforts over multiple years involving national and international partners. Key activities included developing improved varieties with higher yields, drought tolerance, and disease resistance through methods like phenotypic selection, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and hybrid breeding. Progress was shown in shortening breeding cycles, increasing genetic gains, and disseminating improved varieties to farmers in Africa.
Tropical maize genome: what do we know so far and how to use that informationCIMMYT
The document discusses tropical maize genomics, outlining what is currently known about tropical maize genomes from projects like the maize HapMaps. It describes how genomic information can be used to unlock genetic variation in tropical maize germplasm and drive molecular breeding efforts through approaches like genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and the development of multiple panels of SNP markers. The document also explores how plant breeding will increasingly be driven by big data and artificial intelligence.
Future of innovations in transgenic animalsAlisha89316
This document discusses the future of innovations in transgenic animals through genome editing and reproductive technologies. It outlines various techniques for creating transgenic animals such as embryo splitting, pronuclear injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and molecular tools like recombinases, transposons, ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9. Applications of transgenic animals include disease modeling, producing therapeutic agents, improving traits like growth and milk production, generating disease resistance, and xenotransplantation. While progress has been made, challenges remain around efficiency, mosaic mutations, and off-target effects that further research and regulation may help address.
This document summarizes approaches, resources and tools for gene discovery and breeding in rice. It discusses the use of introgressions from wild rice species, like Oryza glaberrima, to discover genes of importance for traits like yield, abiotic stress tolerance and disease resistance. It describes the development and use of nested association mapping (NAM) populations, chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), and interspecific "iBridge" lines to overcome reproductive barriers for wider use of wild species diversity in rice breeding. Software, genetic maps, and populations involving multiple institutions are also summarized for integrating genetic and genomic approaches to gene discovery.
Crop genetic improvement and utilization in china. xinhai liExternalEvents
This document summarizes a case study on crop genetic resources in China. It discusses 1) the collection and conservation of crop germplasm resources in China through various national actions, 2) genomic characterization of crops like rice, wheat, millet, cotton through genome sequencing efforts that have identified genes for traits like yield, quality and stress resistance, and 3) advances in crop molecular breeding in China using techniques like marker-assisted selection, double haploid breeding, and transgenic breeding to develop new crop varieties with desired traits. The document concludes with perspectives on further improving germplasm through basic research and using novel techniques.
Molecular applications in characterization and differentiation of sri lankan ...ExternalEvents
1) The study aimed to develop molecular tools to differentiate wild boar meat from village pig and exotic pig meats in Sri Lanka.
2) Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and the MC1R gene revealed polymorphisms that distinguish wild boar from other pig types.
3) Restriction analysis of amplified mtDNA can be used as a tool for meat authentication, while a mutation in the wild boar MC1R gene allele allows detection of crossbred animals. This helps enforce laws around the sale of wild boar meat.
Semelhante a Stem cell and genetic engineering technologies for conservation and sustainable development of African animal genetic resources (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Stem cell and genetic engineering technologies for conservation and sustainable development of African animal genetic resources
1. Better lives through livestock
Stem cell and genetic engineering technologies
for conservation and sustainable development
of African animal genetic resources
Christian K. Tiambo
Scientist - CTLGH/ILRI
Lead - Poultry Cellular Resources, Functional Genomics Tools and Biotechnologies
ABS Nagoya Protocol Officer
c.tiambo@cgiar.org
AABNet webinar series, 27 July 2023
3. 3
Outlines
1. African Population growth and food security needs
2. African Animal Genetic Resources
3. Animal stem cells
4. Genome editing: history and evolution
5. Potential of stem cells and gene editing technologies for
the development of African AnGR
4. 4
1. African Population growth and food security needs
Despite tremendous economic growth in the last decades, Africa is still challenged:
• African population grows and
transforms very fast.
• Africa's total population would
reach nearly 2.5 billion by 2050.
• Need of urgent food assistance
in Africa (million people) FAO,
2020
5. 5
1. African Population growth and food security needs
• Expected demand increase by 2050 (world bank, 2020)
Grains: 190%
Meat: 327%
Dairy products: 270%
egg: +++%
• The future of African livestock will influence the
development of the entire continent.
• Urgent need to build the foundations to steer African
livestock industry on a sustainable growth and
development trajectory.
Enahoro et al., 2021
6. 6
2. African Animal Genetic resources
1
• Taxonomy and evolution ?
2
• Domestication process and
adaptation?
3
• Management and
conservation plans?
Genes?
Individual
animals ?
Breeds or
Populations
Species ?
There is urgent need for us, to design research to suit our context so that we can get the real picture of (what: genetic asset) we have (Where: on
African continent), and (how: harness its potential locally) to (why: meet the nutritional needs) of (when: present and future) (who: generations).
How much do we know about the African AnGR?
A policy initiative that explores the possible
futures of the African livestock sector,
How can we unlock the genetic potential of
the existing local livestock breed types?
• Great diversity
• Variation of ecosystems.
• Adaptability traits, harsh environment
• Small scale, low inputs
• Extensive or semi-intensive, pastoral
• Low skill, no specialization
7. 7
2. African Animal Genetic resources
Stem cells technologies and genetic
engineering are poised to bring a tremendous
transformation of livestock breeding in Africa
for the better in the next few years
8. 8
3. Animal stem cells
SCs have acquired a foremost share in all fields of biological research work in veterinary
science, agriculture, human medicine, wildlife conservation and health, etc.
SCs are classified by their source as:
a) Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs): derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst-stage
embryos
b) Adults stem cells: undifferentiated cells from specific differentiated tissues that can self-renew or
generate new cells to replenish dead or damaged tissue
c) induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC): pluripotent cells created by reprogramming
differentiated cells.
Stem cells (SCs) are those cells which have two important properties: self-renewal and
differentiation capacity
9. 9
3. Animal stem cells
Embryonic stem cell establishment and characterization in different livestock species
10. 10
3. Animal stem cells
Ectoderm Mesoderm
Endoderm
Muscles
cells Blood cells
Epithelium
Epithelial
cells
Blastocyst
Zygote
Totipotent
stem cells
Inner cell mass
Pluripotent
stem cells
Fetus
Morula
Embryo
Gastrula
Unipotent
cells
Multipotent
and
oligopotent
cells
Induced Pluripotent
stem cells
Somatic cells
Reprogramming factors
(Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc
(OSKM)
Tissues and
organs with
somatic cells
Differentiation
and
specialization
11. 11
3. Animal stem cells
Applications and future usages of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from ruminant livestock.
Weeratunga et al., 2023
12. 12
4. Genome editing: history and evolution
Since the generation of the first transgenic mouse in 1974 there have been concerted efforts
to genetically modify the genomes of livestock species (Whitelaw and Lillico. 2022)
History of 38 years of GEd livestock
featuring some of the well-known
celebrities in the field.
Alvane, 2020
13. 13
4. Genome editing: the tools
Overview of current genome editing tools, ZFN (A), TALEN (B), CRISPR-Cas9 system (C) creating double-strand
breaks (DSB) within the targeted DNA sequence.
Matsumotoab and Nomura, 2023
Clustered
regularly
Interspaced
Palindromic
Repeat CRISPR-
Associated-9
Transcription
Activator-Like
Effector Nuclease
Zinc-Finger
Nuclease
(Non-Homologous End Joining: error-prone)
(Homology-Dependent Repair): faithful
Bjoern Petersen, 2017
single-stranded
oligonucleotide (ssODN)
or double-stranded
Plasmid DNA, Specific
modifications of the
genome
Small insertions or
deletions (Indels) and
subsequent gene
disruption
14. 14
4. Genome editing: tools improvement
Matsumotoab and Nomura, 2023
Improvements of CRISPR/Cas9
• Cas9 Nickase (nCas9)
• Dead Cas9 (dCas9)
• Base Editing
• Point Mutation Introduction
• Cas9 Tethering ssODN
• Prime Editor
• Chemically Modified ssODN
• Targeted Integration of Long dsDNA
ZFN TALEN CRISPR-Cas-9
Construction
Protein engineering for
every single target
Protein engineering for
every single target
20-Nucleotide sequence of
single-guide RNA (sgRNA)
Target sequence
recognition
Zinc fingers protein,
protein-DNA interactions
Repeat variable diresidues
(RVDs) repeats, protein-DNA
interactions
sgRNA, RNA-DNA
interactions
Endonuclease
FokI FokI Cas9 and its different
variants
Flexible localization Limited Average Almost total
Endonuclease
construction
3–4 Zinc fingers domains,
slightly laborious
8–31 RVD repeats, slightly
laborious
sgRNA synthesis or cloning,
simple
Delivery
Two ZFNs around the
target sequence
Two TALENs around the
target sequence are
required
sgRNA complementary to the
target sequence with Cas9
protein
DNA sequence
recognition size
(9 or 12 bp) × 2 (8–31 bp) × 2 17–20 bp + NGG × 1
Targeting efficiency Low Moderate High
Affordability / cost
Resource intensive and
time consuming
Affordable but time
consuming
Highly affordable and rapid
In vitro testing slightly laborious slightly laborious Simple
Off-target effects Moderate Moderate High
Multiplexing No No Yes
Time investment High Moderate Low
Janik-Karpińska, et al., 2020
15. 15
4. Genome editing: use of CRISPR/Cas9
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing using either zygote micromanipulation (electroporation or microinjection)
or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for generation of livestock animals for various applications.
Perisse et al., 2021
16. 16
5. Potential of stem cells and gene editing technologies for the
development of African AnGR
Stem-cell and gene editing breakthrough could preserve diverse African
livestock interests:
• Species and Breeds for conservation,
• Restoration of threatened and extinct breeds
• Development of animal with desire traits
• Accelerated dissemination of elite animal populations
• Animal welfare
• Support to 3Rs ethical research
• Etc.
17. 17
5. PGCs and PSCs/iPSCs, Genetic engineering and improvement
Flowchart for trait discovery and trait deployment using NGS approaches for achieving higher genetic gains and accelerated development of improved small ruminants' populations.
Embryonic or
somatic cell
harvesting
18. 18
5.1 Stem cells and genetic engineering for conservation, breeds’ restoration, and
dissemination of elite and locally adapted poultry genetics
Biobanking and characterization of tropical indigenous chicken cell lines, Production of chimeras and sterile surrogate host
(DDX4 KO and iCaspase-9 ) for restoration of locally adapted poultry biodiversity and dissemination of potential elite lines
Sterile male and female chicken eggs have been implanted with
reproductive cells from donor chicken, and the resulting chickens
mated together, to produce chicks of the donor breed
19. 19
Eg: of conservation and resuscitation of Kenyan locally adapted and improved poultry genetics and chimera
production
Harvesting of chicken PGCs
Chimera hens showing some
phenotypic characteristics of the local
donor at KAIRO Naivasha
Biobanking at ILRI Biorepository
Injection into the recipient embryo and
production of Chimera
Gonads biobanked at ILRI
Counties Male Female Total
Laikipia 44 43 87
Bungoma 9 18 27
Kilifi 4 1 5
Kakamega 14 13 27
Bomet 1 1 2
Homabay 21 19 40
Siaya 13 5 18
Kwale 0 1 1
Baringo 36 40 76
Isiolo 8 7 15
Marsabit 15 12 27
Samburu 18 15 33
KC1 132 96 228
KC2 138 92 230
Total 453 363 816
NBA inspecting the facilities allocated by KALRO to
host the Surrogate host and the ILRI’s backup flock
KALRO leadership visiting the Biobanking Lab
• Local chicken biobanking work in progress
• KALRO will host the CTLGH/ILRI non transgenic surrogate host for
large scale dissemination
• Biobanking and revival collaboration to be extended to other local
AnGR in Kenya using PSC/iPSCs
Counties cell lines biobanked
Nairobi 7
Narok 14
Bomet 42
Siaya 23
Migori 20
Homabay 8
Kakamega 13
20. 20
Adapted from Oatley at al., 2017
Advantages
• Indigenous germ line ablated-male (bucks, boar, bull, etc.) carry the sperm of elite male breeds
• Instead of having one elite top male, we would have a thousands
• This provides a transformative step change to disseminate elite semen without changing the existing infrastructure
Kumar et al., 2021 doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.1
The Surrogate Buck
The Surrogate boar
Production of Super dads
Eg: of conservation of locally adapted cattle and pig genetic resources, and potential for surrogate sire technology
22. 22
Potential application in wildlife
Credit: Ami Vitale
Sudan: the world’s last
male northern white
rhino, died at 45-year-
old at Ol Pejeta
Conservation of endangered species of wildlife and revive the extinct ones
23. 23
Involvement of pluripotent stem cells in
the reproductive cell cycle through
reprogramming, differentiation and
development.
5.2: Reproduction: in vitro gametogenesis (IVG)
24. 24
Overview of in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) developments in mice and the current state of IVG in livestock species.
EpiLC: epiblast-like stem cells;
ESC: embryonic stem cells;
PGC-LC: primordial germ cell-like cells.
Botigelli et al., 2023.
5.2: Reproduction: in vitro gametogenesis (IVG)
25. 25
5.2: Reproduction: in vitro breeding (IVB)
Strategy, estimated times, and possible alternatives for its
implementation in animal production systems. NT: nuclear transfer.
Goszczynski et al., 2019
Estimated benefits of IVB in comparison with conventional GS
on the cumulative selection response over 25 years
Goszczynski et al., 2019
28. 28
5.4: Efficient growth: silencing myostatin gene, etc.
Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates
skeletal muscle growth and mutations in
myostatin cause double-muscled phenotype
in various animals.
29. 29
5.5: Milk quality and quantity: mineral and organic content
The GnEd offers the opportunity to introduce SNPs associated with milk yield in
the genome of thousands of embryos in just one generation.
Generation and identification of the DNA-free BLG bi-allelic knockout cow.
31. 31
1. Modulating forages and/or rumen
archaea themselves in a manner that
would reduce methanogenesis
2. Selection and breeding for high
productive and low CH4 emitting
animals
3. Vaccines to reduce CH4 production in
the rumen
5. Reduced environmental footprint
Subedi et al., 2022
32. 32
5.6 other traits
1. Athletic performance
2. Docility,
3. Environmental fit
4. Ornamental phenotypes
5. Etc.
34. 34
Concluding remarks
1. Advances in Animal stem cell and genetic engineering technologies have lot of potentials
for livestock and wildlife development in Africa.
2. The only challenges could be our mindset to bridge the fields of biotechnologies,
capacities, regulations, with sustainable intensification and conservation and keep pace
with innovation.
3. Increased public-private partnership and participatory approach will be essential to
develop innovations and build public acceptance of biotechnologies applications.
4. With the right genetic tools, trained personnel and dedicated collaboration, we may be
able to address many challenges in Africa.
35. 35
Attend to core African capacity
… the benefits from science, technology and innovation
have been enjoyed by few, instead of being seen as tools
for the development of all. ….
Today Africa’s leaders view science, technology and
innovation as critical to human development, global
competiveness and ecological management.
– Calestous Juma, 2007
2007
2013
Calestous Juma (1953 – 2017) – had already set the stage …
Mindset: Innovations +++
36. 36
Acknowledgement
ILRI - Kenya The Roslin Institute - UK
Christian Tiambo, Scientist, Lead CR-FGT & Biotech., ABS
Nagoya Protocol Officer
Moses Ogugo, Research Officer
Christine Kamidi, Joint Appointee ILRI-KALRO
Triza Tonui, Research Associate – reproductive Technologies and
Biobanking
Sally Katee, Research Associate – ABS Nagoya Protocol, Legal,
Ethics and Biosecurity/Biosafety Compliance
Mike McGrew, Chair of Avian Biotechnologies
Simon Lillico, Research Fellow
Tom Burdon, Group Leader/Senior Research Fellow
Tuanjun Hu, Research fellow
Jon Riddell, research Fellow
Musa Hassan, Chancellor's Fellow
Bruce Whitelaw
Director - The Roslin Institute
Appolinaire Djikeng
Director General - ILRI
37. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
better lives through livestock
ilri.org
ILRI thanks all donors and organizations who globally supported its work through their contributions to the CGIAR system