This article delves into the concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as a transformative international norm designed to address mass atrocities within states, encompassing genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing. Originating from the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in response to global inaction during the Rwandan genocide and atrocities in the Former Yugoslavia, R2P represents a paradigm shift in redefining sovereignty. The tripartite structure of R2P, focusing on prevention, reaction, and rebuilding, surpasses traditional humanitarian intervention, respecting state sovereignty. The article then examines the application of R2P in the Russo-Ukrainian scenario, where Russia's incursion into Ukraine challenges the norm. Despite the Security Council's limitations, the General Assembly's resolution condemning Russia highlights indirect acknowledgment of R2P principles. The article assesses R2P's role in the context of other international norms and contends with its imperfections, especially when faced with powerful actors. Legal justifications for intervention are explored, drawing from natural law theories and realist constructivism, while considering the challenges posed by Security Council dynamics, as evident in the Ukrainian crisis. The analysis extends to the prudential criteria for military intervention, emphasizing the balance of consequences and the universal applicability of these criteria. The conclusion acknowledges the ongoing development of the R2P paradigm, emphasizing the need for unwavering advocacy and support from policymakers. It underscores the judicious balance required between legal justifications and prudential sensibility in evaluating military force deployment. Despite challenges, the article affirms the continued relevance of R2P through various coercive measures, including military support, and highlights the norm's success in fostering global consensus and normative acceptance in addressing mass atrocities.
Secretary Kerry is examining ways to strengthen international law. A recommendation is made to restrict reservations in treaties to prevent loopholes. Another is to restructure the UN Security Council to avoid vetoes blocking action. Recognizing human security in international law could clarify interventions. The US ratifying the Rome Statute and observing universal jurisdiction would endorse growing international criminal justice. Finally, ratifying the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea supports codifying customary international law and managing maritime zones.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS AND APPLICATION OF THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PR...Kayla Jones
The document provides a critical analysis of the status and application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine in international law. It discusses the debate around whether R2P qualifies as an emerging norm or customary international law. While some scholars view it as such, others argue it is merely a political principle and not legally binding. The document aims to analyze R2P's legal framework and whether it has developed into customary international law. It contends that R2P has not reached that level and is not a novel concept, but rather reaffirms existing principles of international law.
More like this Abstract TranslateFull Text Translate.docxroushhsiu
More like this
Abstract Translate
Full Text Translate
International law is in a period of transition. After World War
II, but especially since the 1980s, human rights expanded to
almost every corner of international law. In doing so, they
changed core features of international law itself, including
the definition of sovereignty and the sources of international
legal rules. But what has been called the "age of human
rights" is over, at leastfor now. Whether measured in terms of
the increasing number of authoritarian governments, the
decline in international human rights enforcement
architecture such as the Responsibility to Protect and the
Alien Tort Statute, the growing power of China and Russia
over the content of international law, or the rising of
nationalism and populism, international human rights law is
in retreat. The decline offers an opportunity to consider how
human rights changed, or purported to change, international
law and how international law as a whole can be made more
effective in a post-human rights era. This Article is the first to
argue that international human rights law as a whole-
whatever its much disputed benefits for human rights
themselves-appears to have expanded and changed
international law in ways that have made it weaker, less likely
to generate compliance, and more likely to produce
interstate friction and conflict. The debate around
international law and human rights should be reframed to
consider these costs and to evaluate whether international
law, including the work of the United Nations, should focus
on a stronger, more limited core of international legal norms
that protects international peace and security, not human
rights. Human rights could be advanced through domestic
and regional legal systems, through the the development of
non-binding international norms, and through iterative
processes of international reporting and monitoring-a model
not unlike the Paris Climate Agreement.
MoreK
0:00 /0:00
HeadnoteHeadnote
Abstract
International law is in a period of transition. After World War
II, but especially since the 1980s, human rights expanded to
almost every corner of international law. In doing so, they
changed core features of international law itself, including
the definition of sovereignty and the sources of international
legal rules. But what has been called the "age of human
rights" is over, at leastfor now. Whether measured in terms of
the increasing number of authoritarian governments, the
decline in international human rights enforcement
architecture such as the Responsibility to Protect and the
Alien Tort Statute, the growing power of China and Russia
over the content of international law, or the rising of
nationalism and populism, international human rights law is
in retreat.
The decline offers an opportunity to consider how human
rights changed, or purported to change, international law and
how international law as a whole can be mad.
This document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine in international law. It begins by providing background on R2P, including its historical roots in concepts like humanitarian intervention and the development of the UN. The document then analyzes whether states have a duty or choice to protect populations under R2P, and whether current mechanisms allow for effective protection. It argues that while R2P may be emerging as a duty, reforms are needed to the UN Security Council and a clearer legal definition of R2P to strengthen its effectiveness in preventing mass atrocities.
The Relationship between Human Rights and Disaster Risk Reduction Revisited: ...Paulina Pospieszna
This paper explores the link between human rights and disaster risk reduction. We
revisit the notion of a human rights-based approach in the context of natural disasters,
analyzing how this concept may contribute to greater accountability and empowerment
of those involved in disaster risk reduction. To better understand the processes of
empowering rights holders and holding duty bearers into account we adopt legal analytical
lenses. By doing so we review four country case studies and their main regulations
on disaster risk reduction, taking into account the extent to which they adopt a
human rights-based approach. We argue that countries whose legal frameworks allow
for community engagement point towards greater community empowerment.
Similarly, countries whose legal provisions make possible for holding States accountable
for their underperformance in disaster situations suggest greater levels of accountability.
We also consider key international human rights instruments binding the four case studies in order to analyze whether and to what extent international human
rights obligations may support advocacy and accountability in disaster risk reduction.
Based on the analysis of these case studies we consider that empowerment and
accountability processes in drr can reinforce each other, and that human rights may
contribute to progress in these areas.
International law is simply an instrument for policymakersSebastian Newton
This document discusses whether international law is simply an instrument for policymakers. It notes that international law is complex with different classifications fragmenting over time. It also discusses debates around how international law is applied and theories on its nature. It analyzes aspects of the UN system like the Security Council and issues around state compliance with treaties. Overall, it argues that while international law is not entirely manipulated by policymakers, there is significant evidence that powerful states can selectively apply or disregard it to suit their political interests and agendas.
The author examines the nexus between international law and the concept
of human security that emerged in the 1990s. The article proceeds in three parts. Part
one outlines the concept of human security, its genesis and contents. Part two examines the nexus between human security and international law and briefly considers the
most representative aspects of international law, including international jurisprudence,
that, in the author’s opinion, reflect human security imperatives. Finally, conclusions
provide answers to the questions posed and indicate the increased value of the human
security concept. The questions read as follows: How can human security strengthen
international actions (actions based on international law)? Where in international law
is human security reflected? In other words, what aspects of international law reflect
a human security-centered approach? What is the role of international law in human
security? Taking all this into account, what is the added value of adopting the concept
of human security? This article is inevitably interdisciplinary, as it combines the perspectives of international law and international relations.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
Secretary Kerry is examining ways to strengthen international law. A recommendation is made to restrict reservations in treaties to prevent loopholes. Another is to restructure the UN Security Council to avoid vetoes blocking action. Recognizing human security in international law could clarify interventions. The US ratifying the Rome Statute and observing universal jurisdiction would endorse growing international criminal justice. Finally, ratifying the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea supports codifying customary international law and managing maritime zones.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS AND APPLICATION OF THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PR...Kayla Jones
The document provides a critical analysis of the status and application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine in international law. It discusses the debate around whether R2P qualifies as an emerging norm or customary international law. While some scholars view it as such, others argue it is merely a political principle and not legally binding. The document aims to analyze R2P's legal framework and whether it has developed into customary international law. It contends that R2P has not reached that level and is not a novel concept, but rather reaffirms existing principles of international law.
More like this Abstract TranslateFull Text Translate.docxroushhsiu
More like this
Abstract Translate
Full Text Translate
International law is in a period of transition. After World War
II, but especially since the 1980s, human rights expanded to
almost every corner of international law. In doing so, they
changed core features of international law itself, including
the definition of sovereignty and the sources of international
legal rules. But what has been called the "age of human
rights" is over, at leastfor now. Whether measured in terms of
the increasing number of authoritarian governments, the
decline in international human rights enforcement
architecture such as the Responsibility to Protect and the
Alien Tort Statute, the growing power of China and Russia
over the content of international law, or the rising of
nationalism and populism, international human rights law is
in retreat. The decline offers an opportunity to consider how
human rights changed, or purported to change, international
law and how international law as a whole can be made more
effective in a post-human rights era. This Article is the first to
argue that international human rights law as a whole-
whatever its much disputed benefits for human rights
themselves-appears to have expanded and changed
international law in ways that have made it weaker, less likely
to generate compliance, and more likely to produce
interstate friction and conflict. The debate around
international law and human rights should be reframed to
consider these costs and to evaluate whether international
law, including the work of the United Nations, should focus
on a stronger, more limited core of international legal norms
that protects international peace and security, not human
rights. Human rights could be advanced through domestic
and regional legal systems, through the the development of
non-binding international norms, and through iterative
processes of international reporting and monitoring-a model
not unlike the Paris Climate Agreement.
MoreK
0:00 /0:00
HeadnoteHeadnote
Abstract
International law is in a period of transition. After World War
II, but especially since the 1980s, human rights expanded to
almost every corner of international law. In doing so, they
changed core features of international law itself, including
the definition of sovereignty and the sources of international
legal rules. But what has been called the "age of human
rights" is over, at leastfor now. Whether measured in terms of
the increasing number of authoritarian governments, the
decline in international human rights enforcement
architecture such as the Responsibility to Protect and the
Alien Tort Statute, the growing power of China and Russia
over the content of international law, or the rising of
nationalism and populism, international human rights law is
in retreat.
The decline offers an opportunity to consider how human
rights changed, or purported to change, international law and
how international law as a whole can be mad.
This document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine in international law. It begins by providing background on R2P, including its historical roots in concepts like humanitarian intervention and the development of the UN. The document then analyzes whether states have a duty or choice to protect populations under R2P, and whether current mechanisms allow for effective protection. It argues that while R2P may be emerging as a duty, reforms are needed to the UN Security Council and a clearer legal definition of R2P to strengthen its effectiveness in preventing mass atrocities.
The Relationship between Human Rights and Disaster Risk Reduction Revisited: ...Paulina Pospieszna
This paper explores the link between human rights and disaster risk reduction. We
revisit the notion of a human rights-based approach in the context of natural disasters,
analyzing how this concept may contribute to greater accountability and empowerment
of those involved in disaster risk reduction. To better understand the processes of
empowering rights holders and holding duty bearers into account we adopt legal analytical
lenses. By doing so we review four country case studies and their main regulations
on disaster risk reduction, taking into account the extent to which they adopt a
human rights-based approach. We argue that countries whose legal frameworks allow
for community engagement point towards greater community empowerment.
Similarly, countries whose legal provisions make possible for holding States accountable
for their underperformance in disaster situations suggest greater levels of accountability.
We also consider key international human rights instruments binding the four case studies in order to analyze whether and to what extent international human
rights obligations may support advocacy and accountability in disaster risk reduction.
Based on the analysis of these case studies we consider that empowerment and
accountability processes in drr can reinforce each other, and that human rights may
contribute to progress in these areas.
International law is simply an instrument for policymakersSebastian Newton
This document discusses whether international law is simply an instrument for policymakers. It notes that international law is complex with different classifications fragmenting over time. It also discusses debates around how international law is applied and theories on its nature. It analyzes aspects of the UN system like the Security Council and issues around state compliance with treaties. Overall, it argues that while international law is not entirely manipulated by policymakers, there is significant evidence that powerful states can selectively apply or disregard it to suit their political interests and agendas.
The author examines the nexus between international law and the concept
of human security that emerged in the 1990s. The article proceeds in three parts. Part
one outlines the concept of human security, its genesis and contents. Part two examines the nexus between human security and international law and briefly considers the
most representative aspects of international law, including international jurisprudence,
that, in the author’s opinion, reflect human security imperatives. Finally, conclusions
provide answers to the questions posed and indicate the increased value of the human
security concept. The questions read as follows: How can human security strengthen
international actions (actions based on international law)? Where in international law
is human security reflected? In other words, what aspects of international law reflect
a human security-centered approach? What is the role of international law in human
security? Taking all this into account, what is the added value of adopting the concept
of human security? This article is inevitably interdisciplinary, as it combines the perspectives of international law and international relations.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
A Critically Analysis of the Doctrine of Use of Force by States under Interna...Onyekachi Duru Esq
The purpose of this presentation is to provide a clear statement, assessment and critical analysis of the rules of international law governing the use of force by states.
This document discusses ethical issues in healthcare, focusing on the responsibilities of healthcare professionals. It notes laws like HIPAA that require maintaining patient privacy and medical record confidentiality. Respecting patient religious beliefs is also discussed, using the example of accommodating dietary restrictions for Jehovah's Witnesses. The document emphasizes understanding different patient needs and values without judgment, and finding solutions that respect various cultures and beliefs.
1. The document discusses the threat posed by ISIS to global human security and international law. It argues that both minimalist and maximalist approaches to human security are needed to adequately address the human rights abuses committed by ISIS, including acts of extreme torture, rape, and sexual slavery.
2. A key point made is that the international community must not only acknowledge the evil and inhumane acts of ISIS, but must also employ legal channels and instruments to criminalize the atrocities and hold perpetrators accountable. Collective security requires recognition of abuses as well as justice through appropriate punishment.
3. The paper aims to examine ISIS's religious ideology and connection to sexual violence, discuss theories of
The document discusses several topics related to the United Nations:
The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The ICJ helped resolve a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Pedra Branca.
The UN protects children's rights through instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and two Optional Protocols addressing child soldiers and sale of children.
The environment faces threats like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Sustainable development and practices like sustainable forestry can protect the environment while enabling resource use.
The UN played roles in the Korean War by providing military aid to South Korea, and
This document summarizes a conference and workshop on emerging law relating to the detention of non-state actors engaged in hostilities. The conference explored legal gaps and questions around detaining powers, applicable legal regimes, and standards. Speakers discussed increasing convergence between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. The workshop involved closed discussions of national detention practices and transferring detainees. Overall, the document examines complex legal issues and practical challenges surrounding the detention of non-state actors in non-international armed conflicts.
PLSI 120/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/PLSI 120/._.DS_Store
PLSI 120/articles/Annan In Larger Freedom FA 2005.pdf
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN
Author(s): Kofi Annan
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2005), pp. 63-74
Published by: Council on Foreign Relations
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n Larger Freec omn
Decision Time at the UN
Kofi Annan
OUR SHARED VULNERABILITY
As K A New York investment banker who walks past Ground Zero
every day on her way to work what today's biggest threat is. Then ask
an illiterate 12-year-old orphan in Malawi who lost his parents to
AIDS. You Will get two very different answers. Invite an Indonesian
fisherman mourning the loss of his entire family and the destruction
of his village from the recent, devastating tsunami to tell you what he
fears most. Then ask a villager in Darfiur, stalked by murderous militias
and fearftil of bombing raids. Their answers, too, are likely to diverge.
Different perceptions of what is a threat are often the biggest
obstacles to international cooperation. But I believe that in the twenty
first century they should not be allowed to lead the world's governments
to pursue very different priorities or to work at cross-purposes. Today's
threats are deeply interconnected, and they feed off of one another. The
misery of people caught in unresolved civil conflicts or of populations
mired in extreme poverty, for example, may increase their attraction
to terrorism. The mass rape of women that occurs too often in today's
conflicts makes the spread of HIV and AIDS all the more likely.
In fact, all of us are vulnerable to what we think of as dangers that
threaten only other people. Millions more of sub-Saharan Africa's
inhabitants would plunge below the poverty line if a nuclear terrorist
attack against a financial center in the United States caused a massive
downturn in the global economy. By the same token, millions ofAmer
icans could quickly become infected if, naturally or through malicious
KOFI ANNAN is Secretary-General of the United Nations.
[63]
Kofi Ann.
The document discusses the need to strengthen extraterritorial human rights obligations (ETOs) for twelve reasons. It argues that the universality of human rights implies that human rights claims can be made against all states, not just one's home state, meaning states have ETOs. It also states that ETOs are necessary for a rights-based international legal order, as globalization has increased the impact of states' actions abroad and the gap in human rights protection. Only by recognizing ETOs, including an obligation for international cooperation, can human rights be fully realized and claims be justiciable for rights holders.
International criminal law has evolved over centuries from prohibitions on piracy and slavery to modern conventions protecting individuals during war and from human rights abuses. While the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals after World War II are credited with launching international criminal law, it was not until the 1990s that the UN established the ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, creating the first institutions to prosecute individuals for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. However, international criminal law remains a developing field with shortcomings including limits on prosecuting heads of state, lack of resources, non-cooperation of states, and selective or limited jurisdiction of courts like the International Criminal Court. This chapter will focus on aspects
Abolition Of The Death Penalty In Indonesia A Conceptual Framework For ActionTye Rausch
This document is a term paper that discusses the abolition of the death penalty in Indonesia. It provides background on international trends towards abolition and the current status of the death penalty in Indonesia. The paper is organized into two main sections. The first section discusses the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which requires abolition of the death penalty. It analyzes why Indonesia has not ratified this protocol. The second section discusses factors that could drive Indonesia to abolish the death penalty, focusing on the relationship between democracy, democratization, and respect for human rights. The paper argues that as Indonesia democratizes further, it will be better positioned to abolish capital punishment.
International intellectual property law and human securitySpringer
This document discusses the evolving concept of security from focusing solely on state security to encompassing individual/human security and human rights. It examines different approaches to conceptualizing human security, including as a development and rights-based framework. Key aspects of human security discussed include protecting fundamental freedoms and dignity, addressing both rights violations and deprivations, and taking an integrated approach to reducing threats beyond any single issue. The document also analyzes debates around defining human security and balancing expansiveness with policy usefulness.
Power Politics: the UN, Iraq and The Principle of Sovereign EqualityQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In international relations discourse and possibly international law, no term has been so widely used than that of sovereignty, to the extent that its utilitarian values are today in doubt. Sovereignty is definitely a concept that has influenced the pattern of international life. Just like nationalism, sovereignty is the main threat to internationalism and world government. It is on this line that many analysts conceive sovereignty as having the potentials to frustrate world order through its emotionalism, narrow ethics, variations in form, ambivalence, necessity to forge a union, between nation and state and denial of reality of interdependence. Nonetheless, contrary to all set rules, nations act based on the principle of sovereignty. Nations are more than prepared to flout international rules due to their intolerant interpretations of what sovereignty is or is not. The United Nations endorsement of the concept of sovereign equality of all states has magnified the misconception as if sovereignty is synonymous with equality of states. It is in the midst of these analytical misconceptions that the need for a re-examination of the notion of sovereign equality of states arises . The UN involvement in the Iraqi wars would be used to demonstrate how sovereignty does not reflect the reality in world politics.
International Legal protection of Human rights in armed conflicts.Christina Parmionova
In recent decades, armed conflict has blighted the lives of millions of civilians. Serious violations of international humanitarian and human
rights law are common in many armed conflicts. In certain circumstances, some of these violations may even constitute genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity.
In the past 20 years, Governments, rebels, politicians, diplomats, activists,
demonstrators and journalists have referred to international humanitarian
law and human rights in armed conflicts. They are regularly referred to
in United Nations Security Council resolutions, in United Nations Human
Rights Council discussions, in political pamphlets of opposition movements,
in reports of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the training of soldiers and in diplomatic discussions. International human rights law and international humanitarian law are now important parameters for many
military commanders, advised on the ground by lawyers. Finally, they
are often referred to by defence lawyers and prosecutors in international
and—to a still limited extent—domestic tribunals, and form the basis for
well-reasoned verdicts.
International human rights law and international humanitarian law share
the goal of preserving the dignity and humanity of all. Over the years, the
General Assembly, the Commission on Human Rights and, more recently,
the Human Rights Council have considered that, in armed conflict, parties to the conflict have legally binding obligations concerning the rights of
persons affected by the conflict. Although different in scope, international human rights law and international humanitarian law offer a series of protections to persons in armed conflict, whether civilians, persons who
are no longer participating directly in hostilities or active participants in the conflict. Indeed, as has been recognized, inter alia, by international and
regional courts, as well as by United Nations organs, treaty bodies and human rights special procedures, both bodies of law apply to situations of armed conflict and provide complementary and mutually reinforcing protection.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
This document provides an overview of international relations theory, including concepts of security in the international arena. It discusses traditional security approaches focused on the state and military concerns, as well as more modern human security approaches. It also outlines several theoretical perspectives in international relations like realism, liberalism, constructivism, and compares realism and liberalism. Key concepts covered include the multi-sum security principle, women in international security, and the UNDP human security proposal.
This document discusses the traditional sources of international law, which are treaties and customary law. It notes that while treaties allow states to explicitly consent to rules, the treaty-making process is lengthy and complex. Customary law emerges from state practice over time, but determining what behaviors have become legally binding can be challenging. The document goes on to discuss how international law now also addresses issues beyond state relations, like human rights, but the state-centered system of international law may be inadequate to deal with modern global challenges.
Humanitarianism & War on Terror
INR 3403| Jessy Abouarab
The first use in English of the term 'terrorism' occurred during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, when the Jacobins, who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and intimidate regime enemies.
The association of the term only with state violence and intimidation lasted until the mid-19th century, That’s when it began to be associated with non-governmental groups
What is Terrorism?
The use of terror is not a new phenomenon,
a means to achieve political ends
but as we know it has recently acquired a new intensity.
In many cases, terrorists deliberately choose targets as a means of pressurizing governments of the state against certain actions. So its usually a political message.
2
anarchism
Anarchism, often in league with rising nationalism and anti-monarchism, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism.
Near the end of the 19th century, anarchist groups or individuals committed assassinations of a Russian Tsar and contestably a U.S. President.
In the 20th century terrorism continued to be associated with a vast array of anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist groups, many of them engaged in 'third world' anti-colonial struggles.
Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.
3
What changed on September the 11th?
On 9/11, America..
Realized that al Qaeda was more than a criminal threat and enterprise.
That the network of Al Qaeda and the Taliban posed a dangerous threat and amassed a capability to attack the US on its own soil.
That counter-terrorism and anti-terrorism efforts required a comprehensive use of all US resources – it was not a law enforcement problem alone.
The Global war on Terrorism
The United States, its allies, and the world recognized that the threat posed by al Qaeda, the acts perpetrated against the US, were acts of war…
NATO invoked Article V of the treaty; the collective defense provision.
ANZUS collective defense provisions invoked.
OAS offers assistance..
Rio Treaty
On October 7 – the United States uses military force against those who attacked it.
A coalition of more than 40 countries joined the US in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF).
OEF remains active as elements of the Taliban and al Qaeda network attempt to destroy the Karzai government and attack US forces in Afghanistan.
problems identified with terrorism
Definition:
How widely should the offence be defined?
What do they mean by Political Message
Are the motives and intentions behind the attack relevant?
What is the Relationship between terrorism and Use of force by state?
What is the Relationship between terrorism and Human rights?
Insert a picture of an animal and or plant found in your country.
The first major concern is that of definition.
how widely should the offence be defined?
for instance should attacks against property as well as attacks upon perso ...
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdfSunsetWestLegalGroup
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
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A Critically Analysis of the Doctrine of Use of Force by States under Interna...Onyekachi Duru Esq
The purpose of this presentation is to provide a clear statement, assessment and critical analysis of the rules of international law governing the use of force by states.
This document discusses ethical issues in healthcare, focusing on the responsibilities of healthcare professionals. It notes laws like HIPAA that require maintaining patient privacy and medical record confidentiality. Respecting patient religious beliefs is also discussed, using the example of accommodating dietary restrictions for Jehovah's Witnesses. The document emphasizes understanding different patient needs and values without judgment, and finding solutions that respect various cultures and beliefs.
1. The document discusses the threat posed by ISIS to global human security and international law. It argues that both minimalist and maximalist approaches to human security are needed to adequately address the human rights abuses committed by ISIS, including acts of extreme torture, rape, and sexual slavery.
2. A key point made is that the international community must not only acknowledge the evil and inhumane acts of ISIS, but must also employ legal channels and instruments to criminalize the atrocities and hold perpetrators accountable. Collective security requires recognition of abuses as well as justice through appropriate punishment.
3. The paper aims to examine ISIS's religious ideology and connection to sexual violence, discuss theories of
The document discusses several topics related to the United Nations:
The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The ICJ helped resolve a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Pedra Branca.
The UN protects children's rights through instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and two Optional Protocols addressing child soldiers and sale of children.
The environment faces threats like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Sustainable development and practices like sustainable forestry can protect the environment while enabling resource use.
The UN played roles in the Korean War by providing military aid to South Korea, and
This document summarizes a conference and workshop on emerging law relating to the detention of non-state actors engaged in hostilities. The conference explored legal gaps and questions around detaining powers, applicable legal regimes, and standards. Speakers discussed increasing convergence between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. The workshop involved closed discussions of national detention practices and transferring detainees. Overall, the document examines complex legal issues and practical challenges surrounding the detention of non-state actors in non-international armed conflicts.
PLSI 120/.DS_Store
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PLSI 120/articles/Annan In Larger Freedom FA 2005.pdf
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN
Author(s): Kofi Annan
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2005), pp. 63-74
Published by: Council on Foreign Relations
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n Larger Freec omn
Decision Time at the UN
Kofi Annan
OUR SHARED VULNERABILITY
As K A New York investment banker who walks past Ground Zero
every day on her way to work what today's biggest threat is. Then ask
an illiterate 12-year-old orphan in Malawi who lost his parents to
AIDS. You Will get two very different answers. Invite an Indonesian
fisherman mourning the loss of his entire family and the destruction
of his village from the recent, devastating tsunami to tell you what he
fears most. Then ask a villager in Darfiur, stalked by murderous militias
and fearftil of bombing raids. Their answers, too, are likely to diverge.
Different perceptions of what is a threat are often the biggest
obstacles to international cooperation. But I believe that in the twenty
first century they should not be allowed to lead the world's governments
to pursue very different priorities or to work at cross-purposes. Today's
threats are deeply interconnected, and they feed off of one another. The
misery of people caught in unresolved civil conflicts or of populations
mired in extreme poverty, for example, may increase their attraction
to terrorism. The mass rape of women that occurs too often in today's
conflicts makes the spread of HIV and AIDS all the more likely.
In fact, all of us are vulnerable to what we think of as dangers that
threaten only other people. Millions more of sub-Saharan Africa's
inhabitants would plunge below the poverty line if a nuclear terrorist
attack against a financial center in the United States caused a massive
downturn in the global economy. By the same token, millions ofAmer
icans could quickly become infected if, naturally or through malicious
KOFI ANNAN is Secretary-General of the United Nations.
[63]
Kofi Ann.
The document discusses the need to strengthen extraterritorial human rights obligations (ETOs) for twelve reasons. It argues that the universality of human rights implies that human rights claims can be made against all states, not just one's home state, meaning states have ETOs. It also states that ETOs are necessary for a rights-based international legal order, as globalization has increased the impact of states' actions abroad and the gap in human rights protection. Only by recognizing ETOs, including an obligation for international cooperation, can human rights be fully realized and claims be justiciable for rights holders.
International criminal law has evolved over centuries from prohibitions on piracy and slavery to modern conventions protecting individuals during war and from human rights abuses. While the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals after World War II are credited with launching international criminal law, it was not until the 1990s that the UN established the ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, creating the first institutions to prosecute individuals for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. However, international criminal law remains a developing field with shortcomings including limits on prosecuting heads of state, lack of resources, non-cooperation of states, and selective or limited jurisdiction of courts like the International Criminal Court. This chapter will focus on aspects
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This document is a term paper that discusses the abolition of the death penalty in Indonesia. It provides background on international trends towards abolition and the current status of the death penalty in Indonesia. The paper is organized into two main sections. The first section discusses the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which requires abolition of the death penalty. It analyzes why Indonesia has not ratified this protocol. The second section discusses factors that could drive Indonesia to abolish the death penalty, focusing on the relationship between democracy, democratization, and respect for human rights. The paper argues that as Indonesia democratizes further, it will be better positioned to abolish capital punishment.
International intellectual property law and human securitySpringer
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Power Politics: the UN, Iraq and The Principle of Sovereign EqualityQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In international relations discourse and possibly international law, no term has been so widely used than that of sovereignty, to the extent that its utilitarian values are today in doubt. Sovereignty is definitely a concept that has influenced the pattern of international life. Just like nationalism, sovereignty is the main threat to internationalism and world government. It is on this line that many analysts conceive sovereignty as having the potentials to frustrate world order through its emotionalism, narrow ethics, variations in form, ambivalence, necessity to forge a union, between nation and state and denial of reality of interdependence. Nonetheless, contrary to all set rules, nations act based on the principle of sovereignty. Nations are more than prepared to flout international rules due to their intolerant interpretations of what sovereignty is or is not. The United Nations endorsement of the concept of sovereign equality of all states has magnified the misconception as if sovereignty is synonymous with equality of states. It is in the midst of these analytical misconceptions that the need for a re-examination of the notion of sovereign equality of states arises . The UN involvement in the Iraqi wars would be used to demonstrate how sovereignty does not reflect the reality in world politics.
International Legal protection of Human rights in armed conflicts.Christina Parmionova
In recent decades, armed conflict has blighted the lives of millions of civilians. Serious violations of international humanitarian and human
rights law are common in many armed conflicts. In certain circumstances, some of these violations may even constitute genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity.
In the past 20 years, Governments, rebels, politicians, diplomats, activists,
demonstrators and journalists have referred to international humanitarian
law and human rights in armed conflicts. They are regularly referred to
in United Nations Security Council resolutions, in United Nations Human
Rights Council discussions, in political pamphlets of opposition movements,
in reports of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the training of soldiers and in diplomatic discussions. International human rights law and international humanitarian law are now important parameters for many
military commanders, advised on the ground by lawyers. Finally, they
are often referred to by defence lawyers and prosecutors in international
and—to a still limited extent—domestic tribunals, and form the basis for
well-reasoned verdicts.
International human rights law and international humanitarian law share
the goal of preserving the dignity and humanity of all. Over the years, the
General Assembly, the Commission on Human Rights and, more recently,
the Human Rights Council have considered that, in armed conflict, parties to the conflict have legally binding obligations concerning the rights of
persons affected by the conflict. Although different in scope, international human rights law and international humanitarian law offer a series of protections to persons in armed conflict, whether civilians, persons who
are no longer participating directly in hostilities or active participants in the conflict. Indeed, as has been recognized, inter alia, by international and
regional courts, as well as by United Nations organs, treaty bodies and human rights special procedures, both bodies of law apply to situations of armed conflict and provide complementary and mutually reinforcing protection.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
This document provides an overview of international relations theory, including concepts of security in the international arena. It discusses traditional security approaches focused on the state and military concerns, as well as more modern human security approaches. It also outlines several theoretical perspectives in international relations like realism, liberalism, constructivism, and compares realism and liberalism. Key concepts covered include the multi-sum security principle, women in international security, and the UNDP human security proposal.
This document discusses the traditional sources of international law, which are treaties and customary law. It notes that while treaties allow states to explicitly consent to rules, the treaty-making process is lengthy and complex. Customary law emerges from state practice over time, but determining what behaviors have become legally binding can be challenging. The document goes on to discuss how international law now also addresses issues beyond state relations, like human rights, but the state-centered system of international law may be inadequate to deal with modern global challenges.
Humanitarianism & War on Terror
INR 3403| Jessy Abouarab
The first use in English of the term 'terrorism' occurred during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, when the Jacobins, who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and intimidate regime enemies.
The association of the term only with state violence and intimidation lasted until the mid-19th century, That’s when it began to be associated with non-governmental groups
What is Terrorism?
The use of terror is not a new phenomenon,
a means to achieve political ends
but as we know it has recently acquired a new intensity.
In many cases, terrorists deliberately choose targets as a means of pressurizing governments of the state against certain actions. So its usually a political message.
2
anarchism
Anarchism, often in league with rising nationalism and anti-monarchism, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism.
Near the end of the 19th century, anarchist groups or individuals committed assassinations of a Russian Tsar and contestably a U.S. President.
In the 20th century terrorism continued to be associated with a vast array of anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist groups, many of them engaged in 'third world' anti-colonial struggles.
Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.
3
What changed on September the 11th?
On 9/11, America..
Realized that al Qaeda was more than a criminal threat and enterprise.
That the network of Al Qaeda and the Taliban posed a dangerous threat and amassed a capability to attack the US on its own soil.
That counter-terrorism and anti-terrorism efforts required a comprehensive use of all US resources – it was not a law enforcement problem alone.
The Global war on Terrorism
The United States, its allies, and the world recognized that the threat posed by al Qaeda, the acts perpetrated against the US, were acts of war…
NATO invoked Article V of the treaty; the collective defense provision.
ANZUS collective defense provisions invoked.
OAS offers assistance..
Rio Treaty
On October 7 – the United States uses military force against those who attacked it.
A coalition of more than 40 countries joined the US in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF).
OEF remains active as elements of the Taliban and al Qaeda network attempt to destroy the Karzai government and attack US forces in Afghanistan.
problems identified with terrorism
Definition:
How widely should the offence be defined?
What do they mean by Political Message
Are the motives and intentions behind the attack relevant?
What is the Relationship between terrorism and Use of force by state?
What is the Relationship between terrorism and Human rights?
Insert a picture of an animal and or plant found in your country.
The first major concern is that of definition.
how widely should the offence be defined?
for instance should attacks against property as well as attacks upon perso ...
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To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
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Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
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Our company bridges the gap between registered users and experienced advocates, offering a user-friendly online platform for seamless interaction. This platform empowers users to voice their grievances, particularly regarding online consumer issues. We streamline support by utilizing our team of expert advocates to provide consultancy services and initiate appropriate legal actions.
Our Online Consumer Legal Forum offers comprehensive guidance to individuals and businesses facing consumer complaints. With a dedicated team, round-the-clock support, and efficient complaint management, we are the preferred solution for addressing consumer grievances.
Our intuitive online interface allows individuals to register complaints, seek legal advice, and pursue justice conveniently. Users can submit complaints via mobile devices and send legal notices to companies directly through our portal.
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...Sangyun Lee
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdfveteranlegal
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सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।