Community participation is key to the success of solid waste management. Effective communication among
stakeholders and welcoming new community participants are important success factors. Communication allows
understanding of issues to develop and identification of conflicts. Welcoming participants openly and valuing their
contributions encourages ongoing involvement.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
Key Drivers in Sustainable Community Water Projects: Lessons from Elgeyo-Mara...AI Publications
Debate about sustainable development can be traced to the Rio Summit on environment and development where emphasis was placed on empowering local communities to take charge of their own development. Sustainable development advocates for inclusiveness of all in development especially the local community. Participation of stakeholders in any development endeavour guarantees delivery of project benefits to intended users. The recent transition from MDGs to SDGs with a focus on communities clearly demonstrates the relevance of community participation in projects. This paper assesses the significance of various drivers in community led water projects in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The paper examines different drivers at play in a typical community led water project and assesses how such drivers contribute to project sustainability. The paper concludes that for successful water project implementation, key project drivers should be strengthened by all participating actors.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
This document discusses community participation in co-management of protected areas in Bangladesh. It finds that community participation is key to the success of co-management. The Nishorgo Support Project in Bangladesh aims to implement co-management for forest management, and the document examines the success of this project in terms of community participation. It identifies some challenges to effective community participation, such as lack of time and funding, complexity of natural resource issues, lack of clear participation frameworks, and heterogeneity within communities.
1. alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in indiaUmmi Khairia
1) The document explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India, comparing the costs of community participation, public-private partnerships, and management solely by the municipal corporation.
2) It finds that community participation, in which local organizations and NGOs work with the community and municipal corporation, has the lowest cost per ton of waste management at Rs. 1518 (US$35).
3) Management solely by the municipal corporation has the highest cost at Rs. 1908 (US$44) per ton. Public-private partnerships fall in between at Rs. 1797 (US$41) per ton.
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
Key Drivers in Sustainable Community Water Projects: Lessons from Elgeyo-Mara...AI Publications
Debate about sustainable development can be traced to the Rio Summit on environment and development where emphasis was placed on empowering local communities to take charge of their own development. Sustainable development advocates for inclusiveness of all in development especially the local community. Participation of stakeholders in any development endeavour guarantees delivery of project benefits to intended users. The recent transition from MDGs to SDGs with a focus on communities clearly demonstrates the relevance of community participation in projects. This paper assesses the significance of various drivers in community led water projects in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The paper examines different drivers at play in a typical community led water project and assesses how such drivers contribute to project sustainability. The paper concludes that for successful water project implementation, key project drivers should be strengthened by all participating actors.
Solid Waste Management System: Public-Private Partnership, the Best System fo...IJERA Editor
Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many
developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status
which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping
of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste
management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for
developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the
approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management
methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed
academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with
waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization,
auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and
Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases.
Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics.
After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for
additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling,
composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms
collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving
processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management
should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated
SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real
impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design,
location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
encouraged.
I
This document discusses community participation in co-management of protected areas in Bangladesh. It finds that community participation is key to the success of co-management. The Nishorgo Support Project in Bangladesh aims to implement co-management for forest management, and the document examines the success of this project in terms of community participation. It identifies some challenges to effective community participation, such as lack of time and funding, complexity of natural resource issues, lack of clear participation frameworks, and heterogeneity within communities.
1. alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in indiaUmmi Khairia
1) The document explores alternative approaches to municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India, comparing the costs of community participation, public-private partnerships, and management solely by the municipal corporation.
2) It finds that community participation, in which local organizations and NGOs work with the community and municipal corporation, has the lowest cost per ton of waste management at Rs. 1518 (US$35).
3) Management solely by the municipal corporation has the highest cost at Rs. 1908 (US$44) per ton. Public-private partnerships fall in between at Rs. 1797 (US$41) per ton.
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
This document summarizes a study on inclusive stakeholder participation for sustaining dry sanitation solutions in Madimba, Zambia. The study found that stakeholder engagement and participation is key to project success and sustainability. In Madimba, the Network for Environmental Concerns and Solutions (NECOS) engaged in participatory research, analysis of community needs and concerns, and capacity building initiatives. Best practices for sustainability included integrating indigenous knowledge, artisanal training, entrepreneurship programs, and partnerships. However, challenges remained regarding cultural acceptance and addressing socioeconomic factors at the community level.
This document provides an overview of systems approaches to addressing complex public sector challenges. It discusses the need for systems thinking given increasing complexity in policy issues. Traditional linear and sectoral approaches are often inadequate for "wicked problems" that have many interconnected elements. The document then outlines some of the challenges of using systems approaches in the public sector, such as the difficulty of changing systems that must continue operating. It provides examples of systems approaches being used for issues like child protection, domestic violence, and transportation. The key is focusing on outcomes, bringing together multiple actors, and implementing interventions to transform existing systems into desired future systems. Case studies and emerging evidence suggest systems approaches have potential but also face challenges in public sector contexts.
A Research Paper on Community Led-Total Sanitation Approach in Peri-urban and...Stephen Olubulyera
A Research Paper on Community-Led-Total Sanitation in Urban and Peri-Urban Environments: A Case Study of Kakuma, Kainuk, Lodwar, Lokichar, Lokichoggio Towns/Cities--Turkana County.
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Public private partnerships (pp ps) as collective action for improved urban e...Alexander Decker
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a means of improving urban environmental governance in Ethiopia. It notes that rapid urbanization has led to environmental degradation and challenges providing basic services. While the government has made efforts, needs still exceed capacity due to complexity and growth. PPPs involving cooperation between public and private sectors could help fill gaps by efficiently delivering reliable infrastructure services. The document reviews PPP models in other countries and their potential application in Ethiopia to address urban environmental issues and enhance service provision.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...Wendy Berg
This document summarizes a study that examined community involvement in household solid waste management in Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. It reviewed relevant literature on the challenges of solid waste management. The study found that residents were aware of health issues from improper waste management and interested in reducing waste, but faced challenges like costs, lack of cooperation, and attitudes. It used a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling to interview 150 residents, mainly women. The study found residents had varying education levels and most generated more waste by living with spouses or families.
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
Application of an integrative approach for municipal solid waste management a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that assesses municipal solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria and Putrajaya, Malaysia using an integrated solid waste management system approach. The study aims to adopt a conceptual model for efficient and sustainable solid waste management in Abuja based on comparing it to Putrajaya. The integrated solid waste management system recognizes three important dimensions: stakeholders, waste system elements like collection and disposal, and sustainability.
Research Paper ProposalNameInstitutional Affiliation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Paper Proposal
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Working Thesis
Solid waste management plays a pivotal role in the society given the fact that it results in the improvement of the waste management, collection and disposal practices.
Explanation
The government should put in place specific planning and cost analysis metrics in an effort to address the waste management menace. One such metric is the adoption of an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) program that forms the basis of the paper.
Sub points
Acceding to the study by USEPA (2002), there are both positive and negative effects of waste management to the environment. These are; pollution of human health and the environment, increased waste generation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions from poor waste management.
All these challenges out of solid waste management can be contained by the use of the ISWM program in place. It is because the ISWM program is comprised of various characters namely waste prevention, recycling, composting and disposal (USEPA, 2002). The goal of the program is to prevent waste generation, collecting, reprocessing and recovery of waste materials and landfilling and combustion activities of unpreventable and unrecyclable.
Objections
The insufficiency of appropriate measures in place to sustain the solid waste management services in various parts of the world is an inconvenience. It affects natural resources, life support systems, social harmony, human rights, economic growth and public participation in decision-making (Baud, Post & Furedy, 2004). The ineffective on the government raise serious concerns on the ability of the concerned authority to handle the issue.
Reply to Objections
Despite the growing disbelief in the measure put in place by the government concerning the containment of the waste management, there are solid programs that help a lot. The uses of the Waste hierarchy are greatly helping to contain the issue raised effectively. Through the program, messages about waste management sustainability in urban areas are communicated to the target audience (Baud, Post & Furedy, 2004). The content of the messages is information on how avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose of waste.
Reference
Baud I. Post. J & Furedy C. (2004). Solid Waste Management and Recycling: Actors, Partnerships and Policies in Hyderabad, India and Nairobi, Kenya: NY, Boston, Dordrecht, London, And Moscow: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020- 175-0
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002). Solid Waste Management: A Local Challenge With Global Impacts. USA: USEPA.
...
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Using Minecraft as a citizen participation tool in urban design and decision ...Ericsson
In partnership with UN-Habitat, Ericsson has carried out a social impact assessment of the use of Minecraft as a community participation tool in public space design in Kirtipur, Nepal.
Global environmental governance involves multi-level interactions between various actors including states, non-state organizations, and grassroots groups. Grassroots organizations have increasingly engaged in global governance by reframing global norms, connecting different issue areas, and developing new forms of representation and expertise. For example, transnational indigenous networks have influenced climate negotiations to advocate for control over climate funds and territorial rights. Grassroots groups challenge global governance through new representative forms emerging from the local level and direct collective action.
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In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
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Here are a few key points regarding how the current profit system would need to be adjusted to account for environmental and social costs:
- Externalized costs: Currently, many environmental and social costs are externalized and not reflected in product/service prices. A revised system would find ways to internalize these externalities, such as through carbon pricing, pollution taxes, etc. This would make prices more accurately reflect the true costs.
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This document discusses approaches to building sustainable urbanization through partnerships. It begins by outlining key trends in urbanization globally and in India. Challenges facing growing cities are described, such as fragmented decision making and impacts on ecological, economic and social systems. The document then presents a conceptual framework and several approaches for understanding and achieving urban sustainability, including adapting to constraints, integrating systems, monitoring effectiveness, and thinking beyond administrative boundaries. Specific examples from India are provided, such as the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission and transit oriented development projects. Criteria for developing pathways towards urban sustainability are outlined. The document concludes by listing several references for further information.
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addressing stakeholders’ marginalisation through a participatory research process,
which led to a zero-waste operational practice. The research concludes with the
suggestion for a mixed method to explore the topic in future research in a private
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Research Paper ProposalNameInstitutional Affiliation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Paper Proposal
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Working Thesis
Solid waste management plays a pivotal role in the society given the fact that it results in the improvement of the waste management, collection and disposal practices.
Explanation
The government should put in place specific planning and cost analysis metrics in an effort to address the waste management menace. One such metric is the adoption of an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) program that forms the basis of the paper.
Sub points
Acceding to the study by USEPA (2002), there are both positive and negative effects of waste management to the environment. These are; pollution of human health and the environment, increased waste generation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions from poor waste management.
All these challenges out of solid waste management can be contained by the use of the ISWM program in place. It is because the ISWM program is comprised of various characters namely waste prevention, recycling, composting and disposal (USEPA, 2002). The goal of the program is to prevent waste generation, collecting, reprocessing and recovery of waste materials and landfilling and combustion activities of unpreventable and unrecyclable.
Objections
The insufficiency of appropriate measures in place to sustain the solid waste management services in various parts of the world is an inconvenience. It affects natural resources, life support systems, social harmony, human rights, economic growth and public participation in decision-making (Baud, Post & Furedy, 2004). The ineffective on the government raise serious concerns on the ability of the concerned authority to handle the issue.
Reply to Objections
Despite the growing disbelief in the measure put in place by the government concerning the containment of the waste management, there are solid programs that help a lot. The uses of the Waste hierarchy are greatly helping to contain the issue raised effectively. Through the program, messages about waste management sustainability in urban areas are communicated to the target audience (Baud, Post & Furedy, 2004). The content of the messages is information on how avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose of waste.
Reference
Baud I. Post. J & Furedy C. (2004). Solid Waste Management and Recycling: Actors, Partnerships and Policies in Hyderabad, India and Nairobi, Kenya: NY, Boston, Dordrecht, London, And Moscow: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020- 175-0
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002). Solid Waste Management: A Local Challenge With Global Impacts. USA: USEPA.
...
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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A REVIEW ON THE SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT (ICM 2011) PROCEEDING
963
A REVIEW ON THE SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Fatin Syazwina Abdul Shukor, Abdul Hakim Mohammed, Suwaibatul Islamiah Abdullah
Sani, Mariah Awang
Department of Real Estate Management, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, University of
Technology Malaysia, Skudai Malaysia
Abstract
Community participation is recognised as a factor contributing to the success of waste management. There have been
many case studies in developing countries which prove that community participation in waste management plays a
vital role in the contribution on the success of the services provided. Nevertheless, community participation is
difficult to achieve even though it is important for solving the problem of waste management. There are several
success factors that have been put forward by researchers that can practically encourage community participation in
solid waste management. Nevertheless, there are many disputes and disagreements on the selection of the best factors
to ensure successful participation from the community in solid waste management. Therefore, this paper will discuss
the success factors for community participation in solid waste management and will present some of the opinions and
criticisms on the matter.
Keywords: Success Factors, Community Participation, Solid Waste Management
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Developing countries facing problems of solid waste management, this is due to involves public health and the
environment in urban areas. Solid waste management that is not efficient will lead to negative impacts to the
environment, such as environmental pollution, soil and water, and power generation from gas landfill. Therefore, if
the management of solid waste is not properly manage, it will give an effect for the health and safety issues (Daily
Nation Report, 2004). The management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge and issues in urban areas
throughout the world, but particularly in the rapidly growing cities and towns of the developing countries (Foo, 1997).
The need for public participation is required. According to previous research, the importance of community
participation is necessary to ensure the success of community participation (Abduli et al, 2007; Junquera. Brio and
Muniz, 2001, Massoud et al, 2003; Mongkolnchaiarunya, 2005). There are numerous case studies in developing
countries that is proven that community participation in waste management plays a vital role in contributing to the
success of the services provided (Anand, 1999; Bernardo, 2008; Mongkolchaiarunya, 2005; Ogu, 2000; Poerbo, 1991;
Rathi, 2006; Sujauddin et al., 2008).
Solid waste management is one of activity where community participation is key to success. A minimum
participation of the community is required in putting the garbage at the street to be collected in a proper way at the
right time. At the individual level, residents are responsible as users. This involves actions like storing waste in a
proper way in a bag or bin, separate recyclable or organic materials from other waste, putting waste at the right place
and at the proper time for collection, and cleaning the area around the house. Most of the researchers argued,
community participation is workable on paper thus it is hard to implement. However there are numerous of researcher
success to involve the community participating in planning and decision making. This is by identifying key success
factors for community participation in solid waste management.
2. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT (ICM 2011) PROCEEDING
964
2.0 ISSUES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Statistics show that the world population reached six billion in 2001 with 46% of this population rapidly
increasing in urban areas. The urban population in developed nations was 75% of the total population in those
countries (HMGN, MoPE, 2003). Municipal solid waste generated in 1997 was about 0.49 billion tons with an
estimated annual growth rate of 3.2–4.5% in developed nations and 2–3% in developing nations (Suocheng et al.,
2001). Urban areas in Asia produced approximately 760,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day in 1998, which is
expected to rise to 1.8 million tons by 2025. According to previous studies, there are several factors that contribute to
solid waste management problem:
• Management factors: Poor management of local authority who are responsible for the handling (Tadesse,
2006; Gobo, 2002), inadequate provision of facilities for waste management (Tadesse, 2006), ineffective
approach to carry out waste management (Zia and Devadas, 2007), low skill workers (Ayotamuno et al, 2004;
Harihar City Municipal Council, 2006; Asase et al, 2009), financial constraints (Ayotamuno et al, 2004;
Gobo, 2002; Asase M. et al, 2009) insufficient of sensitivity and awareness to understand the needs of the
public (Ayotamuno et al, 2004), the garbage collection process is not systematic and practically ineffective
for disposal (Osman Nuri Agdag, 2009) , there is no approach to monitoring and supervision of all activities
associated with the waste management (Gobo, 2002; Khalil and Khan, 2008)
• Lack of skills, knowledge and equipment: Ineffective management system ( Khalil and Khan, 2008),
absence of reasonable and systematic method adopted, the weaknesses in the provision of equipment for the
implementation of services, poor infrastructure (Asase et al , 2009), knowledge restrictions of the technical
work in solid waste management (Khalil and Khan, 2008).
• Inadequate law enforcement to the waste management : Limitation of knowledge in the solid wate
management organisation including weakness of action policies from government. As supported by Terazono
et al (2005), this problem occur in many Asian countries, there is no specific laws enacted specifically for
solid waste management for example in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
• Lack of community participation : Bad littering habits and attitudes of people, lack of awareness among
communities, support and public interest in waste management (City Municipal Council, Harihar, 2006),
• Other factors : Increasing number of population (Latifah Abdul Manaf et al, 2009; Ogbonna et al, 2007;
Englande and Jin, 2006; Fazlina Bt Md Akhir, 2007; Periathamby et al, 2008; Gobo, 2002), rapid economic
development, lack of expertise in the infrastructure, scarcity of land for waste disposal (Latifah Abdul Manaf
et al, 2009), increasing migration to large cities (Zia and Devadas, 2007; Gobo, 2002).
3.0 RATIONALE FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
“Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, on a relevant level.
On a national basis, each individual should have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is
held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the
opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States should facilitate and encourage public awareness and
participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings,
including redress and remedy should be provided” (Stockholm, 1972).
The rationale for community participation in solid waste management particularly important for several
reasons. First, everyone in the community have responsibility to participate on the fact that everyone in community
generates waste and they can be affected directly and indirectly if waste is not well managed. Solid waste can be
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hazardous to community and the participation in waste management may increase community sense and responsibility
for maintaining services provided by local authorities. These aspects will essential for the continuity and efficiency of
the projects. Apart from individual responsibility, people can be collectively responsible in organizing activities, such
as meetings, clean-up campaigns, and awareness-raising activities. Furthermore, community participation can involve
in making material, financial or physical contributions to activities of solid waste management, for instance working
as cart operator or sweeper, and paying fees for waste collection (Subash, 2002). The second reason, the community is
responsible for producing waste everyday (mbsskl.edu), throwing rubbish everywhere (Chattopadhyay et al, 2009,
Stern et al, 1997; Bras et al, 2009), even though at the collection point (Chattopadhyay et al, 2009). It is very
important to get public participation in planning and decision-making process to ensure waste management working
well. Third, community participation also help the improvement of project design and effectiveness into solid waste
management. If the community get involved and participate in the design of the project, the needs and ideas from
community can be integrated and it is a way to become more effective implementation of the project (Subash, 2002).
4.0 THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
There is no fixed definition that can describe a clear meaning of community participation. This is because
different researchers interpret the purpose of community participation with different views. The community
participation concept has different meanings to different people to such an extent that virtually many community-
based project or programme that is now being a fashionable termed ‘Community participation’. It is also known as
citizen participation, people’s participation, public participation, and popular participation’. Armitage (1988) defined
community participation as a process by which communities act in response to public concerns, voice out their
opinions about decisions that affect them, and take responsibility for changes to their community. Below are concepts
and issues raised by previous research:
• An interactive process (interactive) that involves communication, listening, consulting, mergers and
collaborations with the public, who is also as a partner who will also participate to give consent and opinion
on the decision making process (Okello et al, 2009).
• Information sharing, involving communities in decision-making process, taking into consideration the idea
and opinion of the community and empower the community in terms of ability to influence the decision-
making process (Gladstone, 2008).
• Community participation describes any process that starts to inform, gather input or involve the community
regarding decision making processes. This covers all levels of information, awareness creation, outreach,
inputs involvement and collaboration. Community participation is illustrated in the diagram below
(RPRLGSP, 2009) :
DIAGRAM 4.1: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION CONCEPT
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5.0 WHY COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IS IMPORTANT?
The importance of community participation can be viewed with a broader scope and initially not only focusing on
waste management. First, community participation can effectively target resources and efficiently. This is because
through community participation, community willing to share ideas and opinions. It is a way to get know the
requirements and needs of the community. Besides that, the provision of resources including money and time
consuming to use the best because everything they do will not be in vain as the support of the community. Second, it
can allow two ways communication and thus participants to give a new ideas. Through two-way communication, the
conflicts and information can be delivered effectively. Third, community participation offers a new thinking and
innovative ideas from community. Through the opportunities provided, community will pleasure to voice out their
opinion. It will indirectly train the community to think creatively and become more innovative. Forth, by community
involvement in planning and decision making, community will have the responsibility and sense of ownership. As the
community will feel that they are also involved in a project. Fifth, it is a process of empowering people and it is a way
to sustainable planning and development.
6.0 A LADDER OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
A ladder of participation is popularized by Arnstein in 1969 through his journal "A Ladder of Citizen
Participation”. He introduced the eight rung for citizen participation. Even so, after few years, most of researchers
believe that participation ladder introduced by Arnstein can be improved for a better explanation to provide a clear
understanding. The figure showed a ladder of community participation. It is explaining the degree of participation,
participant’s action and illustrative modes for achieving community participation. Meanwhile, the wheel of
participation developed by South Lanarkshire Council is a model to assist the community planning (Figure 6.2). The
wheel explain about the objectives related to information, consultation, participation and empowerment.
Figure 6.1 : A ladder of community participation : degree of participation, participant’s action and illustrative modes for
achieving it (Brager & Specht, 1966)
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Figure 6.2: The wheel of participation (Davidson, 1967)
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7.0 CONCEPT OF SUCCESS FACTOR
The concept of “success factors” first discussed in the management literature in 1961 by D.Ronald Daniel
who was the director of Mckinsey & Company then the process was refined by John F. Rockart in 1981. In 1995,
James A. Johnson and Michael Friesen applied it to many sector settings, including health care. It is very important in
determining the success of a project undertaken to identify the best elements that had be chosen for the best
performance. Although this approach is widely used in business analysis and data analysis, and it is rarely applied in
other fields, but it is also successfully used in other areas by selecting the factors or the best strategy to ensure success
of projects. There are some researchers from other fields who use this approach to determine the best factor to be
applied in their planning process. According to Wener Ketelhohn (1998), he argues the concept of key success factor
is a key strategic one, and should not be confused with the many fashionable buzzwords in management that come
and go. Understanding and developing key success factor enables the organization or company to enter an industry
successfully, differentiate between themselves with generic strategies and operate optimally between higher perceived
value and lower delivered costs.
8.0 SUCCESS FACTORS IN COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
There are a few of researcher in the community participation had use the term of 'key success factors’ in
explaining the best factors in community participation. Most of them used the word 'effective', 'best practice', 'best
approach', 'sustainability approach' 'attribute of success'. Whatever term is used, the concept and meaning of the
research is not much different for explaining the selection of best factors. There are various opinions on selecting the
best factor to encourage people to participate in a community project, including the planning and decision-making
process. Although there are many disagreements on the different ideas, each researcher has choose this factor based
on the most appropriate factors to be implemented in a field of study and, as appropriate, taking into account for this
various factors. It can be concluded that the selection of success factors in community participation for solid waste
management will be different depends on region, culture and communities acceptance.
9.0 THE SUCCESS FACTOR FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
9.1) Welcome Them
The most important action you can take to ensure community participation success is to welcome them.
According to Reid (2000), by welcoming them, people know when they are welcome, and when they are not. Where
they are not truly welcome, few people will stay for long. Welcoming participation means more than giving new
participants a friendly smile and supporting them. It requires opening the process to newcomers and inviting their
active participation in the project at hand. Some actions that can help are:
• Be glad for the opportunity for new contributions, despite any resentment that
they were not present to help with already completed jobs.
• Explain where things stand, so participants can fit into the process easily.
• Offer a variety of job opportunities, so newcomers can find roles that fit their
talents and interests.
• Take newcomers’ ideas seriously, even when they represent viewpoints that have previously been considered
and rejected. Be patient with the reaction of community.
• Don’t leave them out by making decisions among the “old-timers.”
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9.2) Communication among Stakeholder
According to Subash (2002) in his paper entitled "Community Participation in Solid Waste Management,
communication is considered as favourable factor for the sustainability of community participation. He stressed that
communication is essential to generate a broad-based understanding on solid waste issues. Among community
members on the one hand and responsiveness of the stakeholders to the demands of the community on the other. This
factor is also supported by several other researchers, namely Laura Moningka, 2000; Minn et al., 2010; Subash, 2006:
The National Environment Justice Advisory Council, 2000, explains the participation of communities can be achieved
with effective communication. Effective communication is to develop a broad understanding of an issue among
community members. Through a clear communication and better understanding, the community will see a project or
services performed will benefit them and feel responsible to participate in the project and will show interest to
participate in continuous service (Gozun, 1994 ; Bulle, 1999). Communication is also important to know the
willingness of the community and a two-way communication can allows the identification of conflicts and constraints.
This allows the management to implement the conjunction with the community and for the identification of the
problem effectively (Haugthon, 1999, Imperato and Ruster, 1999). Effective communication is also important to get
community involvement and support of further efforts will be made. According to Squires (2006), identify the
appropriate techniques of public communication will provide relevant information in a form that can be easily
undertood.
9.3) Local leaders/ Religious Leader
Some researchers believe the selection of leader by democratic is a way to ensure success of community
participation in solid waste management. It is difficult to have community participation if the selection of local leader
is not accepted by the community. Thus, the selected of leader should be agreed by the leaders of the community
involved in the project or program. The appointment of local leaders may also include traditional leaders. Traditional
leaders are the wise men, the notables, district leaders and religious figures. They play an important role in the success
of an activity and act as mediators between residents and community structures. They benefit from their image of
respectability due to their social rank (their age and their religious status) and they are vested with traditional powers.
Social or informal leaders (opinion leaders, teachers, leading politicians) are more involved at the management level,
although they may have a certain influence on a neighbourhood level. They often help to initiate projects, setting-up
committees and clean-up campaigns (Bulle 1999). According to Bulle (1999), the role of leader including encourage
the young people, the mainstays of the projects. They may support the start-up stage of projects. They can help
organisations to identify needs of community and can stimulate community participation and ensure that community
needs are taken into account. According to Subash (2002), in the context of waste management, community leaders is
essential in promoting community responsibility to contribute in the collection of waste by ensuring that communities
paying a fee, to promote waste separation and supervise the performance of the services by local authorities (Subash,
2002). Effective leadership is a key element in determining whether an environmental group will be successful.
This is one reason that national organizations emphasize fostering local leadership skills through training
programs and published materials. Leadership responsibilities may be vested in a single individual or in a small
core membership that work together closely (Alley et al., 1995).
9.4) Empowerment/ Sense of ownership
By giving the communities power to make their own decision , it invested interest in the project and create sense
of ownership to participate. Ali and Snel (1999), in the journal entitled 'Lessons from Community-based Initiatives in
Solid Waste' is need to develop willingness for participate. It is hard to have community willingness if communities
do not feel a sense of ownership toward the waste collection. According to researchers in community involvement
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such as Reid (2000) and Minn et al (2010), they are some of the opinion that by granting empowerment to the
community is essential to build public participation. Giving communities the power is refer to the process that allows
communities to increase control over their own lives. This empowerment also includes the process by which
communities control of these factors and any decisions that will affect their lives (Labonte and Laverack, 2008).
According to Reid (2000), empowerment is a boost to public participation because the parties involved in any game,
everyone wants to play an important role in it. This allows the community to understand how little contributions from
them can give an affects of the overall effort. The use for discussion in planning, budgeting, job details and
specification of work needs to be done for clarification and enough time required to convince the community. In
conclusion, through this approach, the skills, knowledge and confidence of the community will be developed to
encourage them for participate in a project. The second approach is inclusive. The community from various races and
religions join in the success of project implemented. To create a harmonious and good participation, inclusive
approach should be adopted because it would close the gap for racial discrimination through a consultative approach
to each other. This discussion will strengthen relationships with other communities through the exchange of expertise
and experience, the work they have done together, despite customs and cultural differences. A third approach is an
arrangement. The community is exposed to the waste management project and bringing the community to participate
directly in the problems and raised issues. It is democratic and more flexible. When communities see these issues is
their responsibility as well as, indirectly, they will feel responsible to the project they will be involved. The last
approach to empower the community is affected. It can be done by providing opportunities for communities to take
part in the decision making process that will subsequently affect the activities and services. By this approach,
communities feel they are also play an important role in a running project (Community Development Exchange and
the National Empowerment Partnership, 2008).
9.5) Collaboration and Partnership between Community and Organization
Most of researcher agree that collaboration or partnership between community and organization is essential to
participation success (Togar Arifin Silaban (2002), Reid (2000) dan The National Environment Justice Advisory
Council (2000), A.Subash (2006). According to Joseph (2006), one positive experience with his experiment with
community partnership has been gained, political leader s and local authorities may actively promote partnership with
neighbourhood communities. At that point, the partnerships become broader and more effective in overall
development of the project. The local authority may define the terms of the reference of stakeholder platform
including explanation about stakeholder planning with official waste management planning and regulation process, as
well as the relationship between local authorities and stakeholder. Sharing of responsibilities can be implemented
through the commitment given by the community will create complete sharing of responsibility in problem solving
(Kakonge, 2000). Communities will also be given an opportunity to monitor and review progress of projects. By this
approach, communities can share an ideas or an experiences for the resolution of an issue occurred (Community
Development Exchange and the National Empowerment Partnership, 2008). To develop partnerships, transpiration of
all information and activities must transparent. This is because the community will be more open to participate in a
transparent and honest deal (Kakonge, 2000). Collaborative learning and social learning are strategies for engaging
stakeholders and experts to work together for settlement of complicated issue by exploring options, collecting data
and learning about potential solutions (Daniels and Walker 2001; Keen, Brown and Dyball 2005; Sirianni and
Friedland , 2001).
9.6) Community Awareness
The important factor in community participation in solid waste management to success is awareness (Joseph,
2006). Awareness factor is necessary to enable the community to understand the issues that happened, cause and
effect, and expand on their role in the participation to manage solid waste (Minn et al, 2010). According to Muller
(2002), in her case study of community-based solid waste management in Nagapura, ward 14, Bangalore, she explain
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the degree of participation of households in the new collection scheme is rising, especially after each round of
awareness raising. The impact of awareness campaigns could definitely be improved if they succeeded in exploiting
all the potential in a community, whether this means its social customs (scheduling meetings, taking local behaviour
into account for clean-up actions) or the added value of the grass-roots scale of action. Waste collection or clean-up
actions are most effective when residents gain genuine control over their content and their social or sanitary
scope; that is when they take an active part in informing people, monitoring the service and/or raising their
awareness at the neighbourhood level (Subash, 2002). The success of an awareness campaign also greatly depends
on the role played by volunteers, on the level of training they have in waste management matters, and thus on
recruitment strategies (Bulle, 1999). According to a pilot project for low-income urban area in the city of Karachi,
Pakistan which was conducted by a local NGO “Association for Protection of the Environment (APE)”, informal
meetings conducted separately for different ethnic and gender target groups were generally held throughout the
community involvement project. These meetings discussed general matters pertaining to community welfare and area
cleaning, as well as the most appropriate communication methods to enhance awareness in solid waste management
among the community. The emphasis on community responsibility and a role in maintaining hygiene and health may
create awareness among the community. Local authorities has to ensure the community will provided clear
explanation. This explanation has to explain clearly of their role and responsibility to the community, so that
community are aware of limitation of local authority services and community can help the authorities to solve waste
management problem (Zurbrugg and Rehan Ahmed, 1999).
9.7) Role of Women
The role of women in the community is one of the factors for participation to success. Special attention should be
paid to the role of women. In many situations women are the first to be affected by a deterioration of the environment
and are most willing to participate in projects that improve their living conditions (Subash, 2002). As residents and
citizens, women play a determining role in the small-scale activities, and they form important channels of
communication thanks to their numerous opportunities to meet one another. Collective action does not always take
account of female customs. The integration of women into management structures or awareness-raising activities for
collection services neglects to take into account their domestic circumstances (Bulle,1999).
• hours of meetings need to be adapted to their working days and their responsibilities in the home,
• cultural traditions need to be taken into account by scheduling women’s meetings separate from those of men,
• literacy classes should be offered,
• women need to be encouraged to participate in elections of delegates in decision-making
structures, and a better balance must be achieved in the recruitment of volunteers
9.8) Incentive
One of the important aspects must be considered to get success participation is an incentive. Some of the community
participation researchers (Laura Moningka, 2000 ; Reid, 2000, The National Environment Justice Advisory Council,
2000) agree that community participation can be achieve and success with incentive by giving a reward or conducted
event or programme to the effort given by the community and it is one of the inisiative to encourage them to
participate in any solid waste management activity. Proper incentives is another important factor (Castro, 1997;
Castro and Nielsen, 2001; Chapeskie, 1995; Hughes, 1996; Sarin, 2001) that was not adequately addressed for the
certain projects. Even if a participant performed the assigned task, there were no guarantees of continuation of the
tenure. In most of the places, people seemed to be unsure about the benefit sharing process. Incentive is also one way
to increase community motivation.
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9.9) Information and Knowledge
Opportunities to engage people in local environmental issues, then, must provide understandable and meaningful
information to get success participation. People need information that makes sense and allows them to understand
well for the current goal of the project and any possibilities. The organization should ensure the information for the
issues is well informed to the community if they become involved in the decision-making processes. Providing
appropriate information in a forum requires that organisers understand what the audience knows and where it tends to
become confused. Doing so requires that misconceptions are carefully acknowledged and addressed. It also requires
that credible experts are involved to present technical and complex information, as long as the presentations do not
make participants feel stupid or helpless, but rather satisfy people’s need to learn, explore and be involved (Kaplan
and Kaplan 1982). Kaplan and Kaplan in 2003, 2008, suggests that our ability to engage in environmental problem-
solving can be enhanced with information that enables us to take meaningful actions and to believe that we have the
ability to take these actions. Information provided should be clear to avoid conflict and ensure the success of a
project. For example, in Nebraska, a participatory watershed plan that sought meaningful public input was
unsuccessful in involving the public, possibly because of the lack of a defined problem and citizen complacency with
current conditions (Irvin and Stansbury 2004). In addition, the more technical or complex the issue, the less likely the
public is to have sufficient background knowledge to be meaningfully engaged. People tend to avoid situations where
they are confused or are unable to follow the discussion (Kaplan 2000; Kaplan and Kaplan 1982).
10.0 CONCLUSION
Waste management is becoming a major problem in developing countries. Although there are many issues
that contributed to the waste management, community is considered as a contributor in solving the problem of waste
management. This is because the attitude and lack of community awareness and support from community effort for
managing waste. Active community participation is key to build an empowered community. Community participation
is far more than a requirement. It is need for success. Studies have documented that communities that engage their
citizens and partners deeply in the work of community development raise more resources, achieve more results, and
develop in a more holistic and more beneficial way. Community participation, then, is critical to community success.
Identification of success factors described above are intertwined and have a unique relationship. These factors may
affect the success of other factors. Community participation should be applied as efforts to involve the community for
the benefit and objectives achievement for the project. Eventhough, there are many difficulties and challenges in
implementing community participation. However it is not impossible if the best efforts can be made to encourage
community participation in all planning and implementation of waste management.
11.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is funded by Zamalah Scholarship Award of University Technology Malaysia. The special
thank goes to Prof Dr Abdul Hakim Bin Mohammed whose help, encourage and stimulating suggestions for me in all
the time. The co-operation is much indeed appreciated. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me
the possibility to complete this paper especially Sir Izran Sarazzin Mohammad. Last but not least I would like to
thanks my friends especially Fatin Aziz for her suggestions and help.
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