This document provides a summary of a spot speed study conducted at the intersection of Panthapath and Russel Square in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved manually collecting travel time data for vehicles passing over a 44 feet distance. Over 600 observations were recorded for different vehicle types. Average speeds were then calculated and statistical analyses including histograms, frequency curves, and cumulative frequency curves were used to determine speed parameters such as modal speed and design speed. The results of the study can help control traffic at the intersection and suggest improvements to enhance traffic safety. Some limitations of the study and recommendations for future work are also discussed.
This document provides a traffic volume study report for an intersection in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study analyzed traffic flow characteristics through manual counts at the Panthapath to Russel Square intersection. Key findings include:
- Vehicle composition and directional distribution were analyzed during different time periods to understand traffic patterns.
- Flow rates were calculated by converting vehicles to passenger car units. Peak hour factors were also calculated.
- Recommendations based on the results could include widening the road or providing more public transportation to improve traffic flow and safety.
The study provides traffic data to help control traffic at the intersection and suggest improvements through understanding existing traffic volumes and patterns.
1) A spot speed study was conducted at the road section from Panthapath intersection to Russel Square in Dhaka to determine the speed characteristics of vehicles. Over 570 vehicles were observed using the stopwatch method.
2) The statistical analysis found that the modal speed was 11 mph, with most vehicles traveling within the pace speed range of 6-16 mph. The 85th percentile speed was 17.5 mph, which can be used as the speed limit.
3) The standard deviation of 1.68 indicated a consistent speed distribution. The design speed calculated from the cumulative frequency curve was 29.1 mph. This data can be used for road design and traffic management decisions.
Travel speed report by pronob ghosh buet 1204011Pronob Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a traffic speed study conducted on the roadway from Panthapath Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Spot speeds and travel speeds of various vehicles were collected using different methods and analyzed. Statistical tests like normal distribution fitting and chi-square tests were used to analyze spot speed data. Delay studies and benefit-cost ratio analyses were also performed using the travel speed data. The results of the study will help recommend speed limits and other traffic control measures to improve traffic flow efficiency on the roadway.
This document discusses various traffic engineering studies including spot speed studies, traffic volume studies, travel time and delay studies, and parking studies. It provides details on how to conduct each type of study including necessary steps, data collection methods, and how to analyze results. Spot speed studies can be done using stopwatch, radar, or pneumatic tube methods and involve measuring vehicle speeds over a study length. Traffic volume studies collect vehicle counts to determine metrics like average daily traffic. Travel time studies measure the time it takes vehicles to traverse routes and can identify delays. Parking studies analyze use of on-street and off-street parking facilities.
Speed report from panthpoath to russel square by pronob ghosh buet 1204011Pronob Ghosh
This document provides a traffic speed study report for the roadway from Panthapath Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It includes definitions of different types of traffic speeds such as spot speed, space mean speed, time-mean speed, and free flow speed. Methodologies for measuring these speeds including stopwatch, radar, and pneumatic tube methods are described. The report also presents the study methodology, data collection process involving spot speed and travel speed surveys, data analysis including speed distribution fitting, delay studies, and level of service analysis. Recommendations are provided based on the findings of the study.
Traffic engineering is the science of measuring and studying traffic flow in order to safely and efficiently manage vehicle and people movement. The objectives of traffic engineering are to achieve free flowing traffic and reduce accidents. Some key aspects of traffic engineering include conducting traffic studies to analyze characteristics, planning and designing road geometry, implementing traffic control devices, and educating road users. Traffic studies measure factors like volume, speed, origin-destination, and flow characteristics to determine appropriate road facilities and control measures. Understanding traffic patterns helps engineers design efficient transportation systems.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the speeds of individual vehicles passing a specific location on a roadway. This provides speed distribution data that can be used for traffic planning and safety purposes. There are both manual and automatic methods for collecting spot speed data. Manual methods involve using a stopwatch to time vehicles over a short known distance. Automatic methods include using road detectors, radar guns, or cameras to directly measure vehicle speeds. The collected speed data is typically presented through tables and graphs showing the frequency distribution and cumulative frequency of observed speeds. This allows calculations of speed percentiles and other metrics.
exit exam preparatiomn Login code: 92566. Do not give this code to anyone, even if they say they are from Telegram!
This code can be used to log in to your Telegram account. We never ask it for anything else.
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This document provides a traffic volume study report for an intersection in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study analyzed traffic flow characteristics through manual counts at the Panthapath to Russel Square intersection. Key findings include:
- Vehicle composition and directional distribution were analyzed during different time periods to understand traffic patterns.
- Flow rates were calculated by converting vehicles to passenger car units. Peak hour factors were also calculated.
- Recommendations based on the results could include widening the road or providing more public transportation to improve traffic flow and safety.
The study provides traffic data to help control traffic at the intersection and suggest improvements through understanding existing traffic volumes and patterns.
1) A spot speed study was conducted at the road section from Panthapath intersection to Russel Square in Dhaka to determine the speed characteristics of vehicles. Over 570 vehicles were observed using the stopwatch method.
2) The statistical analysis found that the modal speed was 11 mph, with most vehicles traveling within the pace speed range of 6-16 mph. The 85th percentile speed was 17.5 mph, which can be used as the speed limit.
3) The standard deviation of 1.68 indicated a consistent speed distribution. The design speed calculated from the cumulative frequency curve was 29.1 mph. This data can be used for road design and traffic management decisions.
Travel speed report by pronob ghosh buet 1204011Pronob Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a traffic speed study conducted on the roadway from Panthapath Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Spot speeds and travel speeds of various vehicles were collected using different methods and analyzed. Statistical tests like normal distribution fitting and chi-square tests were used to analyze spot speed data. Delay studies and benefit-cost ratio analyses were also performed using the travel speed data. The results of the study will help recommend speed limits and other traffic control measures to improve traffic flow efficiency on the roadway.
This document discusses various traffic engineering studies including spot speed studies, traffic volume studies, travel time and delay studies, and parking studies. It provides details on how to conduct each type of study including necessary steps, data collection methods, and how to analyze results. Spot speed studies can be done using stopwatch, radar, or pneumatic tube methods and involve measuring vehicle speeds over a study length. Traffic volume studies collect vehicle counts to determine metrics like average daily traffic. Travel time studies measure the time it takes vehicles to traverse routes and can identify delays. Parking studies analyze use of on-street and off-street parking facilities.
Speed report from panthpoath to russel square by pronob ghosh buet 1204011Pronob Ghosh
This document provides a traffic speed study report for the roadway from Panthapath Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It includes definitions of different types of traffic speeds such as spot speed, space mean speed, time-mean speed, and free flow speed. Methodologies for measuring these speeds including stopwatch, radar, and pneumatic tube methods are described. The report also presents the study methodology, data collection process involving spot speed and travel speed surveys, data analysis including speed distribution fitting, delay studies, and level of service analysis. Recommendations are provided based on the findings of the study.
Traffic engineering is the science of measuring and studying traffic flow in order to safely and efficiently manage vehicle and people movement. The objectives of traffic engineering are to achieve free flowing traffic and reduce accidents. Some key aspects of traffic engineering include conducting traffic studies to analyze characteristics, planning and designing road geometry, implementing traffic control devices, and educating road users. Traffic studies measure factors like volume, speed, origin-destination, and flow characteristics to determine appropriate road facilities and control measures. Understanding traffic patterns helps engineers design efficient transportation systems.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the speeds of individual vehicles passing a specific location on a roadway. This provides speed distribution data that can be used for traffic planning and safety purposes. There are both manual and automatic methods for collecting spot speed data. Manual methods involve using a stopwatch to time vehicles over a short known distance. Automatic methods include using road detectors, radar guns, or cameras to directly measure vehicle speeds. The collected speed data is typically presented through tables and graphs showing the frequency distribution and cumulative frequency of observed speeds. This allows calculations of speed percentiles and other metrics.
exit exam preparatiomn Login code: 92566. Do not give this code to anyone, even if they say they are from Telegram!
This code can be used to log in to your Telegram account. We never ask it for anything else.
If you didn't request this code by trying to log in on another device, simply ignore this message.
This document provides an overview of traffic engineering studies including speed studies, volume studies, origin-destination studies, accident studies, and parking studies. It discusses the significance and methods for each type of study. Spot speed, time mean speed, and running speed are defined. Traffic volume counting methods including mechanical and manual counts are described. Origin-destination studies help plan transportation systems and their uses are outlined. Accident studies are used to identify causes and locations of accidents. Parking studies inventory spaces and usage through surveys. Common parking styles like parallel, angle, and 90 degree are illustrated. Finally, traffic control devices like signs, signals, and road markings that help traffic engineers communicate with drivers are introduced.
travel time and delay studies - Copy.pdfNahomNahom3
This document discusses methods for conducting travel time and delay studies. It describes two main categories of methods: those requiring a test vehicle and those not requiring a test vehicle. Methods requiring a test vehicle include the floating-car technique, average-speed technique, and moving-vehicle technique. These techniques involve driving a test vehicle along a test section and recording travel times and delays. Methods not requiring a test vehicle obtain travel time and delay data from other sources like traffic sensors. The document provides details on how to collect and analyze travel time and delay data to determine the efficiency of routes and identify locations with high delays.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the instantaneous speeds of vehicles at a point on the road. There are two main methods - measuring the time taken to travel a short distance or using a radar speed meter. Spot speeds are useful for traffic planning, road design, setting speed limits, and accident analysis. The radar method is efficient as it can instantly and automatically measure and record speeds accurately. Time-mean speed is the average of all instantaneous speeds measured, while space-mean speed represents the average speed of all vehicles traveling along a road section. Spot speed studies provide important input for various traffic engineering problems.
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an abstract for a thesis on reliability assessment of a bus transit network. It discusses how buses tend to arrive irregularly at stops, often in bunches, due to fluctuations in passenger arrivals and external disruptions. The thesis aims to conduct a reliability assessment of a bus line to identify underlying causes affecting service and analyze an adaptive control scheme to mitigate the bunching problem. It also seeks to quantify potential improvements to service/reliability from an adaptive strategy and measure a line's vulnerability and variability. The findings are intended to provide insights on strategies to tackle reliability issues and describe a process to quantify operational risk.
Applied research. Optimization of the Shuttle ServicesRAMON RIOS
Application of the queuing theory to find out the root causes of the long waiting times in the company X. The verification of the outcome was with promodel simulation software. Networking using the shortest route to optimize even better. Forecasting to predict increasing in the population and get our life cycle. Gantt chart to calculate the total days and to track the gantt chart for any delays.
Evaluation of Traffic Characteristics: a Case Study on NH-12, Near Barkatulla...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates traffic characteristics on NH-12 near Barkatullah University in Bhopal, India. It describes conducting a spot speed study to collect traffic data, including vehicle speeds and volumes, using a radar meter and counter. The data is analyzed to determine metrics like the mean, 85th percentile, and median speeds. Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn about the traffic conditions on the route and how the data could inform transportation planning decisions.
Identification of Factors to Improve Public Transit Services (A Case Study of...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research presents studies on a segment of highway to determine the quantitative factors that inuence transit services. Travel time and delay study is one of the method to determine quantitative factors. Tour time is described as the average period of time required to journey from one region to some other. Total departure time consists of gadgets which include total working time, places and general delay time. The examine section was done in Prithvi chowk to Tal chowk of Prithvi Highway which is turned to be 12.5 km long.
Additionally, it has been found that the principle variables affecting travel time are: postpone time because of forestall selecting and choosing up passengers, bus model and bus size.32 trips public transport carrier and a 10 trips non-public automobile journey have been held during peak hours. Models are developed the use of SPSS software to become aware of the relationship between the causes of delays and the overall-time delays. Travel time and learning delays can help reduce the number of private vehicles operating and increase the number of public vehicles in order to reduce congestion and improve the e efficiency of the public transport system. It turned into determined that there was a full-size distinction in tour time among the use of the public transit services and the car.
This thesis proposes a new method for optimizing shuttle network schedules to provide efficient connectivity for passengers at multimodal transportation hubs. The method improves upon existing linear programming techniques by developing a routing algorithm that considers multiple resources, including travel time costs and costs of missing outbound connections. The results of the new approach are compared to an existing method and are found to perform better in minimizing travel times and missed connections, providing more optimal shuttle routing and passenger connectivity.
Design of traffic signal on NH-12 near Barkatullah University, Bhopal Distric...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on designing traffic signals on NH-12 near Barkatullah University in Bhopal, India. It begins with an abstract describing the growth of traffic in major towns due to industrialization and urbanization. The objectives of the study are to minimize delays at intersections, improve traffic flow, and enhance the level of service. Existing traffic volumes were measured using manual counts, and signals were designed using the Webster and two-phase signal methods. Key findings include calculated passenger car units per hour, saturation flow rates for different lane widths, and cycle times determined using the Webster method to minimize total vehicle delay. The study methodology involved manual traffic counts, conversion to passenger car units, and signal design using two-phase
ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) Principles and approaches of traffic ...Yash Shah
Traffic management measures are aimed at improving the safety and flow of traffic, reducing traffic emissions and utilizing traffic artery capacity more effectively. Traffic management is used to curb demand for transport and affect the selection of the mode of transport, route, or the time of travel or transport. In particular, it is utilized during the first stages of the four-step principle applied in the development of traffic conditions.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
This document describes a vehicle accident prevention control system project done by students at the University of Central Punjab under the supervision of Mohsin Manzoor. The project aims to reduce accidents at road turns and curves by using ultrasonic sensors and LED lights to alert drivers of oncoming vehicles. The system would detect vehicles approaching turns and bends in the road and signal to drivers through LED lights. If implemented along the entire route from Jaranwala to Faisalabad, it could help reduce accidents and save lives. The document provides details of the various hardware components used in the project like Arduino boards, sensors, lights and wiring. It also explains the working principle, potential applications and scope for future work.
Capacity Analysis of Signalized Intersection in Urban AreasIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the capacity of two signalized intersections - Pattom Junction and Palayam Junction - located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Data on traffic volumes, saturation flows, and green times were collected through surveys. Capacity and level of service were estimated using the degree of saturation and control delay methods. At Pattom Junction, approaches were found to operate at LOS B to D. At Palayam Junction, all approaches operated at LOS A or B. The study aims to help adopt improvement measures and ensure smoother traffic flow at the intersections.
This document provides an overview of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), including its purpose, design approach, and terminology. It describes the MEPDG as a new pavement design methodology developed based on engineering mechanics and validated with performance data. The MEPDG predicts key pavement performance indicators using mechanistic-empirical models and can design both flexible and rigid pavements. It represents a change from the empirical approaches used in previous versions of the AASHTO pavement design guide.
Paper Mate Write Bros Ballpoint Pens, Medium PRichard Hogue
The passage discusses the positive and negative impacts of social media and mass media on adolescents. It notes that teens spend up to 11 hours per day on social media and are exposed to media via electronics. Social media influences how teens dress, act, talk and what they discuss. While mass media can shape adolescent minds and ideas, it remains unclear whether the overall impact is positive or negative. The passage intends to explore this issue by analyzing social media's impacts through sociological lenses of identity and groupthink.
Writing Phrases Best Essay Writing Service, Essay WritRichard Hogue
The document discusses the social and environmental impacts of vertical integration in the banana export trade in Honduras. It explains that in the late 1800s, Honduras was the largest banana exporter to the US. Over time, banana production gradually transitioned from small, individual farms to large monopolies controlled by three major companies. This led to significant social and environmental changes in Honduras as the companies consolidated land and power over banana production and export.
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Semelhante a A Report On Spot Speed Study Course No CE 454 Course Title Transportation Engineering Sessional II
This document provides an overview of traffic engineering studies including speed studies, volume studies, origin-destination studies, accident studies, and parking studies. It discusses the significance and methods for each type of study. Spot speed, time mean speed, and running speed are defined. Traffic volume counting methods including mechanical and manual counts are described. Origin-destination studies help plan transportation systems and their uses are outlined. Accident studies are used to identify causes and locations of accidents. Parking studies inventory spaces and usage through surveys. Common parking styles like parallel, angle, and 90 degree are illustrated. Finally, traffic control devices like signs, signals, and road markings that help traffic engineers communicate with drivers are introduced.
travel time and delay studies - Copy.pdfNahomNahom3
This document discusses methods for conducting travel time and delay studies. It describes two main categories of methods: those requiring a test vehicle and those not requiring a test vehicle. Methods requiring a test vehicle include the floating-car technique, average-speed technique, and moving-vehicle technique. These techniques involve driving a test vehicle along a test section and recording travel times and delays. Methods not requiring a test vehicle obtain travel time and delay data from other sources like traffic sensors. The document provides details on how to collect and analyze travel time and delay data to determine the efficiency of routes and identify locations with high delays.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the instantaneous speeds of vehicles at a point on the road. There are two main methods - measuring the time taken to travel a short distance or using a radar speed meter. Spot speeds are useful for traffic planning, road design, setting speed limits, and accident analysis. The radar method is efficient as it can instantly and automatically measure and record speeds accurately. Time-mean speed is the average of all instantaneous speeds measured, while space-mean speed represents the average speed of all vehicles traveling along a road section. Spot speed studies provide important input for various traffic engineering problems.
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an abstract for a thesis on reliability assessment of a bus transit network. It discusses how buses tend to arrive irregularly at stops, often in bunches, due to fluctuations in passenger arrivals and external disruptions. The thesis aims to conduct a reliability assessment of a bus line to identify underlying causes affecting service and analyze an adaptive control scheme to mitigate the bunching problem. It also seeks to quantify potential improvements to service/reliability from an adaptive strategy and measure a line's vulnerability and variability. The findings are intended to provide insights on strategies to tackle reliability issues and describe a process to quantify operational risk.
Applied research. Optimization of the Shuttle ServicesRAMON RIOS
Application of the queuing theory to find out the root causes of the long waiting times in the company X. The verification of the outcome was with promodel simulation software. Networking using the shortest route to optimize even better. Forecasting to predict increasing in the population and get our life cycle. Gantt chart to calculate the total days and to track the gantt chart for any delays.
Evaluation of Traffic Characteristics: a Case Study on NH-12, Near Barkatulla...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates traffic characteristics on NH-12 near Barkatullah University in Bhopal, India. It describes conducting a spot speed study to collect traffic data, including vehicle speeds and volumes, using a radar meter and counter. The data is analyzed to determine metrics like the mean, 85th percentile, and median speeds. Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn about the traffic conditions on the route and how the data could inform transportation planning decisions.
Identification of Factors to Improve Public Transit Services (A Case Study of...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research presents studies on a segment of highway to determine the quantitative factors that inuence transit services. Travel time and delay study is one of the method to determine quantitative factors. Tour time is described as the average period of time required to journey from one region to some other. Total departure time consists of gadgets which include total working time, places and general delay time. The examine section was done in Prithvi chowk to Tal chowk of Prithvi Highway which is turned to be 12.5 km long.
Additionally, it has been found that the principle variables affecting travel time are: postpone time because of forestall selecting and choosing up passengers, bus model and bus size.32 trips public transport carrier and a 10 trips non-public automobile journey have been held during peak hours. Models are developed the use of SPSS software to become aware of the relationship between the causes of delays and the overall-time delays. Travel time and learning delays can help reduce the number of private vehicles operating and increase the number of public vehicles in order to reduce congestion and improve the e efficiency of the public transport system. It turned into determined that there was a full-size distinction in tour time among the use of the public transit services and the car.
This thesis proposes a new method for optimizing shuttle network schedules to provide efficient connectivity for passengers at multimodal transportation hubs. The method improves upon existing linear programming techniques by developing a routing algorithm that considers multiple resources, including travel time costs and costs of missing outbound connections. The results of the new approach are compared to an existing method and are found to perform better in minimizing travel times and missed connections, providing more optimal shuttle routing and passenger connectivity.
Design of traffic signal on NH-12 near Barkatullah University, Bhopal Distric...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on designing traffic signals on NH-12 near Barkatullah University in Bhopal, India. It begins with an abstract describing the growth of traffic in major towns due to industrialization and urbanization. The objectives of the study are to minimize delays at intersections, improve traffic flow, and enhance the level of service. Existing traffic volumes were measured using manual counts, and signals were designed using the Webster and two-phase signal methods. Key findings include calculated passenger car units per hour, saturation flow rates for different lane widths, and cycle times determined using the Webster method to minimize total vehicle delay. The study methodology involved manual traffic counts, conversion to passenger car units, and signal design using two-phase
ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) Principles and approaches of traffic ...Yash Shah
Traffic management measures are aimed at improving the safety and flow of traffic, reducing traffic emissions and utilizing traffic artery capacity more effectively. Traffic management is used to curb demand for transport and affect the selection of the mode of transport, route, or the time of travel or transport. In particular, it is utilized during the first stages of the four-step principle applied in the development of traffic conditions.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveler information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
This document describes a vehicle accident prevention control system project done by students at the University of Central Punjab under the supervision of Mohsin Manzoor. The project aims to reduce accidents at road turns and curves by using ultrasonic sensors and LED lights to alert drivers of oncoming vehicles. The system would detect vehicles approaching turns and bends in the road and signal to drivers through LED lights. If implemented along the entire route from Jaranwala to Faisalabad, it could help reduce accidents and save lives. The document provides details of the various hardware components used in the project like Arduino boards, sensors, lights and wiring. It also explains the working principle, potential applications and scope for future work.
Capacity Analysis of Signalized Intersection in Urban AreasIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the capacity of two signalized intersections - Pattom Junction and Palayam Junction - located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Data on traffic volumes, saturation flows, and green times were collected through surveys. Capacity and level of service were estimated using the degree of saturation and control delay methods. At Pattom Junction, approaches were found to operate at LOS B to D. At Palayam Junction, all approaches operated at LOS A or B. The study aims to help adopt improvement measures and ensure smoother traffic flow at the intersections.
This document provides an overview of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), including its purpose, design approach, and terminology. It describes the MEPDG as a new pavement design methodology developed based on engineering mechanics and validated with performance data. The MEPDG predicts key pavement performance indicators using mechanistic-empirical models and can design both flexible and rigid pavements. It represents a change from the empirical approaches used in previous versions of the AASHTO pavement design guide.
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The document discusses the social and environmental impacts of vertical integration in the banana export trade in Honduras. It explains that in the late 1800s, Honduras was the largest banana exporter to the US. Over time, banana production gradually transitioned from small, individual farms to large monopolies controlled by three major companies. This led to significant social and environmental changes in Honduras as the companies consolidated land and power over banana production and export.
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A Report On Spot Speed Study Course No CE 454 Course Title Transportation Engineering Sessional II
1. A Report
on
Spot Speed Study
Course No: CE 454
Course Title: Transportation Engineering Sessional II
Submitted by
Shuvro Kumar Chakravorty
Student ID: 1204009
Level/Term:4/2
Section: A
Date: 11 April,2017
Submitted to
Dr. Md. Shamsul Hoque
Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering,BUET
Sanjana Hossain
Assistant Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering
Department Of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
2. ABSTRACT
From the definition of transportation planning we find that “Transportation planning is
the field involved with transportation facilities (generally streets, highways, sidewalks,
bike lanes and public transport lines).” Traffic Volume is increasing day by day and this is
why proper transportation planning has become very necessary nowadays. Spot Speed
Study is one of the important and basic steps of transportation planning.
The current work studies traffic characteristics in the city of Dhaka at one selected
priority junction. In this work emphasis was given on traffic volume and the analysis was
carried out through primary traffic flow surveys at Panthapath to Russel Square in
Dhaka city. Spot Speed study was conducted by manual strip method.
With the help of the data collection, an attempt had been made to calculate average
speed, draw histogram showing the relation between vehicle numbers and speed range,
plot frequency curve and cumulative frequency curve to determine different speed
parameters like modal speed, pace, design speed. Traffic control at that junction is also
dependent on the traffic flow characteristics. Hence the results from the present study
are helpful in controlling the traffic at the intersection and also in suggesting some of
the remedial measures to improve the traffic safety in the region. Remedial measures
such as widening the road or by controlling non-motorized vehicle can be recommended
based on the outcomes of the work. Some of the interesting future study scopes are
also mentioned based on the outcomes of the work.
I
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... I
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ II
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................... V
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1
1.1 General.................................................................................................. 1
1.2 General Objectives of Speed study .......................................... 1
1.3 Scopes of Traffic Speed Study..................................................... 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................... 3
2.1 General.................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Traffic Speed Study.......................................................................... 3
2.3 Past Studies......................................................................................... 3
2.4 Definition of Speed.......................................................................... 4
3 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................... 6
3.1 General.................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Manual Method ................................................................................ 6
3.2.a. Pavement markings.......................................................................... 6
3.2. b. Enoscope or Mirror box.......................................................... 7
3.3 Automatic Method .......................................................................... 7
3.3. a. Road Detector (Pressure contact strips).......................... 8
3.3. b. Doppler-Principle Meters (Radar)...................................... 8
3.3. c. Electronic-Principle Detectors (Photography)............... 9
3.4. The Method we followed............................................................ 10
4. Data Collection............................................................................................. 11
II
4. 4.1 Date and time.......................................................................................... 11
4.2 Weather Condition................................................................................. 11
4.3 Location .................................................................................................... 11
4.4 Observation......................................................................................... 12
4.5 Method and Equipment ................................................................ 12
4.6 Number of Enumerators ............................................................... 12
4.7 Data Collection Table ............................................................................. 13
5. DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 16
5.1 Speed Calculation............................................................................. 16
5.2 Weighted Average Speed Calculation..................................... 29
5.4 Histogram,Frequency and Cumulative Frequency Curve................ 30
5.4 Discussion on spot speed.............................................................. 32
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................ 33
6.1 General................................................................................................. 33
6.2 Results from Data Analysis in tabular form.......................... 33
6.3 Limitation............................................................................................. 33
6.4 Recommendations........................................................................... 33
6.5 Scope for Further Study................................................................. 34
References......................................................................................... 35
III
5. LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Recommended Study length for various average stream speed…………………………6
Table 4.1 : Travel time in 44 feet distance by car................................................... ..........................13
Table 4.2: Travel time in 44 feet distance by Micro bus …………………………............ ..........................13
Table 4.3: Travel time in 44 feet distance by CNG ………………………… ……………………………….. 14
Table 4.4: Travel time in 44 feet distance by Motorcycle……………………………………………………………14
Table 4.5 : Travel time in 44 feet distance by Pick-up …………………………................ ..........................15
Table 4.6: Travel time in 44 feet distance by Bus …………………………. ....................... ..........................15
Table 4.7 : Travel time in 44 feet distance by Jip/Pajero …………………………........... ..........................15
Table 5.1: Speed Calculation of different vehicles …………………………. ................... ..........................28
Table 5.2: Average speed and time of different vehicles …………………………....... ..........................29
IV
6. LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 3.1: Pavement marking …………………………………………………………………………………………………......7
Figure 3.2: Enoscope Method ……………………………………………………………………….............................7
Fig 3.3: Pneumatic road tube method ………………………………………………………………………............8
Fig 3.4 : Radar Gun image ……………………………………………………………………….........................................9
Fig 3.5 : Photography method ………………………………………………………………………..................................9
Fig 4.1: Panthapath Intersection to Russel Square Intersection………………………………........11
Fig 5.1 : Histogram showing No. of vehicles and speed range ……………………30
Fig 5.2 : % Frequency vs Spot Speed Graph ………….………………………………….............. ..31
Fig 5.3: Cumulative % Frequency vs Spot Speed Graph ………………………………………………..32
v
7.
8. Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
Speed is the ratio of total distance traveled divided by the total time taken to traverse
that distance. Speeds vary with the type of road and traffic volume. It is higher along freeways
and highways and lower along collector and local streets. Speed is affected by factors such as
lane width and sight distance. Speed decreases with an increase in traffic volumes. Traffic
volume is defined as the number of vehicles that pass a point along a roadway or traffic lane
per unit time.
1.2 General Objectives of Speed study:
There are several specific objectives of traffic speed studies and are listed below:
To measure the spot speed and travel speed of vehicles and note other related traffic
characteristics.
To present detailed diagram of spot speed and travel speed calculations.
To calculate spot speeds and prepare tables for statistical analysis of spot speeds
To plot histograms, frequency curves and cumulative frequency curves of spot speeds.
To determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed, speed limit (85th percentile
speed), design speed, etc. of spot speeds.
To find Time-Mean-Speed (TMS) and Space-Mean-Speed (SMS) using the travel speed
and compare SMS and TMS.
To determine various parameters by using these speeds and also to prove some
relationships.
To draw Speed(Space-Mean)-flow curve based on observed data.
Superimpose typical speed-flow relationship diagram (qualitative)
To find LOS of the studied road
1.3 Scopes of Traffic Speed Study:
Speed study has a huge significance in transportation engineering in both designing and
management of traffic system.
Scopes of Spot speed study:
Spot speed study is Used for:
To establish speed zones
9. Page 2
To determine whether complaints about speeding are valid
To establish passing and no-passing zones
To design geometric alignment
To analyze accident data
Specific design applications (like sight distance, breaking distance, passing distance etc.)
Specific control applications (yellow/all red timing – the size of dilemma zone depends
on speed)
To evaluate the effects of physical improvements, etc
10. Page 3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General:
Traffic engineers and planners need information about traffic. They need information to design
and manage road and traffic system. To design a roadway there are specific road elements that
must be determined. Some of these are the number of lanes, lane width, median type and
width, length of acceleration and deceleration lanes for on and off ramps, need for truck
climbing lanes for roadways with steep grades, curve radii required for vehicle turning, and the
roadway alignment required to provide adequate stopping and passing sight distance
(Mannering and Kilareski 1998).
2.2 Traffic Speed Study:
Traffic speed data are needed in research, planning, designing and regulation phases of traffic
engineering and are also used in establishing priorities and schedules of traffic
improvements. The traffic engineer must acquire general knowledge of traffic speeds in order
to set different limits, setting different distances i.e. passing sight distance, stopping sight
distance etc.
2.3 Past Studies:
In the recent past, researchers have tested a wide array of technologies in an attempt to find
improved methods of monitoring traffic conditions. This research in traffic surveillance has
ranged from studies of traditional loop detection methods to the use of anti-submarine warfare
technology. AVI comprises one of but many of the areas of current research. A brief survey of
technologies explored during the past decade and a half is given below to provide an
understanding of the level of research interest in traffic surveillance technologies.
Bohnke and Pfannerstill acknowledged a need for more reliable traffic data acquisition than
localized data collection generated by traditional loop detectors (1986). The pair introduced a
pattern recognition algorithm which could utilize unique vehicle presence signatures generated
by successive series of inductance loop detectors.
Ju and Maze performed simulations on incident detection strategies using the FREQ8PE
simulation model (1989). Their research evaluated a comparison of incident detection
strategies using police patrol versus the use of motorist call boxes at 1 km spacing. The motorist
call boxes formed the backbone of the modeled freeway surveillance and control system (FSCS).
This FSCS yielded a benefit-to-cost ratio of 2.69 as it generated benefits from travel-time
reduction and reduced fuel consumption. These benefits were brought about by reduced
incident detection time afforded by the motorist call boxes.
Prior to the installation of an AVI system in Houston, a cellular phone demonstration project
11. Page 4
was performed (Levine and McCasland, 1994). Researchers recruited 200 volunteers to
participate in the program, which required them to call a traffic information office when they
passed specific freeway locations during their morning and evening commutes. The lessons
learned from the cell phone project aided in the development of the data analysis, processing
and dissemination techniques used for the AVI system that was later constructed. In a similar
scenario, prior to installing a large-scale AVI system in the Puget Sound area, a small-scale test
of AVI was performed (Butterfield et. al., 1994). In this test, AVI was “piggy-backed” with
existing loop detectors. Results yielded an AVI detection rate of about 80% for a fleet of tag-
equipped buses.
In this brief survey, more than ten distinct traffic surveillance technologies have been identified
as the subject of research efforts since 1986. The amount of attention given to the research
field of traffic surveillance clearly suggests that a surveillance system that can provide reliable
and accurate travel time data would have great potential.
2.4 Definition of Speed:
In simple words, speed is defined as the distance travelled in a unit time. Speed is expressed
in m/s, fps, mph etc. units. Speed is given by:
V=x/t………………2.1
V=dx/dt…………………….2.2
Where,
x = Distance (mile or meter or feet)
t = Time (second or hour)
Speed acquired by using Eq 2.1 will give the average speed. If Eq 2.2 is used the
instantaneous speed will be found. Some basic terminology is mentioned below:
Spot Speed
Spot speed is the speed of the vehicle as it passes a fixed point along a section of the
roadway. Spot speed is determined by measuring the time required for a vehicle to
traverse a specified distance along a road. Spot speed studies are conducted to draw the
speed distribution curve along a road section.
Running Speed
Running speed is determined by dividing the total distance by the total running time
for the route. That is, all stoptime delays are excluded. Overall Speed and Running
Speed studies are conducted over a specified route for determining quality of service
between alternate routes. The main purpose of all speed studies is to obtain speed
12. Page 5
distributions, identify hazardous areas (excess speed), accident analyses, traffic control
planning, and check geometric design. For speed studies, off-peak hours are used for
conducting surveys on open stretches of straight roads away from the influence of stop
signs, construction and signals.
Average Speed
Average speed is the arithmetic mean of all observed vehicle speeds (which is the sum
of all spot speeds divided by the number of recorded speeds).
Median Speed
It is the speed at the middle value in a series of spot speeds that are arranged in
ascending order. 50 percent of the speed values will be greater than the median; 50
percent will be less than the median.
Modal Speed
It is the speed value that occurs most frequently in a sample of spot speeds.
The ith-percentile
The ith-percentile Spot Speed which is the spot speed value below which i percent of
the vehicles travel; for example, 85th-percentile spot speed is the speed below which 85
percent of the vehicles travel and above which 15 percent of the vehicles travel.
Pace Speed:
It is the highest speed within a specific range of speeds that represents more
vehicles than in any other like range of speed. The range of speeds typically used is 10
km/h or 10 mph.
Design speed
Design speed is defined as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a
specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features
of the highway govern (ITE 1999). This definition implies that the design speed should be
selected based on drivers expectations, the type of highway and terrain and topography.
Space-Mean-Speed (SMS)
Space-Mean-Speed is the average of vehicle speeds weighted according to how long
they remain on the section of road. Mathematically it is harmonic mean of the observed
speeds.
Time-Mean-Speed (TMS)
The time mean speed is the arithmetic mean of spot speeds of all vehicles passing a
point during a specified interval of time.
13. Page 6
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General:
When we measure the traffic parameter over a short distance, we generally measure the spot
speed. A spot speed is made by measuring the individual speeds of a sample of the vehicle
passing a given spot on a street or highway. Spot speed studies are used to determine the speed
distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location. The data gathered in spot speed studies are
used to determine vehicle speed percentiles, which are useful in making many speed-related
decisions. Methods of conducting spot speed Studies are divided into two main categories:
1. Manual Method
2. Automatic method
3.2 Manual Method:
Spot speeds may be estimated by manually measuring the time it takes a vehicle to travel
between two defined points on the roadway a known distance apart (short distance), usually less
than 90m. Distance between two points is generally depending upon the average speed of traffic
stream. Following tables gives recommended study length (in meters) for various average stream
speed ranges (in kmph)
Stream Speed(kmph) Length(m)
Below 15 30
15-25 60
Above 25 90
Table 3.1: Recommended Study length for various average stream speed
Two common manual methods are described below in brief:
3.2.a. Pavement markings:
In this method, markings of pavement are placed across the road at each end of trap. Observer
start and stops the watch as vehicle passes lines. In this method, minimum two observers
required to collect the data, of which one is stand at the starting point to start and stop the
stop watch and other one is stand at end point to give indication to stop the watch when
vehicle passes the end line. Advantages of this method are that after the initial installation no
set-up time is required, markings are easily renewed, and disadvantage of this is that
substantial error can be introduced, and magnitude of error may change for substitute studies
and this method is only applicable for low traffic conditions.
Source: Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay, Measurement over a Short Section,
Chapter 27, Transportation System Engineering
14. Fig 3.1: Pavement marking
3.2. b. Enoscope or Mirror box
Enoscope consists of a simple open housing containing a mirror mounted on a tripod at the side
of the road in such a way that an observer’s li
stands at one end of section and on the other end enoscope is placed and measure the time
taken by the vehicle to cross the section (fig 6.2). Advantages of this method are that it simple
and eliminate the errors due to parallax and considerable time is required to time each vehicle,
which lengthen the study period and under heavy traffic condition it may be difficult to relate
ostentatious to proper vehicle are the disadvantages of
Figure 3.2: Enoscope Method
3.3 Automatic Method:
Automatic Traffic Recorders (ATRs) offer a quick, affordable, and
data over any period and can be presented in a range of fo
Page 7
3.2. b. Enoscope or Mirror box:
Enoscope consists of a simple open housing containing a mirror mounted on a tripod at the side
of the road in such a way that an observer’s line of sight turned through 90o. The observer
stands at one end of section and on the other end enoscope is placed and measure the time
taken by the vehicle to cross the section (fig 6.2). Advantages of this method are that it simple
s due to parallax and considerable time is required to time each vehicle,
which lengthen the study period and under heavy traffic condition it may be difficult to relate
ostentatious to proper vehicle are the disadvantages of enoscope method.
Automatic Traffic Recorders (ATRs) offer a quick, affordable, and reliable way to collect vehicle
data over any period and can be presented in a range of formats to suit individual client
Enoscope consists of a simple open housing containing a mirror mounted on a tripod at the side
ne of sight turned through 90o. The observer
stands at one end of section and on the other end enoscope is placed and measure the time
taken by the vehicle to cross the section (fig 6.2). Advantages of this method are that it simple
s due to parallax and considerable time is required to time each vehicle,
which lengthen the study period and under heavy traffic condition it may be difficult to relate
reliable way to collect vehicle
rmats to suit individual client
15. Page 8
requirements. Automatic traffic count data is used for a variety of purposes to support transport
planning and design considerations. It is a highly cost effective method of collecting large volumes
of classified and/ or speed data. Accu-Traffic has always been at the forefront of the market for
collecting and presenting this data. Several automatic devices that can be used to obtain the
instantaneous speeds of vehicles at a location on a highway are now available on the market.
These automatic devices can be grouped into three main categories.
3.3. a. Road Detector (Pressure contact strips):
The pressure contact strips, either pneumatic or electric, are used to indicate the time of
entering and leaving the base length. When a vehicle passes over the tube laid at the first
reference point, an air impulse is sent, which activates an electromagnetically controlled stop
watch in the hands of the observer. When the vehicle passes over the second tube, the stop
watch automatically stops. Then the reading is noted by the observer or is auto saved into
computer. The risk of human error is reduced, and parallax error can be avoided completely.
This is the best method over short distance. It gives quite relevant data and if it is connected
through graphical recorder then it gives continuous data automatically. But Pressure contact
tubes are easily sensed by the drivers which may affect their behavior.
Fig 3.3: Pneumatic road tube method
3.3. b. Doppler-Principle Meters (Radar)
This radar meters are frequently used for measurement of spot speed.It measures speed
directly by measuring the difference in the frequency between the emitted and reflected radar
wave emitted on an oncoming vehicle. It is radar meter which is targeted to a vehicle, so the
wave, the frequency between the emitted and reflected wave that the difference is used to
calculate the speed. This is normally referred as Doppler Effect. Dynamometer actually works
based on the principle of Doppler Effect, which justifies the difference in frequency is
16. Page 9
proportional to the speed of oncoming vehicle. Using this principle the instrument is
programmed to calculate the speed of the vehicle.
This is recent advancement in speed studies; it automatically records speed, and
employs a radar transmitter-receiver unit. The apparatus transmits high frequency
electromagnetic waves as a narrow beam towards the moving vehicle, the beam changes
its frequency depending up on the vehicle’s speed and is returned to the receiver unit.
Upon calibration spot speed of the vehicle is obtained.
Fig 3.4 : Radar Gun image
3.3. c. Electronic-Principle Detectors (Photography)
In this method a camera records the distance moved by a vehicle in a selected short time. In this
exposure of photograph should be in a constant time interval and the distance travelled by the vehicle is
measured by projecting the films during the exposure interval. The main advantage of method is that, it
gives a permanent record with 100% sample obtained. This method is quite expensive and generally
adopted in a situation where evidence is required. Even video recorder can be used which give more
accurate result.
Fig 3.5 : Photography method
17. Page
10
3.4. The Method we followed:
Before going for the actual work we have conducted a reconnaissance survey on the previous
day of actual work. Due to lack of instruments we could not adopt any of the automatic
methods described in this chapter. We have selected the reference points where we collected
speed data according to Manual Strip method. A stopwatch was used for the experiment. The
marked area was 44 feet long. Each time the front of a car would enter the speed trap, the time
recording was started. When the car exited the speed trap, the timer was stopped.The limits
were measurements of time, in seconds, that corresponded to a measurement of speed, in
miles per hour. The time, location, weather and road conditions were also recorded. The safety
engineer was in charge of data. But if we could conduct the actual reconnaissance work then
we would have good understanding of the whole formation of the study zone.
18. Page
11
CHAPTER 4
DATA COLLECTION
4.1 Date and time:
The survey took place on March 23, 2017. It was Thursday. Data was collected for 10
minutes, which was took place from 08.30am to 08.40am.
4.2 Weather Condition:
Sky was clear; It was a sunny morning.
4.3 Location:
The data were collected in the Panthapath road in between Panthapath to Russel Square
intersection. Eight groups were appointed to collect traffic volume data in different points
Fig 4.1: Panthapath Intersection to Russel Square Intersection (Blue dots)
19. Page
12
4.4 Observation:
The goal of observation was to count vehicle to determine the spot speed of different type of
traffic along survey road. As a result vehicles were classified in different categories and they
were counted throughout the period.
4.5 Method and Equipment:
Traffic was counted according to Manual Strip method and for recording data a tabulated tally
sheet was prepared which come handy in recording classified vehicle count. Mobile Stop watch
was used to measure time.
4.6 Number of Enumerators:
There were 7 enumerators in the group. Every enumerator was appointed to count one or
more than one category of vehicle.
36. Page
29
Table 5.2: Average speed and time of different vehicles
5.2 Weighted Average Speed Calculation:
Speed range
(mph)
No of vehicles
observed (f)
Mid speed V
(mph)
%
Frequency
Cumulative
% Frequency
V×f
2-5 9 3.5 1.55 1.55 31.5
5-8 66 6.5 11.40 12.95 429
8-11 118 9.5 20.38 33.33 1121
11-14 160 12.5 27.63 60.97 2000
14-17 101 15.5 17.44 78.41 1565.5
17-20 59 18.5 10.19 88.60 1091.5
20-23 35 21.5 6.04 94.65 752.5
23-26 12 24.5 2.07 96.72 294
26-29 7 27.5 1.21 97.93 192.5
29-32 12 30.5 2.07 100.00 366
∑ = 579 ∑ × =7843.5
From the above table ,
Weighted average speed =
∑ ×
∑
=
.
= 13.55mph
Vehicle Babytaxi Car/Taxi Bus Truck Microbus Motorcycle Pickup Ambulance Jeep/Pajero
Utility
Vehicle
Average
Speed
(mph)
11.53 14.90 11.65 11.27 13.42 16.25 11.37 11.28 16.18 14.54
Average
Time(sec)
2.15 1.69 2.32 2.66 1.63 1.50 1.70 1.73 1.91 1.35
37. 5.3 Histogram, Frequency Curve and Cumulative
Fig 5.1 : Histogram showing No. of vehicles and speed range
9
66
118
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2-5 5-8 8-11
No
of
Vehicles
Page
30
5.3 Histogram, Frequency Curve and Cumulative Frequency Curve:
Fig 5.1 : Histogram showing No. of vehicles and speed range
118
160
101
59
35
12
11 11-14 14-17 17-20 20-23 23-26 26
Speed Range (mph)
Histogram
7
12
26-29 29-32
38. Fig 5.2 : % Frequency vs Spot Speed Graph
From fig 5.2:
Modal speed (speed at the highest frequency) = 12.8 mph
Pace (range of speed) = 7-17 mph
1.55
11.40
20.38
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
3 8
%
Frequency
Page
31
Fig 5.2 : % Frequency vs Spot Speed Graph
Modal speed (speed at the highest frequency) = 12.8 mph
17 mph
27.63
17.44
10.19
6.04
2.07
13 18 23
Spot Speed (mph)
Frequency Curve
Modal Speed= 12.8 mph
Pace= 7-17 mph
1.21
2.07
28
12.8 mph
17 mph
39. Fig 5.3: Cumulative % Frequency vs Spot Speed Graph
From fig 5.3:
Design speed (98th
percentile) = 29 mph
Safe speed (85th
percentile) = 17.8 mph
Speed limits upper (15th
to 85th
percentile) =7 mph ~ 17.8 mph
5.4 Discussion on spot speed:
There were a large variety of speeds in the roadway we studied. It was understood when we
took data from the field. At first we assumed that the representative vehicles will fulfill our
desire of study but afterwards we felt the shortcomings of our assumptions. The percentage
frequency curve and the cumulative percentage frequency curve was smooth enough. And
from the charts we could calculate the modal speed, pace and different percentile speeds
flexibly.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3 8
Cumulative
%
Speed Cumulative Frequency Curve
15th percentile=7 mph
98th percentile= 29 mph
Page
32
Cumulative % Frequency vs Spot Speed Graph
percentile) = 29 mph
percentile) = 17.8 mph
percentile) =7 mph ~ 17.8 mph
Discussion on spot speed:
of speeds in the roadway we studied. It was understood when we
took data from the field. At first we assumed that the representative vehicles will fulfill our
desire of study but afterwards we felt the shortcomings of our assumptions. The percentage
ency curve and the cumulative percentage frequency curve was smooth enough. And
from the charts we could calculate the modal speed, pace and different percentile speeds
13 18 23 28
Spot Speed (mph)
Cumulative Frequency Curve
15th percentile=7 mph
85th percentile=17.8
mph
98th percentile= 29 mph
of speeds in the roadway we studied. It was understood when we
took data from the field. At first we assumed that the representative vehicles will fulfill our
desire of study but afterwards we felt the shortcomings of our assumptions. The percentage
ency curve and the cumulative percentage frequency curve was smooth enough. And
from the charts we could calculate the modal speed, pace and different percentile speeds
28 33
40. Page
33
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 General:
This chapter discusses on the results obtained from the analysis and their importance. This report
presented all possible analysis by the data collected from field survey.
6.2 Results from Data Analysis in tabular form:
Weighted average speed 13.55 mph
Modal speed (speed at the highest
frequency)
12.8 mph
Pace (range of speed) 7-17 mph
Design speed (98th
percentile) 29 mph
Safe speed (85th
percentile) 17.8 mph
Speed limits upper (15th
to 85th
percentile) 7-17.8 mph
6.3 Limitation:
We collected data for representative portion of traffic stream. However if it was
possible to collect data for each and every type of vehicle then a better scenario could
have been presented.
There was no free flow condition present continuously which interrupted the
experiment.
We got the data of a specific portion of a day on a particular day. But it obviously
doesn’t represent the total traffic stream in actual condition.
6.4 Recommendations:
There are some recommendations based on the study took place. They are as follows-
NMT or electrical low speed vehicles should not be permitted in this type of arterial road.
Although they typically travel on the left lane but they create a drag force which slows down
the high speed vehicles which creates congestion.
Bicycle should have specific lanes of their own which typically is placed beside the
footpath/shoulder. But there was not any specific lane in the road we studied. So it is
recommended that a lane system should be introduced to increase efficiency of the road at
the same time there should be a bicycle specific lane.
41. Page
34
6.5 Scope for Further Study:
The present study is focused mainly on traffic speed only. Various other experiments could
be conducted depending on the data we had in out possession. However due to lack of time
we conduct those extensive experiments and it is suggested that those studies should be
conducted in future to have a good understanding of the traffic condition of the roadway we
studied in this time.
42. Page
35
References
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https://www.codot.gov/projects/contextsensitivesolutions/design/design-
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http://civilengineeringlaboratory.blogspot.com/2012/02/spot-speed-
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[American Society of Civil Engineers The Twelfth COTA International Conference
of Transportation Professionals - Beijing, China (August 3-6, 2012)] CICTP 2012 -
Study on Average Travel Speed in Road Network Calculated by Floating Car Data
in Different Sample First page:393,Last page:401
[American Society of Civil Engineers Ninth International Conference on
Applications of Advanced Technology in Transportation (AATT) - Chicago, Illinois,
United States (August 13-16, 2006)] Applications of Advanced Technology in
Transportation - A Case Study on Measuring Travel Time, Speed, and Delay Using
GPS-Instrumented Test Vehicles
Nicholas J Garber Lester A Hoe, Traffic and Highway Engineering. Cengage
Learning Product, Fourth Edition, 2009.
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CE 351 Class note by Professor, Dr. Md. Shamsul Hoque.