2. INTRODUCTION
• The liver is the largest, flexible, and soft organ in
the body
• It is also the most active and complex organ
• The functional part is called the hepatic lobule made
of hepatocytes
• The study of the liver is important because of its
indispensable functions in the body
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3. LIVER FUNCTIONS
• Filtration
• Detoxification
• Bile(stored by gallbladder) for Fat Emulsification
• Synthesis of Clotting Factors
• Phagocytic activity
• Site of Metabolic reactions (glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, deamination, urea formation e.t.c)
• Malfunction of the Liver will result in non-manifestation of the above Function
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4. HEPATITIS
• Coined from the words ‘HEPA’ (LIVER) and ‘ITIS’
(Inflamed)
• A general term for inflammation of the liver
• Causes may be infectious or non-infectious
• It could be acute or chronic
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5. SYMPTOMS
• Fatigue
• Dark urin
• Body Pain
• Joint pain
• Loss of appetite
• Malaise
• Jaundice
• Nausea and vomiting
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6. NON- INFECTIOUS
HEPATITIS
• Not caused by microorganisms
• Could be acute or chronic
• Predominant occurrence is Alcoholic Hepatitis
• It manifests in Alcoholic Hepatitis
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7. ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
• 90% of alcoholic beverages are processed in the liver
• Caused by high alcohol intake
• Evident in heavy drinkers
• Normal consumption level of alcohol drinks per week;
• In Female 1-7 drinks
• In Male 1-14 drinks
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8. • Consumption of
alcohol above the
ranges will result in
diffusion of it from
the bloodstream
into the brain and
heart causing their
malfunction
• Low perfusion to
the liver will occur
and the liver will
shrink resulting in
scar tissue
formation
(Cirrhosis) and can
also result in
hepatomegaly
carcinoma.
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS CONT’D
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9. INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
• Mainly caused by virus
• Depending on the causative be virus A, B, C, D and
E
• Could be acute or chronic
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10. Hepatitis Virus
causes scar tissue
formation due to
low the action of
antibodies against
the infected cells
shrinkage and
hardening occurs
due to low
perfusion.
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
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11. HEPATITIS A
• Caused by hepatitis A virus
• Contacted through contaminated food and water
• Doesn't result in chronic
• Body’s immune system can fight against it
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12. HEPATITIS B
• It is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and a transfusion
transmissible infection (TTI).
• Can be contacted through semen, blood, and other body fluids
• Pregnant woman to an unborn child
• Contaminated personal hygiene items
• Exposure to unsterilized piercing
• Increase risk of getting HIV, HDV
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13. HEPATITIS C
• Caused by hepatitis C virus
• Risk factors include:
• Blood transfusion
• Hemophilia
• Organ transplant
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14. HEPATITIS D
• Cause by hepatitis D virus
• It only affects those with hepatitis B
• Could co-infection(HB and HD at the same time) or
super-infection (HB then HD)
• HDV cannot replicate on it's own unlike other
hepatitis Viruses therefore uses Hepatitis B to
produce multiple copies of itself
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15. HEPATITIS E
• The hepatitis E virus is transmitted mainly through the
fecal-oral route due to fecal contamination of drinking
water
• Ingestion of undercooked meat or meat products derived
from infected animals (e.g. pork liver);
• Transfusion of infected blood or/and blood products
• Vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her
baby.
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