This document discusses the democratic argument for teaching science education. It explores this argument through the socio-scientific issue of radiation emitted from cell phones.
It finds that for citizens to effectively engage in debates about cell phone radiation, they need a basic understanding of physics concepts like the electromagnetic spectrum, energy absorption, and specific absorption rate. This would enable them to examine issues like potential health effects of cell phone use.
The document also notes that controversies around cell phone towers have occurred in many places worldwide. Understanding the science behind these issues equips citizens with knowledge to make informed decisions and participate meaningfully in relevant discussions.
This chapter explores the reasons why science communication is important and how it can be effectively achieved. It examines societal factors like declining trust in experts, changes in knowledge production, increased information sources, and public participation concerns as motivations for increased science communication. The chapter outlines key goals for science communication at the individual, institutional and strategic levels. It then discusses different types of science communication and various methods used, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of traditional media, live events and online formats. The chapter concludes by providing best practice recommendations for effective science communication.
Public Understanding of Science - Lecture 2 #SciCommLSUPaige Jarreau
The document discusses models of science communication and public understanding of science. It describes the traditional "deficit model" which assumes that public mistrust of science stems from lack of knowledge, and efforts to educate the public often backfire. A better approach promotes dialogue, trust and participation across diverse audiences and platforms. Effective communication acknowledges that people interpret science through existing beliefs and values, not just facts. Framing issues related to personal concerns like health can make science more relevant and engaging.
This document provides an editorial introduction to a book on using socioscientific issues to teach evolution. It discusses how evolution understanding is impacted by sociocultural factors and outlines challenges to teaching evolution effectively. The book aims to provide teachers with tools to apply a socioscientific issues approach to promote students' scientific literacy and understanding of evolution. It argues this approach can help students develop critical thinking skills needed to evaluate information in today's digital landscape. The editorial sets the stage for chapters that present socioscientific issues-related strategies to address these issues.
A National Science Fair Exhibiting Support For The Knowledge EconomyJoe Andelija
This document summarizes a research article about a national science fair. The researchers analyzed data from successive versions of the science fair to understand how it functions within the school and broader societal context. Their analysis suggests the science fair serves to support the "knowledge economy" by benefiting those who control knowledge production and distribution, but it may not benefit all students equally. Specifically, the researchers found participation in the fair favors students from advantaged, resource-rich backgrounds, though these students do benefit from the experience. However, the science fair also benefits its sponsors who can use it for promotional purposes.
This document discusses technology transfer, the history of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Ethiopia, and the role of science and technology in society and governance. It provides an executive summary of a meeting that examined the impact of scientific change on society. Key points discussed include the need for a holistic, multidisciplinary approach to problem solving; improving communication between scientists and the public; addressing North-South issues in science; and tensions between economic forces and sustainable development. The summary recommends actions like promoting cooperation across disciplines, ensuring inclusion of all countries in global research, and prioritizing the needs of disadvantaged populations.
However important improved public understanding of science might be, it is only part of the picture of how society reacts to new developments in science and technology, especially when controversy breaks out. Extensive research supports strong roles for values, beliefs and trust, arguably stronger factors in many cases than the role of science literacy by itself.
This document discusses three perspectives on the relationship between science, technology, and society:
1) "Science and Technology Shaping Society", where technological developments are seen as driving social change.
2) "Society Shaping Technology and Science", where social factors shape the direction of scientific and technological progress.
3) "Interrelations between Science, Technology and Society", asserting that science, technology, and society interact and influence each other.
The document provides examples and details on each perspective to analyze their different views on how science, technology, and society interact.
Here we present our experience and research outcomes regarding one of the possible approaches to disseminate knowledge. The independent educational project with flexible formula provides many benefits both for participants, and teachers. The advantages incudes, but are not limited to, clearly hearable voice in public debate and/or useful preliminary results from experimental research. We argument here also for significant educational impact of this approach.
This chapter explores the reasons why science communication is important and how it can be effectively achieved. It examines societal factors like declining trust in experts, changes in knowledge production, increased information sources, and public participation concerns as motivations for increased science communication. The chapter outlines key goals for science communication at the individual, institutional and strategic levels. It then discusses different types of science communication and various methods used, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of traditional media, live events and online formats. The chapter concludes by providing best practice recommendations for effective science communication.
Public Understanding of Science - Lecture 2 #SciCommLSUPaige Jarreau
The document discusses models of science communication and public understanding of science. It describes the traditional "deficit model" which assumes that public mistrust of science stems from lack of knowledge, and efforts to educate the public often backfire. A better approach promotes dialogue, trust and participation across diverse audiences and platforms. Effective communication acknowledges that people interpret science through existing beliefs and values, not just facts. Framing issues related to personal concerns like health can make science more relevant and engaging.
This document provides an editorial introduction to a book on using socioscientific issues to teach evolution. It discusses how evolution understanding is impacted by sociocultural factors and outlines challenges to teaching evolution effectively. The book aims to provide teachers with tools to apply a socioscientific issues approach to promote students' scientific literacy and understanding of evolution. It argues this approach can help students develop critical thinking skills needed to evaluate information in today's digital landscape. The editorial sets the stage for chapters that present socioscientific issues-related strategies to address these issues.
A National Science Fair Exhibiting Support For The Knowledge EconomyJoe Andelija
This document summarizes a research article about a national science fair. The researchers analyzed data from successive versions of the science fair to understand how it functions within the school and broader societal context. Their analysis suggests the science fair serves to support the "knowledge economy" by benefiting those who control knowledge production and distribution, but it may not benefit all students equally. Specifically, the researchers found participation in the fair favors students from advantaged, resource-rich backgrounds, though these students do benefit from the experience. However, the science fair also benefits its sponsors who can use it for promotional purposes.
This document discusses technology transfer, the history of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Ethiopia, and the role of science and technology in society and governance. It provides an executive summary of a meeting that examined the impact of scientific change on society. Key points discussed include the need for a holistic, multidisciplinary approach to problem solving; improving communication between scientists and the public; addressing North-South issues in science; and tensions between economic forces and sustainable development. The summary recommends actions like promoting cooperation across disciplines, ensuring inclusion of all countries in global research, and prioritizing the needs of disadvantaged populations.
However important improved public understanding of science might be, it is only part of the picture of how society reacts to new developments in science and technology, especially when controversy breaks out. Extensive research supports strong roles for values, beliefs and trust, arguably stronger factors in many cases than the role of science literacy by itself.
This document discusses three perspectives on the relationship between science, technology, and society:
1) "Science and Technology Shaping Society", where technological developments are seen as driving social change.
2) "Society Shaping Technology and Science", where social factors shape the direction of scientific and technological progress.
3) "Interrelations between Science, Technology and Society", asserting that science, technology, and society interact and influence each other.
The document provides examples and details on each perspective to analyze their different views on how science, technology, and society interact.
Here we present our experience and research outcomes regarding one of the possible approaches to disseminate knowledge. The independent educational project with flexible formula provides many benefits both for participants, and teachers. The advantages incudes, but are not limited to, clearly hearable voice in public debate and/or useful preliminary results from experimental research. We argument here also for significant educational impact of this approach.
This document discusses Science, Technology, and Society (STS) as an interdisciplinary field of study. It defines science as understanding physical phenomena through theories and laws, while technology is the application of scientific knowledge to develop products and services. Society uses science to create better technology and meet material needs. However, science and technology can positively or negatively impact human survival, depending on how they interact with social, cultural and economic contexts. This relationship may lead to ethical dilemmas and social conflicts that students should reflect on critically.
This document discusses Science, Technology, and Society (STS) as an interdisciplinary field of study. It defines science as understanding physical phenomena through theories and laws, while technology is the application of scientific knowledge to develop products and services. Society uses science to create better technology and meet material needs. However, science and technology can positively or negatively impact human survival, depending on how they interact with social, cultural and economic contexts. This relationship may lead to ethical dilemmas and social conflicts that students should reflect on critically.
This document discusses using entertainment media for science communication. It notes that audiences respond more to entertaining versus informative content. The document argues that entertainment content and social media can be used to communicate science to laypeople and increase interest in science. It discusses how audiences interpret information from different sources and how polarization has increased with user-generated science content online. The document proposes using entertainment genres instead of traditional methods to communicate science in order to engage more people with the subject.
ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SCIENCE FICTION TEXTS SCIENCE FICTION IN SCIENCE CL...Amy Cernava
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that examined whether primary school students could identify ethical, moral, and political issues related to technology when analyzing science fiction stories, and if they could write their own science fiction stories addressing such issues. Analysis of the students' worksheets and stories found they could identify positive and negative technological aspects and impacts on society from the stories. The students were also able to write their own basic science fiction stories incorporating societal, ethical, and moral dimensions of technology.
This document provides the framework for assessing scientific literacy in PISA 2015. It defines scientific literacy as the ability to use scientific knowledge and skills to explain phenomena and address issues involving science and technology. The framework outlines three competencies measured: explaining phenomena scientifically, evaluating scientific enquiries, and interpreting scientific data and evidence. It describes the organization of the scientific literacy domain around contexts, competencies, knowledge types, and attitudes. Sample test items are also presented to illustrate the cognitive skills assessed. The framework aims to evaluate students' preparation to engage with societal situations involving science.
This document analyzes the use of mobile phones by different generations in Portuguese families. It conducted interviews with 13 families (26 people total) including an adolescent and parent from each family. The interviews examined the intensity of mobile phone use as well as what purposes the phones were used for. Most adolescents reported using their phones primarily for communication functions like calls and text messages to stay in touch with friends and family. Only a few adolescents mentioned using additional phone features, as long as it allowed communication. The document provides context on mobile phone adoption rates in Portugal and discusses how phone use can relate to socioeconomic factors and reinforce social inequalities, even as the technology has become more ubiquitous.
[7 16]ghanaian primary school pupils’ conceptual framework of energyAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated Ghanaian primary school pupils' conceptual framework of energy. A teaching model depicting energy concepts was tested on 186 pupils aged 11-12. Results from conceptual and algorithmic test questions showed that pupils relied more on rote learning than conceptual understanding. The study recommends improving science teaching methods to enhance conceptual learning.
This document discusses the concept of ecosymbiotics, which aims to integrate economic profitability with environmental and social sustainability. It argues that education, basic research, environmental protection, and economic development are interdependent and should be viewed holistically. Ecosymbiotics proposes developing commercial innovations through collaborative, interdisciplinary research that also benefits education and future generations. The goal is to move beyond dependence on non-profit funding and directly link basic scientific progress with business and capital growth in a mutually sustainable way.
This document discusses the complex relationships between scientists, policymakers, and politicians regarding scientific evidence and policy decisions. It notes that while most scientists agree on issues like climate change, public understanding and political will can diverge due to ideological and economic influences. Policy groups may further complicate matters by selectively promoting certain scientific views aligned with political agendas. The document argues that scientists should humbly provide the best available evidence while respecting the distinct roles of other decision makers, and find ways to more effectively communicate uncertainty and limitations in ways that empower rather than disenfranchise the public.
This document summarizes a speech given by Susan Schneegans, editor of UNESCO's journal A World of Science, at the XII International Conference on Public Communication of Science and Technology. The summary discusses:
1) UNESCO's role in promoting science internationally through capacity building, policy advice, and sharing scientific data and information.
2) That science is universal throughout history across many civilizations, and international collaboration is growing through projects like international years of topics.
3) The challenges science communicators face in conveying scientific uncertainty to the public and countering "merchants of doubt" who aim to sow skepticism about scientific issues like climate change.
Tool : Opinion Space
Typical Actions : Opinion mapping software collect and visualise users opinions on important issues and polocies
(rate five proposition on the chosen topic and type initial response to a discussion question)
Show in a graphical "Map" where user's opinions of other participants.
Display patterns, trends, and insights employ the wisdom of crowds to identify the most insightful ideas.
Examples : Used by US state Depart to engage global online audiences on a variety of foreign policy issues.
Section 1: Tool Background
Who designed or developed the tool?
What is the purpose of the tool?
When was the tool designed or developed?
Where was the tool designed or developed?
Why was the tool designed or developed?
Section 2: Tool Specifications
Functional capabilities of the tool. (Key features of the tool)
Technical requirements for the tool.
How is/was the tool implemented?
Section 3: Tool Visualizations:
Find an illustration or work flow of the tool.
Describe the illustration or work flow of the tool.
Section 4: Tool Achievements/Limitations
Discuss the advantages of the tool.
Discuss the disadvantages of the tool.
Section 5: Based on research, does the tool achieve the original purpose of the creator/designer?
Discuss your findings
Your research paper should be at least 9 pages (2400 words), double-spaced, have at least 8 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in a MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Team's name, University's name, Course name, Course number, Professor's name, and Date.
Tambouris, E., Liotas, N., & Tarabanis, K. (2007). A Framework for Assessing eParticipation Projects and Tools. 2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'07), Waikoloa, HI, 2007, pp. 90-90. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2007.13
SURNAME 3
Climate Change
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
14th. September 2019
Academic Sources on Climate Change
Farrell, Justin. "Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.1 (2016): 92-97.
Nerem, R. S., Beckley, B. D., Fasullo, J. T., Hamlington, B. D., Masters, D., & Mitchum, G. T. (2018). Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(9), 2022-2025.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., ... & Nemitz, E. (2015). Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 15(14), 8217-8299.
Urry, John. “Climate change and society”. In Why the social sciences matter (pp. 45-59). Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2015 45-59.
Holland, G., & Bruyère, C. L. (2014). Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change. Climate Dynamics ...
Science communication 2014-gelmez burakgazi-168-93-2Mimi Zaabah
Fourth and fifth grade students were interviewed about their use of mass media for science learning. The students actively chose media like TV, the internet, magazines, and newspapers to fulfill cognitive needs for information, affective needs for enjoyment, and personal and social needs. Key factors influencing their media choices were accessibility, interesting content presented creatively. The study provided insight into how media can support science learning outside the classroom.
The Threats and Benefits of ScienceScience is a broad subject th.docxchristalgrieg
The Threats and Benefits of Science
Science is a broad subject that is essential in the organizing of knowledge by providing explanations and predictions. The practicality of science has revolutionized the world since the scientific revolution era. This subject has numerous branches that are vital to human beings and inseparable from the analysis of life facts. Science is attributed to a vast range of technological changes that are crucial to human life because of the practical applications of the subject (Haack, 2011). However, some threats emanated from the study and application of scientific principles and pose a significant risk to human sustainability. Therefore, the analysis of the pros and cons of science is necessary to establish the precise implications of this subject. Although science has both advantages and disadvantages, its benefits in enhancing the solution of health problems and technology outweigh the threats.
Science facilitates the simplification of life. Scientific knowledge has been significant to the world by enhancing the inventions of different objects that are crucial to human beings. Scientific principles have been applied in the manufacturing industry and the generation of energy such as electricity. These products have provided immense assistance to human efforts which have simplified most of the life activities. Furthermore, life has become comfortable, safe and secure through the aid of scientific technologies (Von Schomberg, 2012). Many of the strains that people faced in the pre-scientific era obtained solution when the concepts of this subject were efficiently applied. For instance, the evolution of the textile industry depended on science and led to the production of a wide range of clothing that fits people from different geographic and climatic regions. Therefore, this evidence indicates that science has been beneficial in making life easier by increasing accessibility to particular necessary requirements of sustainability.
Science has revolutionized the communication system to make its fast, secure and cost-effective. The discoveries that have their origin in the scientific principles have a significant impact on the communication technologies. The invention of phones, televisions, radios and other communication equipment has transformed most of the life systems concerning efficient sending and receiving of messages. The modern world relies on communication for a wide range of applications including social and economic practices. Business activities are fostered and also the interpersonal interactions. Globalization has been a significant trend in the world increasing the accessibility of information. This aspect has influenced the exchange of ideas on a worldwide platform and increased the education of people on key societal issues that have social and economic significance. Therefore, science is evidently a crucial boost to the communication advancement that is responsible for the efficiency of the moder ...
Informing, involving or engaging science communication, in the ages of atom b...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the evolution of science communication over three major technology debates - nuclear technology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. It argues that science communication has shifted from one-way information approaches to more participatory and democratic models of public engagement. For nuclear technologies in the 1950s-60s, communication focused on justifying funding through information campaigns. Growing opposition in the 1960s-80s led to more participation. For biotechnology in the 1970s-80s, the focus was initially on education but shifted to dialogue as opposition increased. Nanotechnology communication from the 2000s incorporated even earlier and more democratic forms of upstream public engagement. However, the analysis finds the shift toward democracy has been incomplete, with simplistic contrasts between
This document discusses the values of science according to Richard Feynman. It explains that science is not inherently moral and can be used for beneficial or harmful purposes, depending on how society applies it. An example is given of stem cell research, which was restricted due to public misunderstanding despite its medical potential. The document also notes that science can help put human life into a larger cosmic perspective but that this perspective is difficult for non-scientists to understand. Finally, it discusses how scientists approach their work with doubt, uncertainty and a need for evidence, and how this struggle to understand is one of science's important values.
The textbook for the class is Teich, A. H. (2012). Technology and .docxchristalgrieg
The textbook for the class is Teich, A. H. (2012). Technology and the future. New York: Wadsworth
The following module concerns the importance of technology in human affairs. At the end of this lesson the student should be able to illustrate the differences between science and technology, and how technology is used to to transform raw material and resources into products using specialized machine tools and the factory system. The student should also be able to illustrate some of the consequences that could result from technological development. Please open this folder to find your assignment, additional readings, grading rubrics, and submission details. Note, you may need to scroll down a bit within this folder to see any additional material contained within the folder.
Students must develop the ability to assess the implementation technology has on society including its social, cultural, and environmental consequences. Future graduates need to assess technology as part of their job related duties in business, industry, government, or as private citizens. Technology is constantly assessed in an attempt to determine its overall value in meeting human needs, wants, and desires. The introduction of new technology has costs and benefits that can result in anticipated and unanticipated consequences for society. It is often the role of individuals to determine if a technology should be adopted and fostered in society. As you complete this dialogue aid sheet, please use complete sentences, and provide more than just a sentence or two. For most of the topics being addressed in the readings, you will need to develop several paragraphs or more for each section on this sheet to fully illustrate your ideas. Please check your spelling and grammar before submitting these for grading.
Identify three basic, yet major concepts which were dealt with in this reading:
What do you believe to be the most insightful idea in this reading?
What do you believe to be the greatest weakness in this selection?
What are the ethical issues and perspectives that are associated with this technology?
What are the social, cultural, or environmental issues associated with this technology?
The following lecture will provide an overview of the class, and illustrate the differences
in how science, technology, and engineering are utilized in a contemporary society.
This lesson illustrates the various interpretations of how modern technology is viewed in
a contemporary society.
Ways (1959) and Toffler (1970, 1980) have indicated that the accelerating rate of
change is a result of science and technology. According to Ways and Toffler, such
change can be documented by reviewing the rapid rate of: depletion of nonrenewable
resources, industrialization and population growth.
Ferkiss (1969), Mendlovitz (1975), and Naisbitt (1982) have referred to the
interconnectedness of society in the twentieth century. They wrote that people of the
worl ...
Citation: O Riordan, N. 2013. An initial exploration of Citizen Science. NUIG Whitaker Institute Working Paper Series.
A working paper summarising the latest research on citizen science and its relationship with open innovation and the wisdom of crowds. Considers well known cases of citizen science including Galaxy Zoo. Identifies key research questions for future study.
Accessing Science Through Media Uses And Gratifications Among Fourth And Fif...Wendy Belieu
This study investigated how 4th and 5th grade students use mass media for science learning. Through focus groups with 47 students, the researchers found that students actively choose media like the internet, science magazines, and TV to meet their cognitive, affective, personal, and social needs related to science. Key factors influencing students' choice of media were accessibility, content quality, presentation of interesting topics, and credibility of the source.
This document discusses components of instructional planning for teaching science. It begins by explaining that instructional planning involves three steps: deciding what to teach, how to teach, and communicating goals and expectations to learners. Each step includes specific tasks. The document then focuses on the delivery of instruction, providing tips for teachers. These include deciding the delivery method, hooking students into the lesson, giving clear directions, questioning students and allowing wait time, being aware of pacing, variety and enthusiasm, and using formative assessments for evaluation and reflection. The key points are that instructional planning is important and involves deciding content, pedagogy and communicating goals, while effective delivery of instruction engages students, provides clear expectations, checks for understanding,
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the customer will choose a writer based on qualifications.
4. The customer will receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied or request revisions.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarism.
13 Original Colonies Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance website to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The purpose is to outline the process for having assignments written by third parties on the site.
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Semelhante a A Critical Analysis Of The Democratic Argument For Teaching Science The Case Of Cell Phones
This document discusses Science, Technology, and Society (STS) as an interdisciplinary field of study. It defines science as understanding physical phenomena through theories and laws, while technology is the application of scientific knowledge to develop products and services. Society uses science to create better technology and meet material needs. However, science and technology can positively or negatively impact human survival, depending on how they interact with social, cultural and economic contexts. This relationship may lead to ethical dilemmas and social conflicts that students should reflect on critically.
This document discusses Science, Technology, and Society (STS) as an interdisciplinary field of study. It defines science as understanding physical phenomena through theories and laws, while technology is the application of scientific knowledge to develop products and services. Society uses science to create better technology and meet material needs. However, science and technology can positively or negatively impact human survival, depending on how they interact with social, cultural and economic contexts. This relationship may lead to ethical dilemmas and social conflicts that students should reflect on critically.
This document discusses using entertainment media for science communication. It notes that audiences respond more to entertaining versus informative content. The document argues that entertainment content and social media can be used to communicate science to laypeople and increase interest in science. It discusses how audiences interpret information from different sources and how polarization has increased with user-generated science content online. The document proposes using entertainment genres instead of traditional methods to communicate science in order to engage more people with the subject.
ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY IN SCIENCE FICTION TEXTS SCIENCE FICTION IN SCIENCE CL...Amy Cernava
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that examined whether primary school students could identify ethical, moral, and political issues related to technology when analyzing science fiction stories, and if they could write their own science fiction stories addressing such issues. Analysis of the students' worksheets and stories found they could identify positive and negative technological aspects and impacts on society from the stories. The students were also able to write their own basic science fiction stories incorporating societal, ethical, and moral dimensions of technology.
This document provides the framework for assessing scientific literacy in PISA 2015. It defines scientific literacy as the ability to use scientific knowledge and skills to explain phenomena and address issues involving science and technology. The framework outlines three competencies measured: explaining phenomena scientifically, evaluating scientific enquiries, and interpreting scientific data and evidence. It describes the organization of the scientific literacy domain around contexts, competencies, knowledge types, and attitudes. Sample test items are also presented to illustrate the cognitive skills assessed. The framework aims to evaluate students' preparation to engage with societal situations involving science.
This document analyzes the use of mobile phones by different generations in Portuguese families. It conducted interviews with 13 families (26 people total) including an adolescent and parent from each family. The interviews examined the intensity of mobile phone use as well as what purposes the phones were used for. Most adolescents reported using their phones primarily for communication functions like calls and text messages to stay in touch with friends and family. Only a few adolescents mentioned using additional phone features, as long as it allowed communication. The document provides context on mobile phone adoption rates in Portugal and discusses how phone use can relate to socioeconomic factors and reinforce social inequalities, even as the technology has become more ubiquitous.
[7 16]ghanaian primary school pupils’ conceptual framework of energyAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated Ghanaian primary school pupils' conceptual framework of energy. A teaching model depicting energy concepts was tested on 186 pupils aged 11-12. Results from conceptual and algorithmic test questions showed that pupils relied more on rote learning than conceptual understanding. The study recommends improving science teaching methods to enhance conceptual learning.
This document discusses the concept of ecosymbiotics, which aims to integrate economic profitability with environmental and social sustainability. It argues that education, basic research, environmental protection, and economic development are interdependent and should be viewed holistically. Ecosymbiotics proposes developing commercial innovations through collaborative, interdisciplinary research that also benefits education and future generations. The goal is to move beyond dependence on non-profit funding and directly link basic scientific progress with business and capital growth in a mutually sustainable way.
This document discusses the complex relationships between scientists, policymakers, and politicians regarding scientific evidence and policy decisions. It notes that while most scientists agree on issues like climate change, public understanding and political will can diverge due to ideological and economic influences. Policy groups may further complicate matters by selectively promoting certain scientific views aligned with political agendas. The document argues that scientists should humbly provide the best available evidence while respecting the distinct roles of other decision makers, and find ways to more effectively communicate uncertainty and limitations in ways that empower rather than disenfranchise the public.
This document summarizes a speech given by Susan Schneegans, editor of UNESCO's journal A World of Science, at the XII International Conference on Public Communication of Science and Technology. The summary discusses:
1) UNESCO's role in promoting science internationally through capacity building, policy advice, and sharing scientific data and information.
2) That science is universal throughout history across many civilizations, and international collaboration is growing through projects like international years of topics.
3) The challenges science communicators face in conveying scientific uncertainty to the public and countering "merchants of doubt" who aim to sow skepticism about scientific issues like climate change.
Tool : Opinion Space
Typical Actions : Opinion mapping software collect and visualise users opinions on important issues and polocies
(rate five proposition on the chosen topic and type initial response to a discussion question)
Show in a graphical "Map" where user's opinions of other participants.
Display patterns, trends, and insights employ the wisdom of crowds to identify the most insightful ideas.
Examples : Used by US state Depart to engage global online audiences on a variety of foreign policy issues.
Section 1: Tool Background
Who designed or developed the tool?
What is the purpose of the tool?
When was the tool designed or developed?
Where was the tool designed or developed?
Why was the tool designed or developed?
Section 2: Tool Specifications
Functional capabilities of the tool. (Key features of the tool)
Technical requirements for the tool.
How is/was the tool implemented?
Section 3: Tool Visualizations:
Find an illustration or work flow of the tool.
Describe the illustration or work flow of the tool.
Section 4: Tool Achievements/Limitations
Discuss the advantages of the tool.
Discuss the disadvantages of the tool.
Section 5: Based on research, does the tool achieve the original purpose of the creator/designer?
Discuss your findings
Your research paper should be at least 9 pages (2400 words), double-spaced, have at least 8 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in a MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Team's name, University's name, Course name, Course number, Professor's name, and Date.
Tambouris, E., Liotas, N., & Tarabanis, K. (2007). A Framework for Assessing eParticipation Projects and Tools. 2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'07), Waikoloa, HI, 2007, pp. 90-90. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2007.13
SURNAME 3
Climate Change
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
14th. September 2019
Academic Sources on Climate Change
Farrell, Justin. "Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.1 (2016): 92-97.
Nerem, R. S., Beckley, B. D., Fasullo, J. T., Hamlington, B. D., Masters, D., & Mitchum, G. T. (2018). Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(9), 2022-2025.
Fuzzi, S., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K., Decesari, S., Denier van der Gon, H., Facchini, M. C., ... & Nemitz, E. (2015). Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 15(14), 8217-8299.
Urry, John. “Climate change and society”. In Why the social sciences matter (pp. 45-59). Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2015 45-59.
Holland, G., & Bruyère, C. L. (2014). Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change. Climate Dynamics ...
Science communication 2014-gelmez burakgazi-168-93-2Mimi Zaabah
Fourth and fifth grade students were interviewed about their use of mass media for science learning. The students actively chose media like TV, the internet, magazines, and newspapers to fulfill cognitive needs for information, affective needs for enjoyment, and personal and social needs. Key factors influencing their media choices were accessibility, interesting content presented creatively. The study provided insight into how media can support science learning outside the classroom.
The Threats and Benefits of ScienceScience is a broad subject th.docxchristalgrieg
The Threats and Benefits of Science
Science is a broad subject that is essential in the organizing of knowledge by providing explanations and predictions. The practicality of science has revolutionized the world since the scientific revolution era. This subject has numerous branches that are vital to human beings and inseparable from the analysis of life facts. Science is attributed to a vast range of technological changes that are crucial to human life because of the practical applications of the subject (Haack, 2011). However, some threats emanated from the study and application of scientific principles and pose a significant risk to human sustainability. Therefore, the analysis of the pros and cons of science is necessary to establish the precise implications of this subject. Although science has both advantages and disadvantages, its benefits in enhancing the solution of health problems and technology outweigh the threats.
Science facilitates the simplification of life. Scientific knowledge has been significant to the world by enhancing the inventions of different objects that are crucial to human beings. Scientific principles have been applied in the manufacturing industry and the generation of energy such as electricity. These products have provided immense assistance to human efforts which have simplified most of the life activities. Furthermore, life has become comfortable, safe and secure through the aid of scientific technologies (Von Schomberg, 2012). Many of the strains that people faced in the pre-scientific era obtained solution when the concepts of this subject were efficiently applied. For instance, the evolution of the textile industry depended on science and led to the production of a wide range of clothing that fits people from different geographic and climatic regions. Therefore, this evidence indicates that science has been beneficial in making life easier by increasing accessibility to particular necessary requirements of sustainability.
Science has revolutionized the communication system to make its fast, secure and cost-effective. The discoveries that have their origin in the scientific principles have a significant impact on the communication technologies. The invention of phones, televisions, radios and other communication equipment has transformed most of the life systems concerning efficient sending and receiving of messages. The modern world relies on communication for a wide range of applications including social and economic practices. Business activities are fostered and also the interpersonal interactions. Globalization has been a significant trend in the world increasing the accessibility of information. This aspect has influenced the exchange of ideas on a worldwide platform and increased the education of people on key societal issues that have social and economic significance. Therefore, science is evidently a crucial boost to the communication advancement that is responsible for the efficiency of the moder ...
Informing, involving or engaging science communication, in the ages of atom b...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the evolution of science communication over three major technology debates - nuclear technology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. It argues that science communication has shifted from one-way information approaches to more participatory and democratic models of public engagement. For nuclear technologies in the 1950s-60s, communication focused on justifying funding through information campaigns. Growing opposition in the 1960s-80s led to more participation. For biotechnology in the 1970s-80s, the focus was initially on education but shifted to dialogue as opposition increased. Nanotechnology communication from the 2000s incorporated even earlier and more democratic forms of upstream public engagement. However, the analysis finds the shift toward democracy has been incomplete, with simplistic contrasts between
This document discusses the values of science according to Richard Feynman. It explains that science is not inherently moral and can be used for beneficial or harmful purposes, depending on how society applies it. An example is given of stem cell research, which was restricted due to public misunderstanding despite its medical potential. The document also notes that science can help put human life into a larger cosmic perspective but that this perspective is difficult for non-scientists to understand. Finally, it discusses how scientists approach their work with doubt, uncertainty and a need for evidence, and how this struggle to understand is one of science's important values.
The textbook for the class is Teich, A. H. (2012). Technology and .docxchristalgrieg
The textbook for the class is Teich, A. H. (2012). Technology and the future. New York: Wadsworth
The following module concerns the importance of technology in human affairs. At the end of this lesson the student should be able to illustrate the differences between science and technology, and how technology is used to to transform raw material and resources into products using specialized machine tools and the factory system. The student should also be able to illustrate some of the consequences that could result from technological development. Please open this folder to find your assignment, additional readings, grading rubrics, and submission details. Note, you may need to scroll down a bit within this folder to see any additional material contained within the folder.
Students must develop the ability to assess the implementation technology has on society including its social, cultural, and environmental consequences. Future graduates need to assess technology as part of their job related duties in business, industry, government, or as private citizens. Technology is constantly assessed in an attempt to determine its overall value in meeting human needs, wants, and desires. The introduction of new technology has costs and benefits that can result in anticipated and unanticipated consequences for society. It is often the role of individuals to determine if a technology should be adopted and fostered in society. As you complete this dialogue aid sheet, please use complete sentences, and provide more than just a sentence or two. For most of the topics being addressed in the readings, you will need to develop several paragraphs or more for each section on this sheet to fully illustrate your ideas. Please check your spelling and grammar before submitting these for grading.
Identify three basic, yet major concepts which were dealt with in this reading:
What do you believe to be the most insightful idea in this reading?
What do you believe to be the greatest weakness in this selection?
What are the ethical issues and perspectives that are associated with this technology?
What are the social, cultural, or environmental issues associated with this technology?
The following lecture will provide an overview of the class, and illustrate the differences
in how science, technology, and engineering are utilized in a contemporary society.
This lesson illustrates the various interpretations of how modern technology is viewed in
a contemporary society.
Ways (1959) and Toffler (1970, 1980) have indicated that the accelerating rate of
change is a result of science and technology. According to Ways and Toffler, such
change can be documented by reviewing the rapid rate of: depletion of nonrenewable
resources, industrialization and population growth.
Ferkiss (1969), Mendlovitz (1975), and Naisbitt (1982) have referred to the
interconnectedness of society in the twentieth century. They wrote that people of the
worl ...
Citation: O Riordan, N. 2013. An initial exploration of Citizen Science. NUIG Whitaker Institute Working Paper Series.
A working paper summarising the latest research on citizen science and its relationship with open innovation and the wisdom of crowds. Considers well known cases of citizen science including Galaxy Zoo. Identifies key research questions for future study.
Accessing Science Through Media Uses And Gratifications Among Fourth And Fif...Wendy Belieu
This study investigated how 4th and 5th grade students use mass media for science learning. Through focus groups with 47 students, the researchers found that students actively choose media like the internet, science magazines, and TV to meet their cognitive, affective, personal, and social needs related to science. Key factors influencing students' choice of media were accessibility, content quality, presentation of interesting topics, and credibility of the source.
This document discusses components of instructional planning for teaching science. It begins by explaining that instructional planning involves three steps: deciding what to teach, how to teach, and communicating goals and expectations to learners. Each step includes specific tasks. The document then focuses on the delivery of instruction, providing tips for teachers. These include deciding the delivery method, hooking students into the lesson, giving clear directions, questioning students and allowing wait time, being aware of pacing, variety and enthusiasm, and using formative assessments for evaluation and reflection. The key points are that instructional planning is important and involves deciding content, pedagogy and communicating goals, while effective delivery of instruction engages students, provides clear expectations, checks for understanding,
Semelhante a A Critical Analysis Of The Democratic Argument For Teaching Science The Case Of Cell Phones (20)
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
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13 Original Colonies Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance website to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The purpose is to outline the process for having assignments written by third parties on the site.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
4 Year Old Observation Essays. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher born in 1806 in London. He was educated from a very young age by his father James Mill, a noted philosopher and economist who introduced him to the school of thought known as Utilitarianism. John Stuart studied languages, mathematics, science, and history extensively as a child, often tutoring his younger siblings as well. He was heavily influenced by his father's philosophies of scientific foundation for philosophy and humanist approach to politics and economics.
10 Lines Essay On Mahatma Gandhi In EnglishDarian Pruitt
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The document provides instructions for how to request and receive writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
This document outlines the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains that users must first create an account with a password and email. They can then submit a 'Write My Paper For Me' request by filling out a form with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The writer will complete the paper and the user can request revisions until satisfied. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarized content.
500-700 Word Essay Example. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document discusses using the heat shock method to perform genetic transformation, which involves implanting a segment of DNA from one organism (a jellyfish) into another organism (E. coli bacteria) to make the recipient organism express the donor's genes. Specifically, it describes an experiment where heat shock was used to genetically transform a piece of DNA from a jellyfish into a sample of E. coli bacteria in order to observe the effects on the bacteria. The goal was to integrate the foreign jellyfish DNA into the E. coli genome and have the bacteria display characteristics specified by the new genetic material.
1. Social learning theory posits that violence is learned through observation and reinforcement. By witnessing violence, people learn aggressive behaviors which may be repeated, especially if rewarded.
2. Impulsivity and poor self-control have been linked to violence according to traits theories. Those with difficulties regulating emotions and impulses may act violently when angry or frustrated.
3. Attachment theory suggests that children who experience neglect, abuse or inconsistent caregiving are more likely to develop mental representations of relationships as distrustful and aggressive. This can influence the use of violence in future relationships.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
The document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized content. The service aims to meet all student needs for original, high-quality assignments.
400 Words Essay On Security Threats In IndiaDarian Pruitt
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23 March 1940 Essay In English. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document discusses beech forest ecosystems. It describes their main characteristics and distribution pre-human and currently. Beech forests support diverse vegetation structures and native fauna. Environmental factors like altitude, latitude, rainfall and soil drainage affect beech forest composition. Human activity also impacts ecological processes and species composition within beech forests. Specific examples of New Zealand beech species and their typical environments are provided.
The document outlines a 5 step process for getting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including registering for an account, submitting a request form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and qualifications to select a writer, receiving the completed paper, and having the option to request revisions until satisfied. The service aims to match clients with qualified writers and ensure high quality, original content through a bidding system and refund policy for plagiarized work.
60 All Free Essays. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance service, outlining a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Submit a request with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
25 Word Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document discusses comparing American zoos and aquariums. It notes that over 140 million people in North America visit zoos annually, more than various sports combined. However, some believe zoos and aquariums are unethical. It provides background on the issues, noting zoos aim to educate the public and conserve species, while critics argue animals are not suited to captivity and their needs cannot be met. The document examines both perspectives on the ethics of zoos and aquariums.
How To Write Paper Presentation. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document provides instructions for creating a paper writing request on the HelpWriting.net site in 5 steps: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
History Essay - Writing Portfolio. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
This document provides instructions for submitting an assignment request and receiving writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete a request form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided and work can be revised until the customer is fully satisfied.
How Long Should A Introduction Paragraph Be.Darian Pruitt
The passage discusses how the Great Depression and harsh weather conditions during the 1930s caused extreme hardship for many Americans, especially migrant farmers. The Great Depression led to bankruptcies and destitution as farmers struggled to survive. Photographer Dorothea Lange documented the struggles of migrant farmers through her photos from this era.
Research Paper Writing Service. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document discusses research paper writing services provided by HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Writers bid on the request and one is chosen; 4) The paper is written and revisions can be requested; 5) High-quality, original content is guaranteed or a full refund is offered. The service aims to fully meet customer needs through this process.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A Critical Analysis Of The Democratic Argument For Teaching Science The Case Of Cell Phones
1. THE EUROPEAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHER
DOI: 10.31757/euer.621
http://www.eu-er.com/
Abstract: A number of diverse arguments have been proposed by researchers of science education regarding the reason science
should be taught in schools. These arguments inevitably play a crucial role in the curriculum designed by policymakers. The present
study turns its attention to the democratic argument. It explores its validity through a special socio-scientific issue that citizens are
likely to encounter in their everyday life, that of radiation emitted from cell phones. In particular, it tries to study the required
knowledge of physics that will enable individuals to effectively deal with the emission of radiation from cell phones. Moreover,
drawing from sharp conflicts that have arisen during the last years around the world between citizens and cell phone companies
regarding the installation of cell towers within residential areas, it tries to record information about different places in the world
where the cell phone controversy has made headline news.
Keywords: democratic argument; science education; cell phones
Introduction
Quite a few authors, during the last decades, have expressed their opinion about the public understanding of science.
While the great majority agree that we should teach science to all, within compulsory schooling, there is a debate
about why and how we should do it. Thomas and Durant (1987) point out 5 arguments for teaching science: the
economic, the utility, the democratic, the social, and the cultural argument. The economic argument suggests that
teaching science will ensure the need for a continual supply of science graduates to the science profession, contributing
to a nation's financial wealth. On the other hand, the utility argument proposes that teaching science is likely to help
people deal with a number of technological devices that are apparent in modern, 21st-century societies. The democratic
argument points out that scientific knowledge enables individuals to engage in debates and fulfill their role as active
citizens while the social argument states that a scientifically literate person is likely to feel more in sympathy with the
aims of science. Finally, the cultural argument suggests that science is a major achievement of human culture and so
it should be taught to people just like history, music, and art. In what follows, the democratic argument will be
thoroughly examined (Hewitt, 2014).
Theoretical Framework
In an ever-changing society that is overwhelmed by technological innovations but also faces great socio-scientific
issues, more and more focus is put on the public understanding of science. The latter stems from education aiming to
equip students with the appropriate tools such as knowledge and skills as well as ethics, values, and key principles
towards scientific literacy and democratic citizenship (Erduran & Kaya, 2016; Ottander & Simon, 2021; Sengul,
A Critical Analysis of the Democratic Argument for Teaching Science:
The Case of Cell Phones
George Kaliampos
University of Nicosia, Cyprus
Konstantinos T. Kotsis & Athina C. Kornelaki
University of Ioannina, Greece
2. | K A L I A M P O S , K O T S I S & K O R N E L A K I
2019). This focus is apparent in the research literature judging from the increase in the papers related to argumentation
for science teaching and learning (Erduran & Kaya, 2016) but also in the science education curricula (NGSS Leads
States, 2013; NRC, 2012; Institute of Educational Policy, 2021). Scientific knowledge as well as the skill set is
necessary because it enables citizens of any age to comment on other’s ideas, express their own opinions, influence
decision-making, and contribute to societal discussions about various socio-scientific issues (Erduran & Kaya, 2016;
Osborne & Dillon, 2008; Ottander & Simon, 2021). In addition, the ethical aspect stands for values and principles that
are important to be apparent in a democratic context such as the solidarity among persons for the greater social good.
In general, the socio-scientific issues incorporate scientific as well as social (Driver, 1996), ethical (Ottander & Simon,
2021), and even political dimensions (Erduran & Kaya, 2016), and they are considered a vehicle to develop scientific
literacy (Ottander & Simon, 2021; Roberts & Bybee, 2014). So, for example, the question of whether we should clone
a living organism or not is a socio-scientific issue, as it contains an ethical dimension. Indeed, many people have
expressed their opposition to cloning as they believe that it contradicts human nature. For them, we are not ‘ethically’
allowed to produce human beings in a laboratory. On the other hand, there are quite a few who support cloning, as
they believe that it can serve medical purposes. According to the democratic argument, basic knowledge of biology is
required to express a substantiated opinion on such an issue from the scientific perspective. Nevertheless, a socio-
scientific issue as such includes values, norms, and ethical aspects which are interlaced with science (Ottander &
Simon, 2021).
Furthermore, a socio-scientific issue may have a political dimension. As Prewitt (1983) accurately points out, people
encounter in their everyday lives a political agenda that is rapidly getting more difficult to be understood by the
laymen. Therefore, people should have basic scientific knowledge in order to be able to cope with this agenda.
Recently, for example, there is a great political debate going on about the use of chemical weapons by riot police to
disperse protesters. According to the democratic argument, scientifically literate citizens are likely to have an effective
contribution to such a discussion. Scientifically literate citizens, the argument goes, have an understanding of the
chemical substances that are used as well as the bad effects they can cause on both the environment and our health.
Therefore, their contribution would be essential in the latter discussion. Moreover, they would be able to present
documentary evidence to substantiate their arguments. As a result, their manifestation of disagreement is likely to be
taken seriously by anyone who supports the police’s stand. Towards this direction, science can lead to a consensus
course of action in a normative way (Östman & Almqvist, 2011; Rudsberg & Öhman, 2015) and even sometimes
weaken conflicts that stem from the socio-political aspect of the socio-scientific issue (Levinson, 2010; Simonneaux,
2014).
Finally, a socio-scientific issue may be connected to the long-term effects that human activity is likely to have. It is a
fact that people have the tendency to underestimate the consequences of their actions which are likely to occur in the
distant future (Jenkins, 1999). Especially, when they are not aware of the scientific dimension of the problem, they
often do not take seriously any warning against activities that may have catastrophic consequences in the future. The
‘greenhouse effect’ is such an example. In particular, someone who has been taught in school about this phenomenon
3. The European Educational Researcher |
is likely to consider in a more conscious way that the hazard of the melting of the icebergs is not a science fiction
scenario but a tangible reality. Consequently, such a person is likely to react and take active action against all these
activities which may have catastrophic consequences for our planet in the future, and/or to raise awareness among his
peers.
On the other hand, there are many authors who have expressed more skeptical views about the democratic argument.
Millar (1996) claims that the level of scientific comprehension that students gain in school is inadequate to help them
in real decision-making. Indeed, in real life, a potential problem has so many dimensions that one cannot deal with by
using basic scientific knowledge. Therefore, for example, if someone has been taught elementary-level nuclear
Physics, it is unlikely to have adequate knowledge to participate in a debate about whether an explosion in a specific
nuclear power plant is possible to occur or not (Millar, 1996). Interestingly, quite often there seems to be inconsistency
between the acquired knowledge of an individual and the way he finally acts and behaves (Howe & Krosnick, 2017).
This is well reflected in a smoking issue where people tend to continue this habit despite their deep understanding of
the serious consequences of it (Lee et al., 2017).
In addition, Jenkins (1999) points out that in practice ‘in deciding how and when to act in practical matters that have
a scientific dimension, scientific knowledge is considered alongside this other, experiential and personal knowledge
base’ (Jenkins, 1999, p.705). So, for example after the Chernobyl disaster, farmers considered a number of factors
that scientific advice failed to accommodate (Jenkins, 1999). In particular, farmers did not deal with all farms in the
same way, i.e., as a homogenous group, but they considered the differences between them. This is due to the fact that
two farms are likely to have great differences, even if they stand in the same valley. Moreover, the farmers narrowed
down their research to the grazing lands where most flocks of sheep used to graze (Jenkins, 1999). What is more, they
took into account a number of other factors in order to ensure that the results of the field experiments would be reliable.
Judging from the above, even if Jenkins’ point is valid, the democratic argument cannot be abandoned. Undoubtedly,
school scientific knowledge cannot ensure that everyone will have an adequate solution for every problem.
Nevertheless, a fundamental understanding of science gives the opportunity to the individual to express his own point
of view on a number of socio-scientific issues (Millar, 1996). The Royal Society (1985) put it very well by stating that
while a wider understanding of the scientific aspects of a given issue will not automatically lead to a consensus about
the best answer, it will at least lead to more informed, and therefore better, decision-making. Therefore, science
education could move in this direction and try to play a key role in the development of critical thinking which forms
the basis of active and effective citizens (Abrami, 2008; Behar-Horenstein & Niu, 2011; Marin & Halpern, 2011). The
latter also validates Robert’s views (2007), who discerns that scientific literacy which is related to the obtained
scientific knowledge from literacy which is related to real-life situations (Ottander & Simon, 2021). In the latter case,
a certain perspective of democratic participation is proposed where researchers argue for a science education that
includes social change and socio-political actions in relation to learning (Bencze & Carter, 2011; Hodson, 2003 as
cited in Ottander & Simon, 2021) adopting an activist approach.
4. | K A L I A M P O S , K O T S I S & K O R N E L A K I
Democratic Education in Greece
In Greece, citizenship education is offered as a compulsory separate subject in Greek curricula (EACEA, 2017).
Nevertheless, the title and content of the course are largely depended on socio-political and ideological context. In
terms of educational policy, deliberative democratic education is pursued according to Sant’s (2019) review and
classification into eight types. According to the latter research, deliberative democratic education concentrates on
acquiring skills and values for public deliberation (Fraser-Burgess, 2012; Haav, 2008; Lefrançois & Ethier, 2010 as
cited in Sant, 2019). This is sought through problem-solving situations (Haav, 2008 as cited in Sant, 2019) connected
to students’ everyday activities and interests, in which they investigate real-life problems (Gibson & Grant, 2012;
Lefrançois & Ethier, 2010 as cited in Sant, 2019) coming to the most functional solution. The former entails
interdisciplinary approaches with which students can explore an issue from multiple perspectives until they reach a
consensus (Camicia, 2009; DiCamillo & Pace, 2010; Lan, 2013; Lo, 2017; Stitzlein, 2011 as cited in Sant, 2019).
Furthermore, controversies are used by educators (Fallace, 2016; Payne, 2017; Tannebaum et al., 2015 as cited in
Sant, 2019) to engage students and help them overcome the contradictions that may occur. Of course, as an
interdisciplinary approach, not only other learning areas such as language (Payne, 2017 as cited in Sant, 2019)
mathematics, history, and philosophy (DeCesare, 2012 as cited in Sant, 2019), etc. are involved, but also arts (art,
dance, drama) (Catalano & Leonard, 2016 as cited in Sant, 2019) as a mean for expression. The aforementioned
attributes are consistent with science education in Greece, which fulfills to secure democracy through the inculcation
of critical thinking in children and young people.
As a matter of fact, in Greece, an educational initiative was recently put into practice to strengthen STEAM with the
recent entry of the skills workshops in the compulsory, weekly schedule of all levels starting from pre and primary
education. The purpose of the ‘Skills Workshops’ is to strengthen students’ soft skills, life skills, technology, and
science skills in order to enable them to act as depositaries of public interest values for the greater good, democracy
is one of them. Furthermore, students are sought to be equipped with the appropriate tools to better use their knowledge
and respond to the challenges of an ever-changing environment. To this extent, the Greek Institute of Educational
Policy (IEP) has invited all educational institutions and providers to submit relevant educational materials in order to
enrich the initiative’s resources (IEP, 2022). The present study, following the abovementioned frame, examines the
democratic argument for teaching science.
Research Questions
The present study aspires to explore the democratic argument of teaching science through a distinct socio-scientific
issue that citizen is likely to come across in their everyday life, that of radiation emitted from cell phones. In particular,
it seeks to answer the following two research questions:
1. What is the required knowledge of physics that will enable individuals to examine the emission of radiation
from cell phones in an effective way?
2. Which places in the world have made the cell phone controversy headline news?
5. The European Educational Researcher |
Results
Research Question 1: What is the required knowledge of physics that will enable individuals to examine the
emission of radiation from cell phones in an effective way?
An exemplary paradigm of the socio-scientific issue lies in whether the use of cell phones can have a bad impact on
our health. Undoubtedly, in the last two decades, people tend to use cell phones, along with other devices such as
smartphones and modern game consoles, to a very high degree (Nasser et al., 2018; Piper et al., 2019). While it is a
fact that current research findings do not suggest a close correlation between cancer and cell phone usage, health
hazard effects cannot be excluded in the long term as cancer may need more than twenty years to form and grow
(Gavrilas et al., 2022). Consequently, individuals seem to hold rather negative feelings about the potential risks of
mobile phone radiation. Τhis, to a large extent, is related to the way the media deal with the notion of ‘radiation’. That
is, the term ‘radiation’ is often associated exclusively with ‘radioactivity’ that characterizes nuclear energy, X-rays,
gamma rays as well as alpha and beta particle radiation (Burcin & Ince, 2010). All these terms lie at the heart of
debates regarding nuclear power plants that take place on the radio, TV, and various websites (Neumann & Hopf,
2012). In addition, the use of language in everyday contexts contributes to the misunderstanding of the term radiation
(Neumann, 2014). Indicative is the German language, where the term ‘Strahlung’ stands both for the radiation and the
notion of the Sun. As a result, the phrase ‘the sun is shining’ is often considered equivalent to the phrase ‘the sun is
radiating’ (Neumann & Hopf, 2012).
In addition, according to the democratic argument, people should hold a basic understanding of the electromagnetism
spectrum, which is a basic element in the whole theory of electromagnetism. Particularly, they should know that the
electromagnetic spectrum is divided into the ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and infrared radiation (IR) and is extended
even further from gamma rays to radio waves (Hewitt, 2014). What is crucial to be understood here is that the only
thing that differentiates all these kinds of radiation is their frequency. Indeed, each frequency can produce a wave with
a specific wavelength. It is the length of this wave that determines its place on the electromagnetic spectrum. So, for
example, the difference between an infrared wave and an X-ray is just that the former has a smaller wavelength than
the latter (Young et al., 2004). Moreover, people should get a basic knowledge of the mechanisms involved in energy
absorption. As soon as radiation approaches the body, the molecules of the body absorb it, and depending on the
radiation frequency they start vibrating. It is this kind of vibration that inevitably leads to the heating of the body. A
physical quantity called the ‘specific absorption rate’ (SAR) defines the levels of absorption (Gavrilas et al., 2022).
Apart from the electromagnetic spectrum, people should have a basic understanding of the technology which is related
to cell towers in order to have more chances to promote an effective debate with the cell phone company (Levitt &
Lai, 2010). Specifically, they should know the relation which exists between a source and a detector. It is important
to know that the antenna (source) emits electromagnetic waves at a specific frequency and with a specific wavelength.
These waves travel unimpaired through the air until they hit another object (detector). When this happens, the waves
can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted by the object. The absorption of an electromagnetic wave depends both on
6. | K A L I A M P O S , K O T S I S & K O R N E L A K I
the frequency of the wave and the material of the object. If the detector is the human body, then specific
electromagnetic frequencies can be harmful (Young et al., 2004). Moreover, people should be aware of the way that
cell tower emits radiation. It is a fact that even if radio waves travel through all directions, there are different zones of
their concentration. The lowest proportion of radio waves is directly under the tower, whereas the highest zone is some
distance from the tower (Department of Health, 2000). This kind of knowledge would enable the community groups
to participate as equal interlocutors in a debate between their local MP and the mobile phone company. Undoubtedly,
people are likely to ask questions that will explicitly show that they have a deep understanding of the issue. For
example, their knowledge of the radiation zones can help them to contradict a possible company’s claim that there is
no cause for alarm as the school is far away from the transmitting antenna. As a result, the company would take them
seriously, irrespective of their age or their social background.
In addition, local community groups would be less effective if they did not know some things about the way a mobile
phone operates. Therefore, they should know that cell phones emit radio waves that travel through the air from a cell
tower to the mobile phone and back again. Radio waves are a kind of radiation that is used by many other devices; a
microwave oven is an example (Young et al., 2004). This knowledge would help people to demystify the transmitting
antenna. It is certain that they would not treat it as a ‘killer device’ which could destroy their life. Their knowledge
that radio waves are used in several other ways in their daily life, such as for example in the operation of the T.V.,
would help them deal with the problem on a correct basis, without any exaggerations. Nevertheless, it is likely that
people need to question the certainty with which the cell phone company argues that the antenna is safe. Knowing that
a cell tower is more than necessary for the phone’s operation could make them have a much more critical and careful
attitude in weighing up the company’s assertions. Moreover, by knowing that the radiation travels through all
directions, they would understand that irrespective of what the company may claim, it is impossible to protect yourself
when you are outdoors. Inevitably, your brain will absorb some proportion of it.
Finally, it would be also useful for local community groups to be aware of some specific issues concerning the nature
of science and the ethics that are often connected to real-life dilemmas. In particular, they should know that scientific
knowledge in this area is characterized by uncertainty (Reiss, 2015). Even if it is proved that the heating effect of the
absorption of microwaves is very small, no one can really ensure that it is completely harmless for our health.
According to the scientific model, after microwaves pass through the human body, they are absorbed partially by the
bones and partially by the brain. As a result, the brain is warmed. It is these effects of brain warming which are still
unknown in the scientific community. Some evidence about this issue is used in teaching materials. The ‘Ideas and
Evidence Science Pack’ is an example (Pupil Researcher Initiative, 2004). This pack includes information that shows
that even if scientific research has shown that mobile phones do not cause brain tumors, there are individual cases that
indicate that a relationship may exist between mobile phones and health problems. Therefore, no scientist can state
with certainty the exact effects of radiation on the human body. Although the scientific community has constructed a
very well-designed model about radiation, it is far from being in a position to answer any question regarding this issue.
A number of questions concerning radiation, such as the long-term consequences of the absorption of microwaves,
7. The European Educational Researcher |
are still inevitably unanswered (Gavrilas et al., 2022). In addition, people should bear in mind that we are the first
generation that uses mobile phones daily and, as a result, there is no data concerning the consequences of this habit.
Actually, the only thing that the scientific community can do nowadays is to estimate, as much as possible, the risk of
using mobile phones and living near cell towers. As a result, regardless of the evidence that the mobile company will
provide to verify its assertion about people’s health living close to a transmitting antenna in a densely populated area,
people can oppose companies’ assertion knowing that it is impossible for someone to maintain that he knows exactly
the consequences.
Research Question 2: Which places in the world have made the cell phone controversy headline news
It is a fact that socio-scientific issues often extend to sharp conflicts that arise between big companies and the public
about the radiation of cell towers. Such companies have a solely profitable way of action that often makes them, due
to controversial interests, not consider any other environmental or health factors. As a result, people often stand against
them. On the altar of profit, companies may not adequately consider the population density, and the existence of
hospitals, schools, and parks in the area where they plan the installation of transmitting antennas. As a result, it is quite
likely that a number of citizens will react against them. Many times, the media have given attention to such issues.
Several recent examples are coming from America, India, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan with petitioners who
oppose the installation of cell towers in their residential areas. In San Francisco, California, there is an ongoing struggle
of residents who fight against the installation of cell towers in several residential areas throughout the years. Some
indicative examples are in North Beach (https://www.change.org/p/at-t-stop-new-cellphone-towers-in-north-beach-
san-francisco-for-our-health) where a telecommunication company is expecting to install 9 new antennas on the
rooftop of a medical center. In Candlestick Point, the same company wants to install a cell tower close to a residential
area (https://www.change.org/p/san-francisco-planning-commission-change-at-t-cell-tower-installation-near-your-
home), and right now in Sugarloaf Mountain Road, the same company wants to build a cell tower extension and add
15 antennas and radios in a fenced-in area close to residents’ properties (https://ehtrust.org/strong-opposition-to-cell-
tower-extension-on-sugerloaf-mountain-road-in-california/). In all the above cases residents of the areas start petitions
gathering signatures against an American multinational telecommunication company, AT&T, wheeling out
environmental, health and economic arguments. It’s been years now that the locals postpone a lot of these installations
proposing new locations that meet the requirements and they keep fighting with the support of a nonprofit
organization, Environmental Health Trust (EHT) that guides them through the process (https://ehtrust.org/action-
steps-on-cell-towers-near-homes-and-schools/).
Some more examples are coming from different areas of India on the same matter. Residents from Abhay Khand 3
very recently protested against a mobile tower installation continuing a fight that started a year ago, when the tower
was initially installed. They argue that it is put in the middle of a footpath, very close to their residential area,
threatening their health, and the property value of the area (The Times of India, 2022). Another group of people in
Ludhiana protested some months ago about the same issue blocking the commute of a national highway. The protesters
are against the installation of a mobile tower on private property, claiming health issues for the residents. The
8. | K A L I A M P O S , K O T S I S & K O R N E L A K I
installation was stopped so that the protest would end (The Tribune, 2022). Another case with an ongoing petition and
125 signatures so far is in Chennai (https://www.change.org/p/department-of-telecommunications-egmore-chennai-
tamil-nadu-600008-petition-against-cell-tower-installation-in-residential-area). The petitioner argues against the
installation of another cell phone tower wheeling out points inconsistent with the environmental protection rules as
well as health implications.
Similar protests are seen very recently in the United Kingdom. In Westgate-on-Sea there was a public meeting in
August to discuss worries about the siting of a 20ft cell tower to be installed next to St Saviour’s junior school (The
Isle of Thanet News, 2022). A petition followed the meeting that numbers 735 signatures so far. Likewise in Bristol,
residents and their dogs protested against a 24.16m high tower, with a 14m x 8m footprint and a 2.5m high compound
(Knowle West, 2022), which is planned to be installed in Redcatch Park. Their petition numbers 3888 signatures
against the tower installation so far. It is worth noting that the first petition focuses on the health implications of having
a cell tower so close to a school and to care homes, even if the implications are still unclear. The second petition
focuses mainly on the aesthetic dimension and the environmental implications of precious green open spaces.
The lack of state policy for installing cell phone towers often blocks the petitions and protests from having results
(The New Indian Express, 2019), but this is not always the case. According to Dawn, an English newspaper in
Pakistan, in 2019, the Peshawar High Court (PHC) imposed the removal of 20 mobile phone base transceiver stations
(BTS) from the provincial capital’s densely populated areas, around schools, hospitals, and parks (Dawn, 2019). The
decree was a result of a resident’s petition about the adverse impact of BTS on human health and a report from the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about the presence of BTS near educational institutions, health facilities,
mosques, and residential areas in the provincial capital.
Discussion
As is portrayed above, people should have different kinds of knowledge in order to be in the position to participate in
debates about socio-scientific issues. Initially, they should have a basic knowledge of the scientific facts which are
concerned with a specific issue. This would help them acquire a deeper understanding of the ideas which are involved
in this issue. Apart from scientific knowledge, people should be familiar with the nature of science and ethics. Indeed,
they should have a basic idea about the characteristics which govern scientific research. This would help them use
scientific models in order to explain data and distinguish whether such data is reliable or not. Moreover, their
knowledge about the uncertainty which exists in a specific science area can make them question statements of absolute
safety. In addition, people should be aware of the technology which is involved in a socio-scientific issue. This
knowledge would enable them to participate as equal interlocutors in debates, as they would be able to point to views
that will explicitly show that they have a deep understanding of the issue. Moreover, people should be familiar with
the policy directives in this science area. Indeed, the knowledge of the regulations existing in a specific area can help
them to deal with a socio-scientific issue in a more effective way. Finally, regarding the ethical aspect, it is important
for people to realize that they have to be united and take an active role in social issues. Along this line, they can see
9. The European Educational Researcher |
themselves as decision-making citizens who can use science to determine the consequences of different courses of
action (Ottander & Simon, 2021).
Nevertheless, in real life there are several other things which actually determine how people act in issues with a
scientific dimension. Personal commitments play a crucial role in the way people deal with socio-scientific issues.
This is clearly demonstrated in the issue of mobile phones. Specifically, while adults and teenagers seem to hold
negative feelings about the health hazard effects of radiation, they don’t adopt a protective stance against it. That is,
they avoid turning off cell phones during sleeping, they do not keep the devices at a distance from their bed throughout
the night and they generally prefer to hold the phone close to their head during a voice call instead of using headphones
(Gavrilas et al., 2022). This inconsistency between the attitude of the individuals and their behavior may stem from
the fact that cell phones often act as a lifestyle choice. People desire to keep constantly in touch with their friends and
strengthen their bonds with them via sending text messages or calling them at any time during the day. From this
perspective, mobile phones give them the opportunity to have a better social life. Another explanation could be the
intention-behavior gap and that those who don’t act upon an issue are the ‘inclined abstainers’ who cause the gap
(Sheeran & Webb, 2016). According to Sheeran and Webb (2016), the intention’s realization depends on a lot of
factors and is more and more likely to become active when the person initiates, maintains, and closes the goal pursuit.
Furthermore, there is research that shows that when the health consequences are long-term and probabilistic, people
tend not to act upon them (Rehfeldt & Tyndall, 2022). Unfortunately, in many cases, teenagers get addicted to cell
phones, which leads them to constant and steady use of them far beyond any limit or health consideration (Jun 2016;
Pendse & Zagade, 2014).
Additionally, people will likely continue using mobile phones to facilitate and secure their work purposes. It is a fact
that many people use them at work. Directors of big companies want to know exactly what happens in different
branches at any time and mobile phones totally help them to achieve this goal. Moreover, workers regularly need to
co-operate with each other even if they are long distance. Therefore, it is pretty often for employers to provide mobile
phones to their employees to increase their company’s productivity. The people in the trade also use mobile phones
daily to facilitate their purposes. Furthermore, the use of mobile phones is often necessary for security reasons. We
sometimes need to call for help during emergencies, and mobile phones are the best way to do it.
Judging from the above, different kinds of knowledge, apart from scientific facts, such as the nature of science and
the ethics that are connected to real-life dilemmas, are necessary for someone to deal with a socio-scientific issue. The
school curriculum should consider this diversity of knowledge. Drawing from constructivist theory, it should consider
pupils’ ideas and move towards a science curriculum that would be strongly related to their everyday life (Boilevin et
al., 2022; Ravanis, 2022). This curriculum would equip students with the appropriate tools to understand the world
around them and cope with many issues they face in their daily lives. Furthermore, it would give them the basic
knowledge which would enable them to be effective citizens in the future. Undoubtedly, being on the threshold of the
10. | K A L I A M P O S , K O T S I S & K O R N E L A K I
21st century, researchers and pioneers of the Science Education field could work along this line and contribute to this
goal.
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15. The European Educational Researcher |
Ethics Statement: This material is the authors' own original work, which has not been previously published
elsewhere.
Author Contributions: Dr. Kaliampos concepted and designed the study, Prof. Kotsis critically revised the article
and participated in the literature review, Dr. Kornelaki drafted the article and participated in the literature review.
Received: September 20, 2022 ▪ Accepted: January 28, 2023