This document discusses voltage regulation on electric power distribution systems. It begins by describing the problem of voltage drops caused by line losses and increasing load density. It then explains how voltage regulators work to continuously monitor and adjust output voltage by changing transformer taps. The document covers the construction, basic theory of operation, and implementation of single-phase voltage regulators. It also compares voltage regulators to load tap changers and provides an example case study of commissioning a regulator.
This document discusses DC to AC conversion using inverters. It describes various inverter topologies including single phase half bridge and full bridge inverters as well as three phase full bridge inverters. It discusses modulation techniques such as sinusoidal pulse width modulation to generate sinusoidal AC outputs. Examples of applications like motor drives and solar power generation are provided.
This document summarizes key points about inverters from Chapter 8:
- Inverters convert DC to AC and are used in applications like AC motor drives, UPS systems, and running AC appliances from batteries.
- A full-bridge converter can function as an inverter by switching DC voltage between positive, negative, and zero to produce a square wave output. PWM inverters produce a more sinusoidal output with lower harmonic distortion.
- Multi-level inverters use several DC sources to produce output voltages with stepped levels, reducing harmonic distortion compared to two-level inverters. Three-phase inverters are commonly used to power three-phase loads.
Power Electronics - Phase Controlled Converters.pptxPoornima D
A detailed analysis of the Controlled Converters with SCR. it contains a single-phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads., Three Phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads. Dual Converters. It also explains the effect of source inductance on the performance of converters
This experiment involves studying the parallel operation of two single-phase transformers. The key points are:
1) Transformers can be connected in parallel to share the load. Important conditions are same polarity, same voltage ratio, same percentage impedance, and no circulating current.
2) Readings are taken of all ammeters, wattmeters, and voltmeters for different load values.
3) The total load current and power are distributed between the two transformers when connected in parallel.
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
The document discusses the equivalent circuit model of a transformer.
1) The equivalent circuit accounts for copper losses in the primary and secondary windings, eddy current losses in the core, hysteresis losses in the core, and leakage fluxes between the primary and secondary coils.
2) Key components of the equivalent circuit model include resistances to represent copper losses, inductances to represent the effects of mutual and leakage fluxes, and a resistance and inductance in parallel to represent core losses and excitation.
3) Test procedures for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit model are described, including open circuit and short circuit tests to calculate resistance, reactance, and impedance values.
AC-AC voltage covertors (Cycloconvertors)Taimur Ijaz
1. The document discusses various methods of AC to AC power processing including on-off control, phase-angle control, and cycloconverters.
2. On-off control uses thyristors as switches to connect the load for a number of input cycles then disconnect it for a number of cycles to vary the output. Phase-angle control fires thyristors at a variable point in the AC cycle to control output.
3. Cycloconverters directly convert AC source frequency to meet load frequency requirements without converting to DC intermediate. They are used for applications requiring different frequencies than the source like 400Hz aircraft ground power.
This document discusses voltage regulation on electric power distribution systems. It begins by describing the problem of voltage drops caused by line losses and increasing load density. It then explains how voltage regulators work to continuously monitor and adjust output voltage by changing transformer taps. The document covers the construction, basic theory of operation, and implementation of single-phase voltage regulators. It also compares voltage regulators to load tap changers and provides an example case study of commissioning a regulator.
This document discusses DC to AC conversion using inverters. It describes various inverter topologies including single phase half bridge and full bridge inverters as well as three phase full bridge inverters. It discusses modulation techniques such as sinusoidal pulse width modulation to generate sinusoidal AC outputs. Examples of applications like motor drives and solar power generation are provided.
This document summarizes key points about inverters from Chapter 8:
- Inverters convert DC to AC and are used in applications like AC motor drives, UPS systems, and running AC appliances from batteries.
- A full-bridge converter can function as an inverter by switching DC voltage between positive, negative, and zero to produce a square wave output. PWM inverters produce a more sinusoidal output with lower harmonic distortion.
- Multi-level inverters use several DC sources to produce output voltages with stepped levels, reducing harmonic distortion compared to two-level inverters. Three-phase inverters are commonly used to power three-phase loads.
Power Electronics - Phase Controlled Converters.pptxPoornima D
A detailed analysis of the Controlled Converters with SCR. it contains a single-phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads., Three Phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads. Dual Converters. It also explains the effect of source inductance on the performance of converters
This experiment involves studying the parallel operation of two single-phase transformers. The key points are:
1) Transformers can be connected in parallel to share the load. Important conditions are same polarity, same voltage ratio, same percentage impedance, and no circulating current.
2) Readings are taken of all ammeters, wattmeters, and voltmeters for different load values.
3) The total load current and power are distributed between the two transformers when connected in parallel.
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
The document discusses the equivalent circuit model of a transformer.
1) The equivalent circuit accounts for copper losses in the primary and secondary windings, eddy current losses in the core, hysteresis losses in the core, and leakage fluxes between the primary and secondary coils.
2) Key components of the equivalent circuit model include resistances to represent copper losses, inductances to represent the effects of mutual and leakage fluxes, and a resistance and inductance in parallel to represent core losses and excitation.
3) Test procedures for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit model are described, including open circuit and short circuit tests to calculate resistance, reactance, and impedance values.
AC-AC voltage covertors (Cycloconvertors)Taimur Ijaz
1. The document discusses various methods of AC to AC power processing including on-off control, phase-angle control, and cycloconverters.
2. On-off control uses thyristors as switches to connect the load for a number of input cycles then disconnect it for a number of cycles to vary the output. Phase-angle control fires thyristors at a variable point in the AC cycle to control output.
3. Cycloconverters directly convert AC source frequency to meet load frequency requirements without converting to DC intermediate. They are used for applications requiring different frequencies than the source like 400Hz aircraft ground power.
This document discusses various topics related to transformers, including:
1. The construction, principle of operation, and losses of ideal and practical transformers through equivalent circuit models and phasor diagrams.
2. Transformer tests like open circuit and short circuit tests to determine parameters like copper losses, efficiency, and voltage regulation.
3. Factors that affect transformer voltage regulation and methods to calculate efficiency.
4. Additional tests like the Sumpner back-to-back test that can more accurately assess regulation and efficiency under loaded conditions.
This is a systems engineering and analysis presentation from Milsoft's 2009 User Conference. It was originally presented by Bill Kersting. The Milsoft Electric Utility Solutions Users Conference is the premier event for our users and the vendors who provide interoperable solutions or services that enhance Milsoft Smart Grid Solutions. If you’d like to be on our mailing list, just email: missy.brooks@milsoft.com.
This document provides an overview of diode applications and circuit analysis techniques. It discusses load line analysis and how it is used to determine the operating point of a diode circuit. It also covers rectification circuits including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers using a center-tapped transformer or bridge configuration. The document examines peak inverse voltage ratings, filter circuits to reduce ripple voltage from rectifiers, and voltage regulators. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like load line analysis, rectifier output voltage calculations, and determining minimum diode ratings.
The document discusses various types of rectifier circuits including uncontrolled and controlled single phase and three phase rectifiers. It also discusses different power electronic converters such as inverters, choppers, and cycloconverters. Key devices for power electronics applications discussed include transistors, MOSFETs, IGBTs, and thyristors. Application areas mentioned include UPS, HVDC transmission, and motor drives. The document provides circuit diagrams, operating principles, and example calculations for different power electronic converters.
This document discusses power electronics and drives, including AC converters and electrical drives. It covers inverters that convert DC to AC, including half-bridge and full-bridge single-phase inverters. It also discusses AC-AC converters like AC voltage controllers and cycloconverters. For electrical drives, it defines them, compares mechanical and electrical drives, and shows the basic block diagram of an electrical drive system including the power source, power modulator, motor, load, and control unit.
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil
O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficienc...Abhishek Choksi
Sub: DC Machines and Transformer (2130904)
Active Learning Assignment
Topic: O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficiency, All day Efficiency
The document describes experiments on electric drive systems in the Electrical Department lab at JIS College of Engineering. The 10 listed experiments include:
1. Studying thyristor controlled DC drives and chopper fed DC drives.
2. Studying AC single phase motor speed control using a TRIAC.
3. Studying PWM inverter fed 3-phase induction motor control using software.
The document provides theory, circuit diagrams, and procedures for each experiment. It describes using equipment like thyristors, choppers, inverters, motors, and software to control motor speed and study electric drive systems.
This document outlines classroom rules for a class, including that students must listen when the teacher talks, certain items are not allowed like phones or sleeping, and provides contact information for the teacher. It also lists topics to be covered in the class, including three-phase synchronous machines, their operating principles, construction features and applications. Finally, it discusses assessment requirements, including that all practical assignments must be completed and details around exams and resits.
This document discusses different types of AC voltage controllers. It begins by introducing AC voltage controllers and how they can control power flow into a load by varying the RMS value of the load voltage using thyristors. It then describes the main types of AC voltage controllers classified by input supply type and control method. Applications such as lighting, heating and motor speed control are also outlined. The document proceeds to explain the principles and techniques of on-off control and phase control. Circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate single phase and three phase controller configurations. The document concludes by briefly discussing cycloconverters which can provide a variable output voltage and frequency.
This document describes the design and simulation of DC-DC converters and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with solar panels using MATLAB/Simulink. It discusses the basics of buck and boost converters, including their circuit diagrams and components. It provides examples of designing and simulating buck and boost converters in MATLAB/Simulink. It also discusses designing and simulating a photovoltaic system with a boost converter and MPPT control to maximize solar panel output. The proportional-integral (PI) algorithm is used for MPPT control in the simulations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of current transformer performance analysis. It defines key terms related to current transformers like excitation curve, knee point, and accuracy class. It also outlines the steps to evaluate current transformer performance for phase faults, including selecting a CT ratio, relay tap, determining total burden, and analyzing performance using ANSI/IEEE standards and the excitation curve method. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating CT performance using the excitation curve for a fault current of 12500 amps.
The document describes tests conducted on a single-phase transformer to determine its efficiency and regulation. An open circuit test was conducted to measure no-load losses. A short circuit test was used to determine copper losses and develop an equivalent circuit model. Efficiency was calculated at various load levels and power factors based on losses from the two tests. Regulation was also calculated using the short circuit test results. Plots of efficiency versus load and tables of efficiency and regulation values are presented.
Chapter 7 Application of Electronic Converters.pdfLiewChiaPing
This document discusses power electronics applications in DC and AC drives. It describes the basic characteristics and equivalent circuits of DC motors and how their speed can be controlled through various single-phase and three-phase converter configurations. It also summarizes the operation of induction motors, including cage and slip-ring types, and how their speed can be controlled through variable frequency inverters or by adjusting the slip-ring voltage. The document concludes by outlining the main components of HVDC converter stations used for long distance and asynchronous power transmission.
1. A transformer transfers electrical energy between two stationary circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils linked by a common magnetic core and operates without change in frequency.
2. An ideal transformer has negligible winding resistance and infinite core permeability, with no leakage flux or losses. A practical transformer model accounts for non-idealities like finite permeability and winding resistance.
3. Transformer tests determine losses and parameters for an equivalent circuit model. The open-circuit test measures core losses, while the short-circuit test measures copper losses at full load. Transformer regulation is the change in output voltage from no-load to full-load.
An unregulated power supply produces a DC voltage from an AC input but the output voltage varies with changes in input voltage or load. A regulated power supply uses voltage regulating devices to keep the output voltage constant regardless of input or load variations. It consists of a rectifier, filter and voltage regulator like a zener diode. A series regulator places the regulating device in series with the load while a shunt regulator diverts excess current around the load to regulate voltage. Feedback circuits are also used to more precisely control the regulator and maintain a stable output voltage.
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
The document provides an introduction to DC-DC conversion and discusses different types of DC-DC converters including linear regulators and switching mode power supplies. Linear regulators such as series and shunt regulators are described as well as concepts such as voltage regulation, line regulation, and load regulation. Examples are provided to illustrate how to design both series and shunt linear regulators. The advantages of linear regulators include low cost and simplicity while disadvantages include low efficiency and inability to boost voltage. Applications that are well-suited for linear regulators are also outlined.
Automatic voltage regulations And V curves of alternatorsMUDASSARHABIB5
This document discusses automatic voltage regulation and V-curves in alternators. It begins by defining voltage regulation as the change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load conditions. It then describes different types of voltage regulators, including manual and automatic voltage regulators. For automatic voltage regulators, it discusses the components, circuit concept, and functions of electronic voltage regulators. Finally, it explains V-curves, which plot the variation of armature current with changes in field current, and describes the three stages of under excitation, normal excitation, and over excitation.
basic electrical and electronics engineering fundamentals of transistors biasingfourthinrow
The document summarizes operational amplifiers and their applications. It discusses the basic model of an op-amp including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. It also covers feedback theory, describing positive and negative feedback. Finally, it explains various waveform generators that can be built using op-amps, such as square wave, triangular wave, and sinusoidal waveform generators using the Wien bridge oscillator.
Orchestrating the Future: Navigating Today's Data Workflow Challenges with Ai...Kaxil Naik
Navigating today's data landscape isn't just about managing workflows; it's about strategically propelling your business forward. Apache Airflow has stood out as the benchmark in this arena, driving data orchestration forward since its early days. As we dive into the complexities of our current data-rich environment, where the sheer volume of information and its timely, accurate processing are crucial for AI and ML applications, the role of Airflow has never been more critical.
In my journey as the Senior Engineering Director and a pivotal member of Apache Airflow's Project Management Committee (PMC), I've witnessed Airflow transform data handling, making agility and insight the norm in an ever-evolving digital space. At Astronomer, our collaboration with leading AI & ML teams worldwide has not only tested but also proven Airflow's mettle in delivering data reliably and efficiently—data that now powers not just insights but core business functions.
This session is a deep dive into the essence of Airflow's success. We'll trace its evolution from a budding project to the backbone of data orchestration it is today, constantly adapting to meet the next wave of data challenges, including those brought on by Generative AI. It's this forward-thinking adaptability that keeps Airflow at the forefront of innovation, ready for whatever comes next.
The ever-growing demands of AI and ML applications have ushered in an era where sophisticated data management isn't a luxury—it's a necessity. Airflow's innate flexibility and scalability are what makes it indispensable in managing the intricate workflows of today, especially those involving Large Language Models (LLMs).
This talk isn't just a rundown of Airflow's features; it's about harnessing these capabilities to turn your data workflows into a strategic asset. Together, we'll explore how Airflow remains at the cutting edge of data orchestration, ensuring your organization is not just keeping pace but setting the pace in a data-driven future.
Session in https://budapestdata.hu/2024/04/kaxil-naik-astronomer-io/ | https://dataml24.sessionize.com/session/667627
This document discusses various topics related to transformers, including:
1. The construction, principle of operation, and losses of ideal and practical transformers through equivalent circuit models and phasor diagrams.
2. Transformer tests like open circuit and short circuit tests to determine parameters like copper losses, efficiency, and voltage regulation.
3. Factors that affect transformer voltage regulation and methods to calculate efficiency.
4. Additional tests like the Sumpner back-to-back test that can more accurately assess regulation and efficiency under loaded conditions.
This is a systems engineering and analysis presentation from Milsoft's 2009 User Conference. It was originally presented by Bill Kersting. The Milsoft Electric Utility Solutions Users Conference is the premier event for our users and the vendors who provide interoperable solutions or services that enhance Milsoft Smart Grid Solutions. If you’d like to be on our mailing list, just email: missy.brooks@milsoft.com.
This document provides an overview of diode applications and circuit analysis techniques. It discusses load line analysis and how it is used to determine the operating point of a diode circuit. It also covers rectification circuits including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers using a center-tapped transformer or bridge configuration. The document examines peak inverse voltage ratings, filter circuits to reduce ripple voltage from rectifiers, and voltage regulators. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like load line analysis, rectifier output voltage calculations, and determining minimum diode ratings.
The document discusses various types of rectifier circuits including uncontrolled and controlled single phase and three phase rectifiers. It also discusses different power electronic converters such as inverters, choppers, and cycloconverters. Key devices for power electronics applications discussed include transistors, MOSFETs, IGBTs, and thyristors. Application areas mentioned include UPS, HVDC transmission, and motor drives. The document provides circuit diagrams, operating principles, and example calculations for different power electronic converters.
This document discusses power electronics and drives, including AC converters and electrical drives. It covers inverters that convert DC to AC, including half-bridge and full-bridge single-phase inverters. It also discusses AC-AC converters like AC voltage controllers and cycloconverters. For electrical drives, it defines them, compares mechanical and electrical drives, and shows the basic block diagram of an electrical drive system including the power source, power modulator, motor, load, and control unit.
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil
O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficienc...Abhishek Choksi
Sub: DC Machines and Transformer (2130904)
Active Learning Assignment
Topic: O.C & S.C Test, Sumpner or back to back Test, Condition for maximum efficiency, All day Efficiency
The document describes experiments on electric drive systems in the Electrical Department lab at JIS College of Engineering. The 10 listed experiments include:
1. Studying thyristor controlled DC drives and chopper fed DC drives.
2. Studying AC single phase motor speed control using a TRIAC.
3. Studying PWM inverter fed 3-phase induction motor control using software.
The document provides theory, circuit diagrams, and procedures for each experiment. It describes using equipment like thyristors, choppers, inverters, motors, and software to control motor speed and study electric drive systems.
This document outlines classroom rules for a class, including that students must listen when the teacher talks, certain items are not allowed like phones or sleeping, and provides contact information for the teacher. It also lists topics to be covered in the class, including three-phase synchronous machines, their operating principles, construction features and applications. Finally, it discusses assessment requirements, including that all practical assignments must be completed and details around exams and resits.
This document discusses different types of AC voltage controllers. It begins by introducing AC voltage controllers and how they can control power flow into a load by varying the RMS value of the load voltage using thyristors. It then describes the main types of AC voltage controllers classified by input supply type and control method. Applications such as lighting, heating and motor speed control are also outlined. The document proceeds to explain the principles and techniques of on-off control and phase control. Circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate single phase and three phase controller configurations. The document concludes by briefly discussing cycloconverters which can provide a variable output voltage and frequency.
This document describes the design and simulation of DC-DC converters and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with solar panels using MATLAB/Simulink. It discusses the basics of buck and boost converters, including their circuit diagrams and components. It provides examples of designing and simulating buck and boost converters in MATLAB/Simulink. It also discusses designing and simulating a photovoltaic system with a boost converter and MPPT control to maximize solar panel output. The proportional-integral (PI) algorithm is used for MPPT control in the simulations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of current transformer performance analysis. It defines key terms related to current transformers like excitation curve, knee point, and accuracy class. It also outlines the steps to evaluate current transformer performance for phase faults, including selecting a CT ratio, relay tap, determining total burden, and analyzing performance using ANSI/IEEE standards and the excitation curve method. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating CT performance using the excitation curve for a fault current of 12500 amps.
The document describes tests conducted on a single-phase transformer to determine its efficiency and regulation. An open circuit test was conducted to measure no-load losses. A short circuit test was used to determine copper losses and develop an equivalent circuit model. Efficiency was calculated at various load levels and power factors based on losses from the two tests. Regulation was also calculated using the short circuit test results. Plots of efficiency versus load and tables of efficiency and regulation values are presented.
Chapter 7 Application of Electronic Converters.pdfLiewChiaPing
This document discusses power electronics applications in DC and AC drives. It describes the basic characteristics and equivalent circuits of DC motors and how their speed can be controlled through various single-phase and three-phase converter configurations. It also summarizes the operation of induction motors, including cage and slip-ring types, and how their speed can be controlled through variable frequency inverters or by adjusting the slip-ring voltage. The document concludes by outlining the main components of HVDC converter stations used for long distance and asynchronous power transmission.
1. A transformer transfers electrical energy between two stationary circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils linked by a common magnetic core and operates without change in frequency.
2. An ideal transformer has negligible winding resistance and infinite core permeability, with no leakage flux or losses. A practical transformer model accounts for non-idealities like finite permeability and winding resistance.
3. Transformer tests determine losses and parameters for an equivalent circuit model. The open-circuit test measures core losses, while the short-circuit test measures copper losses at full load. Transformer regulation is the change in output voltage from no-load to full-load.
An unregulated power supply produces a DC voltage from an AC input but the output voltage varies with changes in input voltage or load. A regulated power supply uses voltage regulating devices to keep the output voltage constant regardless of input or load variations. It consists of a rectifier, filter and voltage regulator like a zener diode. A series regulator places the regulating device in series with the load while a shunt regulator diverts excess current around the load to regulate voltage. Feedback circuits are also used to more precisely control the regulator and maintain a stable output voltage.
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
The document provides an introduction to DC-DC conversion and discusses different types of DC-DC converters including linear regulators and switching mode power supplies. Linear regulators such as series and shunt regulators are described as well as concepts such as voltage regulation, line regulation, and load regulation. Examples are provided to illustrate how to design both series and shunt linear regulators. The advantages of linear regulators include low cost and simplicity while disadvantages include low efficiency and inability to boost voltage. Applications that are well-suited for linear regulators are also outlined.
Automatic voltage regulations And V curves of alternatorsMUDASSARHABIB5
This document discusses automatic voltage regulation and V-curves in alternators. It begins by defining voltage regulation as the change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load conditions. It then describes different types of voltage regulators, including manual and automatic voltage regulators. For automatic voltage regulators, it discusses the components, circuit concept, and functions of electronic voltage regulators. Finally, it explains V-curves, which plot the variation of armature current with changes in field current, and describes the three stages of under excitation, normal excitation, and over excitation.
basic electrical and electronics engineering fundamentals of transistors biasingfourthinrow
The document summarizes operational amplifiers and their applications. It discusses the basic model of an op-amp including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. It also covers feedback theory, describing positive and negative feedback. Finally, it explains various waveform generators that can be built using op-amps, such as square wave, triangular wave, and sinusoidal waveform generators using the Wien bridge oscillator.
Semelhante a 25471_ENERGY_CONVERSION_for any power system6.ppt (20)
Orchestrating the Future: Navigating Today's Data Workflow Challenges with Ai...Kaxil Naik
Navigating today's data landscape isn't just about managing workflows; it's about strategically propelling your business forward. Apache Airflow has stood out as the benchmark in this arena, driving data orchestration forward since its early days. As we dive into the complexities of our current data-rich environment, where the sheer volume of information and its timely, accurate processing are crucial for AI and ML applications, the role of Airflow has never been more critical.
In my journey as the Senior Engineering Director and a pivotal member of Apache Airflow's Project Management Committee (PMC), I've witnessed Airflow transform data handling, making agility and insight the norm in an ever-evolving digital space. At Astronomer, our collaboration with leading AI & ML teams worldwide has not only tested but also proven Airflow's mettle in delivering data reliably and efficiently—data that now powers not just insights but core business functions.
This session is a deep dive into the essence of Airflow's success. We'll trace its evolution from a budding project to the backbone of data orchestration it is today, constantly adapting to meet the next wave of data challenges, including those brought on by Generative AI. It's this forward-thinking adaptability that keeps Airflow at the forefront of innovation, ready for whatever comes next.
The ever-growing demands of AI and ML applications have ushered in an era where sophisticated data management isn't a luxury—it's a necessity. Airflow's innate flexibility and scalability are what makes it indispensable in managing the intricate workflows of today, especially those involving Large Language Models (LLMs).
This talk isn't just a rundown of Airflow's features; it's about harnessing these capabilities to turn your data workflows into a strategic asset. Together, we'll explore how Airflow remains at the cutting edge of data orchestration, ensuring your organization is not just keeping pace but setting the pace in a data-driven future.
Session in https://budapestdata.hu/2024/04/kaxil-naik-astronomer-io/ | https://dataml24.sessionize.com/session/667627
Open Source Contributions to Postgres: The Basics POSETTE 2024ElizabethGarrettChri
Postgres is the most advanced open-source database in the world and it's supported by a community, not a single company. So how does this work? How does code actually get into Postgres? I recently had a patch submitted and committed and I want to share what I learned in that process. I’ll give you an overview of Postgres versions and how the underlying project codebase functions. I’ll also show you the process for submitting a patch and getting that tested and committed.
Build applications with generative AI on Google CloudMárton Kodok
We will explore Vertex AI - Model Garden powered experiences, we are going to learn more about the integration of these generative AI APIs. We are going to see in action what the Gemini family of generative models are for developers to build and deploy AI-driven applications. Vertex AI includes a suite of foundation models, these are referred to as the PaLM and Gemini family of generative ai models, and they come in different versions. We are going to cover how to use via API to: - execute prompts in text and chat - cover multimodal use cases with image prompts. - finetune and distill to improve knowledge domains - run function calls with foundation models to optimize them for specific tasks. At the end of the session, developers will understand how to innovate with generative AI and develop apps using the generative ai industry trends.
"Financial Odyssey: Navigating Past Performance Through Diverse Analytical Lens"sameer shah
Embark on a captivating financial journey with 'Financial Odyssey,' our hackathon project. Delve deep into the past performance of two companies as we employ an array of financial statement analysis techniques. From ratio analysis to trend analysis, uncover insights crucial for informed decision-making in the dynamic world of finance."
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
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2. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• Output Voltage of Transformer Varies with Load
• Due to Voltage Drop on Series Impedance of Transformer
Equivalent Model
• Full Load Regulation Parameter, compares output no-load
Voltage with its Full Load Voltage:
V.R. =
• At no load VS= VP / a thus :
V.R.=
• in per unit: V.R. =
• For Ideal Transformer V.R.=0
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3. Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• The transformer phasor diagram
• To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer:
The voltage drops should be determined
• In below a Transformer equivalent circuit referred to
the secondary side shown:
4. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• since current which flow in magnetizing branch is small
can be ignored
• Assuming secondary phasor voltage as reference VS with
an angle of 0◦
• Writing the KVL equation:
• From this equation the phasor diagram can be shown:
• At lagging power factor:
S
eq
S
eq
S
P
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jX
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R
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a
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5. Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• If power factor is unity, VS is lower than VP so
V.R. > 0
• V.R. is smaller for lagging P.F.
• With a leading P.F., VS is larger VP V.R.<0
• P.F. =1
• P.F. leading
6. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
Table Summarize possible Value for V.R. vs Load P.F.:
• Since transformer usually operate at lagging P.F., a
simplified method is introduced
Lagging P.F. VP/ a > VS V.R. > 0
Unity P.F. VP / a > VS V.R. >0 (smaller)
Leading P.F. VS > VP/ a V.R. < 0
7. Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• Simplified Voltage Regulation Calculation
• For lagging loads: the vertical components
related to voltage drop on Req & Xeq partially
cancel each other angle of VP/a very small
8. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• Transformer Efficiency (as applied to motors, generators and motors)
• Losses in Transformer:
1- Copper I²R losses
2- Core Hysteresis losses
3- Core Eddy current losses
• Transformer efficiency may be determined as follows:
%
100
x
P
P
in
out
%
100
x
P
P
P
loss
out
out
%
100
cos
cos
x
I
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P
P
I
V
S
S
core
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S
S
9. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• Example:
• A 15kVA, 2300/230 V transformer tested to determine
1- its excitation branch components, 2- its series
impedances, and 3- its voltage regulation
• Following data taken from the primary side of the transformer:
Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test
VOC=2300 V VSC=47 V
IOC=0.21A ISC=6 A
POC= 50 W PSC= 160 W
10. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
(a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to H.V. side
(b) Find the equivalent circuit referred to L. V. side
(c) Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 lagging PF,
1.0 PF, and at 0.8 leading PF
(d) Find the efficiency at full load with PF 0.8 lagging
SOLUTION:
Open circuit impedance angle is:
Excitation admittance is:
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I
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11. Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• Impedance of excitation branch referred to primary:
• Short Circuit Impedance angle:
• Equivalent series Impedance:
Req=4.45 Ω, Xeq=6.45 Ω
k
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13. Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• (b) To find eq. cct. Referred to L.V. side,
impedances divided by a²=NP/NS=10
RC=1050 Ω , XM=110 Ω
Req=0.0445 Ω , Xeq=0.0645 Ω
• (c) full load current on secondary side:
IS,rated=Srated/ VS,rated=15000/230 =65.2 A
To determine V.R., VP/ a is needed
VP/a = VS + Req IS + j Xeq IS , and:
IS=65.2/_-36.9◦ A , at PF=0.8 lagging
17. Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• (d) to plot V.R. as a function of load is by
repeating the calculations of part “c” for many
different loads using MATLAB
18. Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• (e) Efficiency of Transformer:
- Copper losses:
PCu=(IS)²Req =(65.2)² (0.0445)=189 W
- Core losses:
PCore= (VP/a)² / RC= (234.85)² / 1050=52.5 W
output power:
Pout=VSIS cosθ=230x65.2xcos36.9◦=12000 W
η= VSIS cosθ / [PCu+PCore+VSIS cosθ] x 100%=
12000/ [189+52.5+12000] = 98.03 %
20. Energy Losses in Electrical Energy
Systems
• The total electrical energy use per annum of the world
is estimated as 13,934
• TeraWatthours [TWh] (1 TWh = 10^9 kWh)
• it is further estimated [2] that the losses in all of the
world’s electrical distribution systems total about
1215 TWh or
• about 8.8% of the total electrical energy consumed.
About 30-35% of these losses are generated in the
Transformers in the Distribution systems.
• Studies estimate that some 40-80% of these
transformer losses are potentially saveable by
increasing transformer efficiencies, i.e. 145-290 TWh.
22. Transformer Taps & Voltage Regulation
• Distribution Transformers have a series taps in
windings which permit small changes in turn
ratio of transformer after leaving factory
• A typical distribution transformer has four taps
in addition to nominal setting, each has a 2.5%
of full load voltage with the adjacent tap
• This provides possibility for voltage adjustment
below or above nominal setting by 5%
23. Transformer Taps & Voltage
Regulation
• Example: A 500 kVA, 13200/480 V distribution
transformer has 4, 2.5 % taps on primary
winding. What are voltage ratios?
• Five possible voltage ratings are:
• +5% tap 13860/480 V
• +2.5% tap 13530/480 V
• Nominal rating 13200/480 V
• -2.5% tap 12870/480 V
• -5% tap 12540/480 V
24. Transformer Taps & Voltage Regulation
• Taps on transformer permit transformer to be adjusted
in field to accommodate variations in tap voltages
• While this tap can not be changed when power is
applied to transformer
• Some times voltage varies widely with load, i.e. when
high line impedance exist between generators &
particular load; while normal loads should be supplied
by an essentially constant voltage
• One solution is using special transformer called: “tap
changing under load transformer”
• A voltage regulator is a tap changing under load
transformer with built-in voltage sensing circuitry that
automatically changes taps to preserve system
voltage constant
25. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• some occasions it is desirable to change
voltage level only by a small amount
• i.e. may need to increase voltage from 110 to
120 V or from 13.2 to 13.8 kV
• This may be due to small increase in voltage
drop that occur in a power system with long
lines
• In such cases it is very expensive to hire a two
full winding transformer, however a special
transformer called: ”auto-transformer” can be
used
28. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• In step-up autotransformer:
• VC / VSE = NC / NSE (1)
• NC IC = NSE ISE (2)
• voltages in coils are related to terminal voltages
as follows:
• VL=VC (3)
• VH=VC+VSE (4)
• current in coils are related to terminal currents:
• IL=IC+ISE (5)
• IH=ISE (6)
29. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Voltage & Current Relations in Autotransformer
• VH=VC+VSE
• since VC/VSE=NC/NSE VH=VC+ NSE/NC . VC
• Noting that: VL=VC
VH=VL+ NSE/NC . VL= (NSE+NC)/NC . VL
• VL / VH = NC / (NSE+NC) (7)
• Current relations:
• IL=IC+ISE employing Eq.(2) IC=(NSE / NC)ISE
• IL= (NSE / NC)ISE + ISE, since ISE=IH
IL= (NSE / NC)IH +IH = (NSE + NC)/NC . IH
IL / IH = (NSE + NC)/NC (8)
30. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformer
• Note : not all power transferring from primary to
secondary in autotransformer pass through windings
• Therefore if a conventional transformer be
reconnected as an autotransformer, it can handle
much more power than its original rating
• The input apparent power to the step-up
autotransformer is : Sin=VLIL
• And the output apparent power is:
Sout=VH IH
31. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• And :
Sin=Sout=SIO
• Apparent power of transformer windings:
SW= VCIC=VSE ISE
• This apparent power can be reformulated:
SW= VCIC=VL(IL-IH) =VLIL-VLIH
• employing Eq.(8) SW= VLIL-VLIL NC/(NSE+NC)
=VLIL [(NSE+NC)-NC] /(NSE+NC)=SIO NSE /(NSE+NC)
SIO / SW = (NSE+NC) / NSE (9)
32. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Eq.(9); describes apparent power rating advantage of
autotransformer over a conventional transformer –
• smaller the series winding the greater the advantage
• Example one: A 5000 kVA autotransformer connecting
a 110 kV system to a 138 kV system has an NC/NSE of
110/28
• for this autotransformer actual winding rating is:
• SW=SIO NSE/(NSE+NC)=5000 x 28/ (28+110)=1015 kVA
• Example Two: A 100 VA 120/12 V transformer is
connected as a step-up autotransformer, and primary
voltage of 120 applied to transformer.
33. AUTO TRANSFORMER
(a) what is the secondary voltage of transformer
(b) what is its maximum voltampere rating in this
mode of operation
(c) determine the rating advantage of this
autotransformer connection over transformer’s
rating of conventional 120/12 V operation
• Solution: NC/NSE= 120/12 (or 10:1)
• (a) using Eq.(7),VH= (12+120)/120 x 120 = 132 V
• (b) maximum VA rating 100 VA
ISE,max=100/12=8.33 A
34. AUTO TRANSFORMER
Sout=VSIS=VHIH= 132 x 8.33 = 1100 VA = Sin
(c) rating advantage:
SIO/SW=(NSE+NC)/NSE=(12+120)/12=11 or:
SIO/SW= 1100/100 = 11
• It is not normally possible to reconnect an ordinary transformer
as an autotransformer due to the fact that insulation of L.V. side
may not withstand full output voltage of autotransformer
connection
• Common practice: to use autotransformer when two voltages
fairly close
• Also used as variable transformers, where L.V. tap moves up &
down the winding
• Disadvantage: direct physical connection between primary &
secondary circuits, and electrical isolation of two sides is lost
35. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Internal Impedance of an Autotransformer
• Another disadvantage: effective per unit
impedance of an autotransformer w.r.t. the
related conventional transformer is the
reciprocal of power advantage
• This is a disadvantage where the series
impedance is required to limit current flows
during power system faults (S.C.)
36. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Example three:
• A transformer rated 1000 kVA, 12/1.2 kV, 60 Hz
when used as a two winding conventional
transformer and its series resistance &
reactance are 1 and 8 percent per unit
It is used as a 13.2/12 kV autotransformer
(a) what is now the transformer’s rating ?
(b) what is the transformer’s series impedance
in per unit?
37. AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Solution:
(a) NC/NSE= 12/1.2 (or 10:1) the voltage ratio of
autotransformer is 13.2/12 kV & VA rating :
SIO=(1+10)/1 x 1000 kVA=11000 kVA
(b) transformer’s impedance in per-unit when
connected as conventional transformer:
Zeq=0.01 + j 0.08 pu
Power advantage of autotransformer is 11, so
its per unit impedance would be:
Zeq=(0.01+j0.08)/11=0.00091+j0.00727 pu