This document provides an overview of forensic thanatology, the study of death from a legal perspective. It discusses topics such as the definition of death, the stages of dying, classification of causes of death, and post-mortem changes that can help determine time of death or manner of death. The document outlines a plan to cover dying and death, classification and causes of death, post-mortem changes and their forensic significance, euthanasia, and case studies in thanatology. It then goes on to discuss these topics in more detail over several paragraphs.
The document discusses various concepts related to death including the philosophical, legal, and medical definitions of death. It describes somatic (or clinical) death as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the brain, heart, and lungs. Brain death is considered legal death. Causes of sudden death include diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in 40-50% and 15-23% of cases respectively. Tests are described to determine and confirm death. Suspended animation is also addressed.
Death is defined as the complete and irreversible stoppage of circulation, respiration, and brain functions. It can be somatic/clinical death when these vital functions cease, or molecular/cellular death when individual cells die due to lack of oxygen. Suspended animation is a condition where signs of life are not apparent but the person is actually alive, with vital functions reduced to a minimum. Sudden death typically refers to death occurring within 24 hours from symptom onset, most commonly from cardiovascular causes. A doctor's duties in relation to death include proper resuscitation attempts, diagnosis and declaration of death, issuing a death certificate, and notifying authorities in some cases.
Death and changes after death
This document discusses various topics related to death including:
1. Types of death such as somatic/clinical death and cellular/molecular death.
2. Diagnosis of death including criteria for brain death.
3. Differences between somatic and molecular death.
4. Modes, causes and manners of death. It also discusses topics like suspended animation and sudden death.
Death and life sustaining treatments AND MEDICAL AND LEGAL ETHICAL VIEW OVER IT.Var Dan
death and life sustaining treatments and complete detail about brain death and udda act made by uniform law commission and the whole presentation is based on united states medical system and government.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
- Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the cause, phenomena, and postmortem changes that have medico-legal significance.
- Death occurs in two stages: somatic (clinical) death when circulatory and respiratory functions cease, and molecular death which happens more gradually on a cellular level.
- Several factors are considered when determining the time of death, including immediate changes like irreversible cessation of brain function, respiration, and circulation, as well as early changes like skin pallor, muscle flaccidity, cooling of the body, livor mortis, and rigor mortis.
- Accurately determining the time of death is important for explaining possible criminal acts and determining
1. Death occurs in two stages: somatic (clinical) death when circulation and respiration stop, and molecular death when cells die individually hours later.
2. Brain death means irreversible loss of brain function and is considered legal death for organ donation purposes. Tests for brain death must show no response to stimuli and no breathing even when taken off life support.
3. Death can result from failure of the nervous system (coma), circulatory system (syncope), or respiratory system (asphyxia). Each has specific causes, signs, and autopsy findings.
Death or Thantology.pptx death ppt useful pptDrSathishMS1
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the stoppage of the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. There are two main types of death - somatic/systemic death which is the loss of bodily functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after somatic death. Brain death is also considered legal death and can be diagnosed through the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea testing. The determination and certification of death is important for organ transplantation and medico-legal implications. Suspended animation refers to a state where vital functions are very low but not fully ceased.
The document discusses various concepts related to death including the philosophical, legal, and medical definitions of death. It describes somatic (or clinical) death as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the brain, heart, and lungs. Brain death is considered legal death. Causes of sudden death include diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in 40-50% and 15-23% of cases respectively. Tests are described to determine and confirm death. Suspended animation is also addressed.
Death is defined as the complete and irreversible stoppage of circulation, respiration, and brain functions. It can be somatic/clinical death when these vital functions cease, or molecular/cellular death when individual cells die due to lack of oxygen. Suspended animation is a condition where signs of life are not apparent but the person is actually alive, with vital functions reduced to a minimum. Sudden death typically refers to death occurring within 24 hours from symptom onset, most commonly from cardiovascular causes. A doctor's duties in relation to death include proper resuscitation attempts, diagnosis and declaration of death, issuing a death certificate, and notifying authorities in some cases.
Death and changes after death
This document discusses various topics related to death including:
1. Types of death such as somatic/clinical death and cellular/molecular death.
2. Diagnosis of death including criteria for brain death.
3. Differences between somatic and molecular death.
4. Modes, causes and manners of death. It also discusses topics like suspended animation and sudden death.
Death and life sustaining treatments AND MEDICAL AND LEGAL ETHICAL VIEW OVER IT.Var Dan
death and life sustaining treatments and complete detail about brain death and udda act made by uniform law commission and the whole presentation is based on united states medical system and government.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
- Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the cause, phenomena, and postmortem changes that have medico-legal significance.
- Death occurs in two stages: somatic (clinical) death when circulatory and respiratory functions cease, and molecular death which happens more gradually on a cellular level.
- Several factors are considered when determining the time of death, including immediate changes like irreversible cessation of brain function, respiration, and circulation, as well as early changes like skin pallor, muscle flaccidity, cooling of the body, livor mortis, and rigor mortis.
- Accurately determining the time of death is important for explaining possible criminal acts and determining
1. Death occurs in two stages: somatic (clinical) death when circulation and respiration stop, and molecular death when cells die individually hours later.
2. Brain death means irreversible loss of brain function and is considered legal death for organ donation purposes. Tests for brain death must show no response to stimuli and no breathing even when taken off life support.
3. Death can result from failure of the nervous system (coma), circulatory system (syncope), or respiratory system (asphyxia). Each has specific causes, signs, and autopsy findings.
Death or Thantology.pptx death ppt useful pptDrSathishMS1
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the stoppage of the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. There are two main types of death - somatic/systemic death which is the loss of bodily functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after somatic death. Brain death is also considered legal death and can be diagnosed through the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea testing. The determination and certification of death is important for organ transplantation and medico-legal implications. Suspended animation refers to a state where vital functions are very low but not fully ceased.
This document discusses various topics related to death investigation including thanatology, the stages of death, postmortem changes, causes and mechanisms of death, and estimation of time since death. It describes the immediate changes that occur with somatic death including irreversible cessation of brain function, respiration, and circulation. Early molecular changes discussed include skin pallor, muscle flaccidity, contact pallor, changes in the eyes, algor mortis, livor mortis, and rigor mortis. Various causes, manners, and mechanisms of death are defined. Methods of determining time since death based on immediate, early, and late postmortem changes are also outlined.
The document discusses various topics related to death including types of death, causes of death, stages of dying, the dying process, and signs of impending death. It notes that death can be classified as clinical/systemic death or biological/molecular death. Causes of death include natural causes like aging or disease, as well as unnatural causes such as homicide, accidents, and suicide. The dying process occurs in stages that may involve denial, anger, bargaining, and acceptance. Signs of impending death include loss of appetite, labored breathing, and mottling of the skin. A death certificate is an official document that records information about the deceased individual like their name, cause of death, and certifying official.
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the cause, phenomena, and postmortem changes. Death occurs in two stages - somatic/systemic and molecular/cellular. Somatic death is the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions. Molecular death occurs piecemeal as tissues die at different rates. The time since death can be estimated by changes including algor mortis (cooling of the body), livor mortis (postmortem staining), and rigor mortis. Accurately determining the time and cause of death is important for legal and medical reasons.
This document discusses signs of death and the post-mortem changes that occur after death. It describes the probable signs of death like lack of breathing and the absolute signs like rigor mortis and livor mortis. It explains the stages of dying like preagony, terminal pause and agony. It also outlines the early signs of death that occur within 24 hours like livor mortis, rigor mortis, cooling of the body and autolysis. The late signs occurring after a day include putrefaction where the body turns green and gases form, as well as mummification in dry conditions.
When a murder takes place and the forensic team comes to investigate it, they get a lot of information from the dead person as if, the corpse speaks to them.
A key factor useful in homicide investigations is timing. Knowing the exact time of the death makes it easier to catch the murderer. This article gives a rough idea of how to determine the exact time of death by examining the dead body. To understand this information, we will first look at when and what changes occur in the dead body after death.
Forensic medicine the medico-legal autopsyMBBS IMS MSU
The document summarizes the key steps and components of a medico-legal autopsy, including:
1) Obtaining social, medical, and psychiatric history from relatives, medical records, and police reports to understand the context of the death.
2) Identifying the deceased through visual recognition, personal effects, medical records, and fingerprints.
3) Examining the deceased's clothing and personal effects for clues about their lifestyle and the events surrounding their death.
4) Conducting an external examination of the body and documenting any injuries, markings, or other observations.
5) Performing an internal examination of the body to describe any natural diseases, injuries, or other findings.
6) Determining the cause
Death or Thantology types,modes ppt.pptxDrSathishMS1
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and brain function (the "tripod of life"). There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the cessation of bodily functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration stops. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and providing certification of death for legal purposes. Apparent death involves a state of suspended animation where functions are at a very low level and cannot be detected
1. Death is defined as the complete and irreversible stoppage of respiration, circulation, and brain functions. It is a continuous process rather than a single event. 2. There are two phases of death - somatic death, which is the irreversible loss of integrated functioning of the organism, and molecular death, which is the death of individual organs and tissues. 3. Immediate changes that occur after death include insensibility, loss of reflexes, cessation of respiration and circulation, and a flat EEG rhythm. Early changes include eye changes, skin changes, muscular flaccidity, algor mortis, and postmortem lividity.
Death or Thantology types,modes. a goodpptxDrSathishMS1
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the loss of brain and body functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration cease. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types - cortical, brain stem, or whole brain. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea during an apnea test. The causes, manner, timing and certification of death are important for legal and medical reasons including
Forensic medicine (forensic pathology)MBBS IMS MSU
Forensic pathology involves applying medical knowledge to legal cases. A forensic pathologist determines the cause and manner of death by examining bodies and evidence. Key duties include confirming death, estimating time of death, identifying bodies, interpreting injuries or disease, and determining if death was from natural or unnatural causes. The pathologist must provide an expert opinion on the cause and manner of death to aid legal proceedings.
The document discusses various topics related to modes of death from a forensic nursing perspective. It defines death as the permanent and irreversible cessation of the nervous, circulatory and respiratory systems. It describes three types of death: 1) somatic/systemic/clinical death which is the complete stoppage of vital functions, 2) cellular/molecular death which is death of individual tissues and cells, and 3) brain death which is the permanent cessation of brain function. It provides clinical criteria for determining cessation of the heart, breathing, and brain. It also discusses suspended animation, unexpected sudden death, and causes and medico-legal importance of different modes of death.
This document provides an overview of medicolegal aspects of death, including definitions of death, classifications of death, phases of death, manners of death, criteria for diagnosing death, and postmortem phenomena like changes that occur after death. It discusses topics like algor mortis, livor mortis, muscle changes including rigor mortis, decomposition processes like putrefaction and adipocere formation, and tests used to determine death. The document is presented by Pallavi Kumari as part of her studies in forensic science.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, mechanisms, and effects. It involves examining tissues and cells using various laboratory techniques to establish diagnoses and understand disease processes. Key aspects of pathology include histological examination of biopsies and autopsies using staining methods, as well as newer techniques like immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, which provide information critical to clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Death is defined as the permanent and irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain life. It occurs when brain function stops, breathing and the heart stop working, and the body begins to decompose. Over 150,000 humans die each day from a variety of causes, including disease, trauma, and poisoning. Many cultures and religions believe in an afterlife and judgement of good and bad deeds. Brain death is a legal definition and involves the absence of brain stem reflexes and brain activity on an EEG. The cause, manner, and mode of death are also classified and can have legal consequences. Death occurs in stages, first with the cessation of vital functions and then cellular death over several hours.
Hii, I have uploaded my class presentation
Death & its causes/ Thanatology is very interesting and important topic in Forensic Medicine, might be useful for other readers also
A Pathological Journey through Cell Injury, Death.pptxsaadalikhan8327617
This document presents an overview of cell injury, death, and adaptation and their relevance to pathology. It discusses the different types of cell injury, including physical, chemical, and biological factors. It also outlines the two main types of cell death - necrosis, which is uncontrolled, and apoptosis, which is programmed. Finally, it examines the cellular adaptation processes of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia and how they respond to stress and injury. Understanding these cellular changes is important for medical professionals to diagnose and treat diseases effectively.
1) The document discusses a prospective study on near-death experiences (NDEs) in 344 cardiac arrest survivors in the Netherlands. The study found that 18% reported some recollection of the period of unconsciousness during cardiac arrest, with 12% reporting a core NDE experience.
2) The study could not find any physiological, pharmacological, psychological, or demographic factors that explained why some patients experienced consciousness during clinical death while most did not.
3) The findings challenge assumptions that consciousness is localized in the brain, as complex experiences were reported when brain function had ceased during cardiac arrest. The results push the boundaries of understanding about consciousness and its relationship to the brain.
Fme4 forensic thanatology3(scientific study of death)Yaseen Muhammad
This document discusses various aspects of death including the mechanisms, stages, and signs. It notes that death occurs in two stages - somatic (clinical) death when vital functions cease, and cellular death when tissues and cells die. Some key signs of death mentioned are loss of brain function for 5 minutes, cessation of circulation/heart sounds for 5 minutes, and cessation of respiration for 5 minutes. Other signs include pallor, eye changes, cooling of the body, postmortem lividity, and rigor mortis. Determining the time of death and confirming death is important for organ donation and disposal of the body.
This document discusses various topics related to death investigation including thanatology, the stages of death, postmortem changes, causes and mechanisms of death, and estimation of time since death. It describes the immediate changes that occur with somatic death including irreversible cessation of brain function, respiration, and circulation. Early molecular changes discussed include skin pallor, muscle flaccidity, contact pallor, changes in the eyes, algor mortis, livor mortis, and rigor mortis. Various causes, manners, and mechanisms of death are defined. Methods of determining time since death based on immediate, early, and late postmortem changes are also outlined.
The document discusses various topics related to death including types of death, causes of death, stages of dying, the dying process, and signs of impending death. It notes that death can be classified as clinical/systemic death or biological/molecular death. Causes of death include natural causes like aging or disease, as well as unnatural causes such as homicide, accidents, and suicide. The dying process occurs in stages that may involve denial, anger, bargaining, and acceptance. Signs of impending death include loss of appetite, labored breathing, and mottling of the skin. A death certificate is an official document that records information about the deceased individual like their name, cause of death, and certifying official.
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the cause, phenomena, and postmortem changes. Death occurs in two stages - somatic/systemic and molecular/cellular. Somatic death is the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions. Molecular death occurs piecemeal as tissues die at different rates. The time since death can be estimated by changes including algor mortis (cooling of the body), livor mortis (postmortem staining), and rigor mortis. Accurately determining the time and cause of death is important for legal and medical reasons.
This document discusses signs of death and the post-mortem changes that occur after death. It describes the probable signs of death like lack of breathing and the absolute signs like rigor mortis and livor mortis. It explains the stages of dying like preagony, terminal pause and agony. It also outlines the early signs of death that occur within 24 hours like livor mortis, rigor mortis, cooling of the body and autolysis. The late signs occurring after a day include putrefaction where the body turns green and gases form, as well as mummification in dry conditions.
When a murder takes place and the forensic team comes to investigate it, they get a lot of information from the dead person as if, the corpse speaks to them.
A key factor useful in homicide investigations is timing. Knowing the exact time of the death makes it easier to catch the murderer. This article gives a rough idea of how to determine the exact time of death by examining the dead body. To understand this information, we will first look at when and what changes occur in the dead body after death.
Forensic medicine the medico-legal autopsyMBBS IMS MSU
The document summarizes the key steps and components of a medico-legal autopsy, including:
1) Obtaining social, medical, and psychiatric history from relatives, medical records, and police reports to understand the context of the death.
2) Identifying the deceased through visual recognition, personal effects, medical records, and fingerprints.
3) Examining the deceased's clothing and personal effects for clues about their lifestyle and the events surrounding their death.
4) Conducting an external examination of the body and documenting any injuries, markings, or other observations.
5) Performing an internal examination of the body to describe any natural diseases, injuries, or other findings.
6) Determining the cause
Death or Thantology types,modes ppt.pptxDrSathishMS1
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and brain function (the "tripod of life"). There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the cessation of bodily functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration stops. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and providing certification of death for legal purposes. Apparent death involves a state of suspended animation where functions are at a very low level and cannot be detected
1. Death is defined as the complete and irreversible stoppage of respiration, circulation, and brain functions. It is a continuous process rather than a single event. 2. There are two phases of death - somatic death, which is the irreversible loss of integrated functioning of the organism, and molecular death, which is the death of individual organs and tissues. 3. Immediate changes that occur after death include insensibility, loss of reflexes, cessation of respiration and circulation, and a flat EEG rhythm. Early changes include eye changes, skin changes, muscular flaccidity, algor mortis, and postmortem lividity.
Death or Thantology types,modes. a goodpptxDrSathishMS1
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the loss of brain and body functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration cease. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types - cortical, brain stem, or whole brain. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea during an apnea test. The causes, manner, timing and certification of death are important for legal and medical reasons including
Forensic medicine (forensic pathology)MBBS IMS MSU
Forensic pathology involves applying medical knowledge to legal cases. A forensic pathologist determines the cause and manner of death by examining bodies and evidence. Key duties include confirming death, estimating time of death, identifying bodies, interpreting injuries or disease, and determining if death was from natural or unnatural causes. The pathologist must provide an expert opinion on the cause and manner of death to aid legal proceedings.
The document discusses various topics related to modes of death from a forensic nursing perspective. It defines death as the permanent and irreversible cessation of the nervous, circulatory and respiratory systems. It describes three types of death: 1) somatic/systemic/clinical death which is the complete stoppage of vital functions, 2) cellular/molecular death which is death of individual tissues and cells, and 3) brain death which is the permanent cessation of brain function. It provides clinical criteria for determining cessation of the heart, breathing, and brain. It also discusses suspended animation, unexpected sudden death, and causes and medico-legal importance of different modes of death.
This document provides an overview of medicolegal aspects of death, including definitions of death, classifications of death, phases of death, manners of death, criteria for diagnosing death, and postmortem phenomena like changes that occur after death. It discusses topics like algor mortis, livor mortis, muscle changes including rigor mortis, decomposition processes like putrefaction and adipocere formation, and tests used to determine death. The document is presented by Pallavi Kumari as part of her studies in forensic science.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, mechanisms, and effects. It involves examining tissues and cells using various laboratory techniques to establish diagnoses and understand disease processes. Key aspects of pathology include histological examination of biopsies and autopsies using staining methods, as well as newer techniques like immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, which provide information critical to clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Death is defined as the permanent and irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain life. It occurs when brain function stops, breathing and the heart stop working, and the body begins to decompose. Over 150,000 humans die each day from a variety of causes, including disease, trauma, and poisoning. Many cultures and religions believe in an afterlife and judgement of good and bad deeds. Brain death is a legal definition and involves the absence of brain stem reflexes and brain activity on an EEG. The cause, manner, and mode of death are also classified and can have legal consequences. Death occurs in stages, first with the cessation of vital functions and then cellular death over several hours.
Hii, I have uploaded my class presentation
Death & its causes/ Thanatology is very interesting and important topic in Forensic Medicine, might be useful for other readers also
A Pathological Journey through Cell Injury, Death.pptxsaadalikhan8327617
This document presents an overview of cell injury, death, and adaptation and their relevance to pathology. It discusses the different types of cell injury, including physical, chemical, and biological factors. It also outlines the two main types of cell death - necrosis, which is uncontrolled, and apoptosis, which is programmed. Finally, it examines the cellular adaptation processes of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia and how they respond to stress and injury. Understanding these cellular changes is important for medical professionals to diagnose and treat diseases effectively.
1) The document discusses a prospective study on near-death experiences (NDEs) in 344 cardiac arrest survivors in the Netherlands. The study found that 18% reported some recollection of the period of unconsciousness during cardiac arrest, with 12% reporting a core NDE experience.
2) The study could not find any physiological, pharmacological, psychological, or demographic factors that explained why some patients experienced consciousness during clinical death while most did not.
3) The findings challenge assumptions that consciousness is localized in the brain, as complex experiences were reported when brain function had ceased during cardiac arrest. The results push the boundaries of understanding about consciousness and its relationship to the brain.
Fme4 forensic thanatology3(scientific study of death)Yaseen Muhammad
This document discusses various aspects of death including the mechanisms, stages, and signs. It notes that death occurs in two stages - somatic (clinical) death when vital functions cease, and cellular death when tissues and cells die. Some key signs of death mentioned are loss of brain function for 5 minutes, cessation of circulation/heart sounds for 5 minutes, and cessation of respiration for 5 minutes. Other signs include pallor, eye changes, cooling of the body, postmortem lividity, and rigor mortis. Determining the time of death and confirming death is important for organ donation and disposal of the body.
This document discusses urethritis, including causes, clinical features, and treatment. It focuses on gonococcal urethritis, providing details on Neisseria gonorrhoeae such as its structure, strains, and methods of laboratory diagnosis. Symptoms and complications of gonococcal urethritis are described for both males and females. Treatment recommendations are provided for uncomplicated and disseminated gonococcal infections. Complications of urethritis in general are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses different types and treatments of diabetes. It describes:
1) Type 1 diabetes is characterized by destruction of beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves tissue resistance to insulin combined with relative insulin deficiency.
2) Insulin preparations include rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting types to provide different onset and duration of action.
3) Common diabetes drug classes discussed are insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors; their mechanisms of action aim to increase insulin secretion or sensitivity.
Peptic ulcer disease refers to open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum caused by erosion of the protective mucosal barrier from gastric acid and enzymes. Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use are leading causes of peptic ulcers. Symptoms include dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and nausea. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of ulcers while biopsies detect H. pylori. Treatment involves proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infections, and antacids.
The document discusses thyroid pharmacology. It describes the thyroid gland and its function of producing thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. It explains the process of iodine trapping and thyroid hormone biosynthesis within the thyroid follicles. The document also discusses the differences between T3 and T4, the peripheral conversion of T4 to the more active T3, and symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It provides details on common thyroid drugs like levothyroxine and carbimazole used to treat hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism respectively, including their mechanisms of action and side effects.
This document discusses thyroid drugs and antithyroid drugs. It begins with an introduction to the thyroid gland, its hormones and diseases. It then covers the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones and describes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
The document discusses various thyroid drugs used to treat hypothyroidism including levothyroxine, levothyronine and their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and uses.
It also covers various classes of antithyroid drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism including thioamides, iodides and their mechanisms of action. Specific drugs discussed include propylthiouracil, its structure, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
Nephrotic Syndrome Management Case Report by Slidesgo (1).pptxMrMedicine
This case report summarizes the management of a patient with nephrotic syndrome. Key details include that the patient presented with relevant clinical findings of nephrotic syndrome. Various interventions were employed to treat the condition and monitor the patient's response and progression. The case report provides valuable insights for clinical practice.
biostat 2.pptx h h jbjbivigyfyfyfyfyftftcMrMedicine
The sample consists of 10 women seeking prenatal care. Key statistics about the sample include:
- Sample size is 10
- Mode is 22, 26, and 28 (as each occurs once)
- Median is 26.5
- Range is 25 (43-18)
- Sample mean is 26.6
- Sample variance is 64.4
- Sample standard deviation is 8.03
Dendritic cells serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by transporting antigens from sites of infection to lymph nodes where they present antigens to T cells. They respond to microbes by producing cytokines that initiate inflammation and serve as antigen presenting cells. For an immune response to occur, antigens must be processed and presented to T helper cells by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. This activates both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity.
Poliomyelitis is caused by polioviruses which infect the nervous system and can cause paralysis. There are three strains of wild poliovirus that cause disease. Polioviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses that enter host cells and can spread to the spinal cord. Most polio infections are asymptomatic but some cause minor symptoms and rarely paralysis. There are two vaccines for polio - the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) given by injection, and the oral polio vaccine (OPV) given orally. Both vaccines provide protection but OPV also induces herd immunity while IPV is safer. Global efforts aim to eradicate polio using vaccination.
The document outlines the rights and obligations of experts in criminal proceedings according to the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan. It discusses that experts must have special scientific knowledge and not be interested in the case. They have the right to review case materials, submit petitions, participate in proceedings, and challenge translations. Experts are obligated to conduct objective studies, give reasoned opinions, and ensure safety of objects. They are not allowed to negotiate without permission or independently collect materials. Experts who provide deliberately false conclusions can face criminal liability.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and outlines the key concepts and methods used in epidemiology studies. It discusses the definition of epidemiology, basic terminology like endemic, epidemic, and pandemic. It also describes the different types of epidemiology studies like descriptive and analytical studies. The document outlines the basic steps involved in conducting an outbreak investigation including establishing the existence of an outbreak, developing hypotheses, evaluating hypotheses, and communicating findings. It provides examples of descriptive data and rates to illustrate epidemiology concepts and approaches.
The document discusses lung volume and lung capacities. It presents information on lung volumes and capacities that are important for respiration. The document was presented by a group of five students with the group number 217.
The document provides guidance on basic first aid for medical emergencies. It lists four basic rules: call for help immediately, bring help to the victim, check the ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), and do no further harm. It then provides instructions for assessing the scene, prioritizing care, checking for medical tags or alerts, doing a head-to-toe examination, and only moving the victim if necessary. It gives specific first aid procedures for conditions like no breathing, bleeding, shock, heart attack, choking, eye injuries, burns, broken bones, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, fainting, seizures and more.
This document discusses measures of disease frequency, including prevalence and incidence. Prevalence refers to the proportion of people who have a disease at a particular point in time. Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease over time. Stratification involves separating analysis by subgroups such as age, sex, geography or time period. Measuring prevalence and incidence provides information about the burden of disease in a population and clues about disease causes. This allows for better planning, resource allocation and insights into disease pathogenesis.
Blood is a connective tissue that functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body. It has a slightly alkaline pH of 7.4 and is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid portion that contains water and proteins to maintain blood pressure and immunity. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect against pathogens, and platelets help with clotting. In summary, blood transports essential materials, regulates processes, and protects the body from infection through its cellular components suspended in plasma.
The document discusses the structure and function of the cell membrane. It begins by defining the cell membrane as a biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. It then describes the chemical composition of the cell membrane, which includes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid and form a bilayer structure with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and also provides structure and anchors cell proteins and cytoskeleton. It functions in transport, protection, and cell recognition. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move laterally.
Situation ethics is a relativist moral theory developed by Joseph Fletcher in 1963 based on the idea that the morality of an action depends on the situation rather than any fixed rules. It is inspired by Jesus' message of love (agape) as described in the Bible. Fletcher argued morality should be flexible rather than legalistic or anti-nomian. Situation ethics considers the outcomes and consequences of actions, placing primary importance on love as the sole intrinsic good. While it aims to avoid conflicts between duties, critics argue it could allow any action and that determining the most loving choice is subjective.
Leonardo Da Vinci was born illegitimately in Vinci, Italy in 1452. Despite facing hardship and lacking formal education, he became a renowned polymath through self-study in various fields including art, science, mathematics and engineering. As a painter, inventor, scientist and scholar, Da Vinci made many contributions ahead of his time in areas such as anatomy, flight technology and more. He approached his work with keen observation and a drive to understand the world around him.
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ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
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#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Orchestrating the Future: Navigating Today's Data Workflow Challenges with Ai...Kaxil Naik
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This session is a deep dive into the essence of Airflow's success. We'll trace its evolution from a budding project to the backbone of data orchestration it is today, constantly adapting to meet the next wave of data challenges, including those brought on by Generative AI. It's this forward-thinking adaptability that keeps Airflow at the forefront of innovation, ready for whatever comes next.
The ever-growing demands of AI and ML applications have ushered in an era where sophisticated data management isn't a luxury—it's a necessity. Airflow's innate flexibility and scalability are what makes it indispensable in managing the intricate workflows of today, especially those involving Large Language Models (LLMs).
This talk isn't just a rundown of Airflow's features; it's about harnessing these capabilities to turn your data workflows into a strategic asset. Together, we'll explore how Airflow remains at the cutting edge of data orchestration, ensuring your organization is not just keeping pace but setting the pace in a data-driven future.
Session in https://budapestdata.hu/2024/04/kaxil-naik-astronomer-io/ | https://dataml24.sessionize.com/session/667627
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A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
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https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
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https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
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2. The mystery of death has always been a fascinating topic for
everyday and philosophical reflections. After all, death is as frequent a
guest in people's lives as birth. Death is an integral part, an aspect of
life. Today, medicine, philosophy and psychology are interested in this
not only mysterious, but also, let's be sincere, a terrible phenomenon,
and for existential philosophy and psychology, the problem of death is
one of the central ones.
3. Plan:
1. Dying and death.
2. Classification and causes of death.
3. Post-mortem changes and forensic
significance for establishing the limitation of
death.
4. Euthanasia.
5. Casuistry in thanatology.
4. 1. Dying and death. The concept of death is directly
related to the concept of life, life ends with death.
Therefore, in order to understand what death is and how
it occurs, it is necessary to first define life. The most
general and brief biological and philosophical definition
of life is as follows: "Life is a form of existence of
protein molecules." The complication of life forms
naturally led to the complication of the mechanism of its
termination, i.e. the process of dying.
A purely biological definition of death should be
considered the most acceptable for forensic science and
practice: "Death is the cessation of vital activity of an
organism and, as a result, the death of an individual as a
separate living system, accompanied by the
decomposition of proteins and other biopolymers, which
are the main material substrate of life."
5. The science that studies the process of dying, death and
the causes leading to it is called thanatology
Within the framework of forensic medicine, these
problems are discussed in the section – forensic
thanatology. Forensic thanatology studies death from the
perspective of the interests of law enforcement agencies that
solve and investigate crimes. Forensic medicine considers
human death primarily as the death of the system, and
therefore, when determining it, forensic doctors focus on the
fundamental functions of the body: the activity of the central
nervous system; blood circulation and respiration.
In the conditions of the clinic, to establish the fact of
death, a technique is used that registers the main functions of
a living organism
6. Dying is a terminal, i.e. borderline between
life and death, state.
There are several stages of dying:
1.Pre-diagonal state
2. terminal pause
3. agony
4. clinical death
5. biological death
7. According to the Instructions for determining the
moment of death of a person, refusal to use or
termination of resuscitation measures, biological
death can be stated on the basis of: • cessation of
cardiac activity and respiration lasting more than 30
minutes; • termination of brain functions, including
the functions of its stem divisions.
8. The combination of the fact of termination of brain functions
with evidence of its irreversibility and the presence of the following
signs is decisive for the statement of biological death:
disappearance of pulse on large (carotid and femoral) arteries;
absence of heart contractions according to auscultation data,
termination of the bioelectric activity of the heart; respiratory
arrest; disappearance of all functions and reactions of the central
nervous system, in particular the absence of consciousness,
spontaneous movements, reactions to sound, pain and proprioceptive
stimuli, corneal reflexes, maximum pupil dilation and the absence of
their reaction to light.
9. These signs are not the basis for the statement of biological death
when they occur in conditions of deep cooling (body temperature 32 ° C
and below) or against the background of the action of drugs depressing
the central nervous system.
The onset of biological death has to be accurately and quickly
established so as not to mistake a living person for a dead one and do
everything to save him, because in such cases every minute matters.
There are many ways to establish death, and experienced people know
and use them. There are many such methods, but they are all
unscientific and unreliable. Therefore, doctors take into account
unconsciousness, cessation of pulse, especially on the carotid and
femoral arteries, absence of heartbeat, respiration, corneal reflex,
dilation of pupils and their lack of reaction to light. Moreover, all this
should be stated repeatedly for more than 30 minutes.
Forensic doctors use the sign of Beloglazov in practice.
The listed signs are the orienting signs of death, because only cadaveric
changes are recognized as reliable.
10. 2. Classification and causes of death.
In forensic medicine, it is customary to classify death
into categories, genera and types.
There are two categories: violent and nonviolent.
11. Violent death includes various types of death from external
factors: mechanical, thermal, chemical, and others, which are
always subject to forensic medical examination.
To nonviolent — death that occurred from internal causes. First
of all, these are hidden or inconspicuous diseases, death from
congenital weakness and decrepitude of the body.
12. Violent death is divided into three kinds:
suicide murder
is an accident.
13. This social legal division, based on the circumstances of the case
(identification of intent), is legal. Therefore, the determination of the
type of death is considered the competence of the investigator or the
court.
The conclusion about the type of death depends on and cannot
be accepted without the conclusion of a forensic medical expert
obtained during the examination.
14. Determining the type of death is the establishment of factors that have a
deadly effect on the body. This issue is resolved only by a forensic medical
expert after an autopsy and a full examination of the corpse.
The types of violent death include:
mechanical trauma, which is in the first place in frequency and can be
caused by damage from the action of blunt solid objects, sharp or firearms,
vehicles, from falling from a height, etc.;
18. The types of nonviolent death include
sudden or sudden death from the disease. In these cases, the
corpse is opened by forensic medical experts, not pathologists,
since an unexpected death against the background of visible
health or an apparently not serious illness raises suspicion.
These, first of all, include diseases of the cardiovascular
system (coronary and hypertension, malformations, acute
rheumatism), as well as malignant, infectious and other diseases.
This also includes death from physiological or physical
underdevelopment of newborns and natural death from senile
decrepitude, which is almost extremely rare.
19. The cause of death is called the main injury (disease), which by itself or
through complications led to death. Consequently, the concepts of the cause of
death and the underlying injury (disease) coincide.
The genesis of death is a chain of consistently occurring morpho–
functional disorders, which are manifestations and consequences of the main
damage (disease), developing under the influence of the properties of a
particular organism and environmental conditions.
Investigative bodies are often interested in the question of the ability of a
mortally wounded person to perform independent actions. Forensic casuistry is
so rich in the most unusual examples that the vast majority of cases subject to
expert evaluation can find a similar or similar precedent already described.
People with significant gunshot damage to the brain, gunshot or stab wounds of
the heart are able to walk, run, and even more so crawl a considerable distance,
inflict additional damage to themselves, requiring considerable effort and
coordinated movements.
The ability to walk and run is excluded only by injuries in the form of
separation of the trunk, separation of the legs, destruction of the brain stem,
complete anatomical interruption of the cervical spinal cord.
20. The possibility of articulate speech is excluded with the
destruction of the brain, loss of language.
The assessment of the possibility of performing independent
actions in case of a fatal injury should always be of a specific
nature.
The structure of the causes of sudden death in different age
periods is not the same. Forensic medical diagnostics of sudden
death is based on data from medical documents on the state of
health, reports from relatives and colleagues about the
deceased's complaints about the state of health, eyewitness
information about the picture and rate of dying, materials about
the epidemiological situation, data from sectional, histological,
bacteriological and forensic chemical studies.
21. 3. Postmortem changes and forensic significance.
Signs of death can be divided into two groups – probable and reliable.
The probable signs suggest the onset of death. In everyday life, there are
cases of a person developing a deep coma, fainting and other similar
conditions that can be mistaken as death.
Probable signs of death include: Immobility of the body Pallor of the
skin Lack of reaction to sound, pain, thermal and other irritations
Maximum dilation of the pupils and their lack of reaction to light Lack of
reaction of the cornea of the eyeball to mechanical action Lack of pulse on
large arteries, especially on the carotid artery Lack of heartbeat – according
to auscultation or electrocardiography Cessation of breathing – there is no
visible excursion of the chest, the mirror held up to the nose of the victim
does not fog up.
22. After the onset of biological death, a number of cadaveric changes
immediately appear – postmortem changes. These changes relate to reliable signs
of death. The rate of occurrence and development, their severity depend on the
mass and sex of the corpse, the cause and rate of death, the environmental
conditions in which the corpse was located, etc. And according to the time of
appearance, they are divided into early cadaveric changes (appearing within the
first 24 hours after death) and late cadaveric changes (appearing from the second
day and later, they develop for a long time).
27. Let's look at these postmortem changes in more detail.
Early cadaveric changes make it possible to resolve the issue
of the fact of death with certainty, they are used to establish the
prescription of death, the position of the corpse and its movement,
sometimes they orient the expert in determining the cause of death.
After death, due to the cessation of metabolic processes, the
body, according to physical laws, gives off heat until its temperature
is equal to the ambient temperature. Cooling begins from the
exposed parts of the body. The rate of temperature drop is
influenced by temperature, humidity, air movement, as well as
internal factors: fatness, individual characteristics, cause of death,
the presence and nature of clothing, etc.
28. Partial cadaveric desiccation occurs in the first minutes after
death and depends on the evaporation of tissue moisture. It
manifests itself faster in places that are moistened during life.
These are the protein membranes and cornea of the eyes, on the
border of the lips, in those places where the epidermis is thin: on
the scrotum, as well as on the mucous membrane of the female
genital organs and the head of the male penis. Postmortem damage
is exposed to drying, forming parchment stains. It is not possible
to establish the limitation of death by drying.
29. Rigor mortis is a postmortem muscle compaction, which usually
appears after 2-3 hours. Immediately after death, muscle relaxation occurs,
which leads to jaw drooping, limbs, mobility in joints, muscles become soft
to the touch. But after a while, starting with the masticatory muscles, neck,
then trunk, upper and lower extremities, rigor develops, which ends after
18-20 hours. Over time, the intensity of rigor mortis increases, reaching a
maximum by the end of the day. Rigor mortis is an absolute sign of death,
allows you to judge the time of death and to some extent helps in solving
the question of its cause. Rigor mortis records the postmortem pose of the
deceased at the time of rigor mortis of this area and can be used to establish
a possible change in position or any manipulation of the corpse. After
artificial resolution of rigor mortis for 8-10 hours, it is restored again. Rigor
mortis has reached 2-3 days, and then disappears in the same sequence in
which it occurs.
30. Cadaveric spots are formed due to the fact that after the
cessation of blood circulation due to cardiac arrest and a drop in
blood pressure, blood flows by gravity into the underlying
departments. It shines through under the skin in the form of purple
spots of varying degrees of severity. Sometimes various parts of
clothing (collar, buttons) prevent the formation of cadaveric spots,
leading to prints of the corresponding shape.
31. According to the localization of cadaveric spots, it is possible to judge
the position of the corpse during their formation, the change in the position
of the body and the discrepancy with the circumstances of the incident. The
color of cadaveric spots depends on changes in the hemoglobin of the blood
and changes during its transition to other states. Thus, cadaveric stains are
of great forensic importance: they are a reliable sign of death, can indicate
the position of the corpse during the formation of spots and a possible
change in the position of the body, allow us to judge the prescription of
death, the conditions of the corpse, the rate of dying, indicate the possibility
of poisoning.
There are three stages of the development of cadaveric spots:
1. Cadaveric flow (hypostasis), when the blood sinks in the vessels and
changes color in the lower parts of the corpse.
2. Cadaveric stasis (diffusion) is characterized by thickening and
disintegration of blood, difficulty in moving it and the development of
intense coloration .
3. Cadaveric impregnation (imbibition) occurs after 20 — 24 hours.
32. Autolysis (cadaveric self-digestion), an early cadaveric change
that occurs some time after death, because some tissues are affected by
enzymes that continue to form after death. This leads to flabbiness of
the organs, loss of their proper structure, smoothing of the mucosa and
their disintegration. Such organs become dull, soaked with blood
plasma. Autolysis is better expressed in the stomach. It should be
borne in mind that the postmortem changes to which it leads resemble
painful processes in life, which, if unknown, can cause diagnostic
errors.
liver autolysis
33. Putrefaction leads to the decomposition of proteins and other tissues,
which occurs under the influence of various microbes that multiply intensively in
the body after a person's death, when protective barriers cease to function.
Putrefaction begins with the colon, where there are especially many microbes,
the putrefactive process develops faster in the presence of an infectious disease
in the body. High temperature contributes to the rate of rotting, especially +20—
+40 °C. It stops at a temperature of 0 ° C and below, as well as above +55 ° C.
Therefore, in the warm season or in a warm room, corpses rot faster and can
persist for a long time in the cold and especially in the refrigerator.
34. In cases where the air is dry and there is good ventilation, corpses quickly
lose moisture and dry out, which is called natural preservation of the corpse, or
mummification. This may occur when a corpse is found in an open area, when
it is buried in sandy, well-ventilated soil. The corpse loses up to 9/10 of its
original mass, decreases in volume, the skin becomes dense, acquires a
brownish-brown color, the internal organs decrease in volume, become dry. Such
preservation of the corpse preserves damage: strangulation furrow, signs of
disease, gunshot wounds, blunt or sharp objects, but their features are masked
and changed. Complete mummification of an adult is achieved in 6-12 months; a
child, especially a newborn, within 1-2 months.
35. In other conditions, when a corpse falls into water or is buried in
clay moist soil, in the absence of air, rotting stops and the corpse turns
into a fat strip. The tissues of the human corpse, which have turned into
a fat strip, are compacted, lose their structure, acquire a curd-like
appearance, grayish-yellow color, with the smell of rancid cheese.
Initially, this happens in places where there is most fat: subcutaneous fat,
cheeks, buttocks, mammary glands. Like mummification, it can cover a
part of the body or the entire corpse as a whole. The transformation of
the corpse of an adult into a zhirovosk requires 10-12 months, the corpse
of a newborn — 2-4 weeks. Zhirovosk is similar in meaning to
mummification. It is noted that poisons, even alcohol, can be detected in
tissues during chemical examination.
36. Of the other types of natural conservation of corpses, peat tanning
should be noted, which happens when it gets into peat bogs. The humic
acids contained in them, as it were, tan the skin, it thickens, becomes
dark brown. The bones become soft and are cut with a knife. In practice,
there are other types of preservation of the corpse.
37. 4. Euthanasia.
The term euthanasia appeared quite a long time ago, borrowed from
the Greek language and consists of the word "thanatos" - death and the
prefix "eu", which can be translated as good, happy. Currently, this
concept means an easy, painless, rapid death of a person, artificially
caused at the request of a terminally ill person. Now 70-80% of the
population of different countries support euthanasia. However, the use of
euthanasia methods is sometimes caused by goals that cannot be
attributed to mercy in any way, and often a crime is hidden behind good
intentions.
38. In some countries, euthanasia is allowed. A sign with a symbol is
hung on the beds of such patients, meaning that in case of a complication,
he should not be given resuscitation care in order to give him the
opportunity to die.
The Declaration on Euthanasia, adopted by the 39th World
Medical Assembly in Madrid in October 1987, states: "Euthanasia as an
act of deliberate deprivation of a patient's life, even at the request of the
patient himself or on the basis of a similar request from his relatives, is
not ethical.“
In our country, euthanasia is mentioned in the Code of the
Republic of Kazakhstan On the HEALTH of the PEOPLE AND the
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Article 154. Euthanasia is prohibited in the
Republic of Kazakhstan.
39. 5. Casuistry in thanatology The phenomenon of Hambo Lama Itigelov.
The name of Lama Dashi-Dorzho Itigelov is known throughout
the Buddhist world. In 1927, being a Buddhist yogi of a high level, he
voluntarily entered nirvana, was placed in a wooden sarcophagus and
buried in the ground in a state of meditation. In 2002, his body was
removed from the ground. Numerous studies conducted by scientists have
shown that in terms of physical characteristics, the Lama's body and brain
correspond to the characteristics of a living organism. The lama is still
sitting in a meditation posture, his body is warm and soft. It sweats but
does not lose weight. Scientists believe that the body is in an unknown
state of science. Buddhists believe that the spirit of the Buddha is
manifested in the body of Itigelov and the Lama is alive.
40. Conclusions on the topic: on the first question.
Dying is the gap between life and death.
There are stages of dying: 1. Pre-diagonal state 2. Terminal pause 3. Agony
4. Clinical death 5. Biological death It must be remembered that at the stage of
clinical death a person has not died yet, brain activity is preserved. A person can
be brought back to life with the help of resuscitation measures. At the stage of
biological death, the activity of the human brain converges to zero, and it is not
possible to bring it back to life. on the second question, there is a biological and
legal classification of death. Death is classified into categories, types and
genera. The first two signs are within the competence of forensic doctors, the
type of death is determined by law enforcement officers. on the third question,
In order not to make a mistake with the statement of death, it is necessary to
know about reliable and probable signs of death. The most important are
reliable signs of death - early and late cadaveric changes. According to these
signs , you can answer the following questions: 1. Has true biological death
occurred? 2. Prescription of death 3. Probable cause of death 4. Did they change
the pose of the corpse? On the fourth question, Euthanasia is a painless, easy
death. There are active and passive types of euthanasia.
41. Questions for discussion
1. Psychological thanatology
2. Early cadaveric changes
3. Late cadaveric changes.
4. Determination of the time of death.
5. Euthanasia and the problems of life extension.
Control questions:
1. Dying and death.
2. Classification of death. Postmortem changes and their forensic
significance.
3. Early postmortem changes. Cooling of the corpse. Muscle rigor.
Drying of the corpse. Cadaverous stains. Autolysis.
4. Late postmortem changes. Rotting. Adipocere. Mummification.
Peat tanning. Damage to corpses by animals. 5. The establishment of the
limitation of death.