This document provides an overview of the classification and characteristics of legumes. It notes that legumes are in the family Leguminosae and consist of over 750 genera and 19,000 species. Key characteristics include pods, dicot leaves with netted veins, nodules on roots that fix nitrogen, and distinctive flowers and pods. The document describes the four subfamilies of legumes and provides examples of important legume crops used for food, forage, trees, and more. It discusses the nutritional value of legumes and their role in nitrogen fixation and improving soil fertility.
This document provides an overview of plant taxonomy including its objectives, main references, and course syllabus. It discusses key concepts in plant taxonomy such as identification, classification, and nomenclature. It also summarizes several important plant families including Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rosaceae. Methods of plant taxonomy are outlined including morphology, floristics, herbaria, and botanical gardens. The importance of field observation and a region's flora are also noted.
This document provides information on the classification and characteristics of several plant families, including Myrtaceae, Lythraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Meliaceae. It describes key morphological features such as leaf arrangement, flower structure, fruit type, and economic uses. Many examples of plants from each family are given. The families discussed belong to the orders Myrtales, Fabales, Malpighiales, Rosales, Malvales, Sapindales, and are examples of the large group of flowering plants called eudicots.
This document provides information about the Leguminosae family of plants. It discusses that the Leguminosae family is also known as the pea family, and is the second largest family of dicotyledonous plants. It is widely distributed and economically important. The document outlines the classification of the family and describes characteristics such as their roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It provides details on their vegetative parts as well as floral characteristics like their inflorescence, calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. Diagrams are also included to illustrate these structures like the descending imbricate corolla aestivation and floral formula of Pisum sativ
This document summarizes key characteristics of several families within the asterid order, including Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, and Asteraceae. It provides diagnostic traits for each family such as flower morphology, ovary position, and economic importance. For example, it notes that Apocynaceae are distinguished by their 5-merous perianth and usually 2 carpels, while Asteraceae are characterized by their heads of flowers subtended by involucral bracts. It also frequently includes examples of economically important genera within each family.
This document summarizes key aspects of biology related to plants. It discusses how the kingdom Plantae is divided into plants with and without vascular tissue. Mosses, which lack vascular tissue, are described as having structures resembling roots, stems, and leaves but not being true vascular plants. They reproduce through spores. Ferns, which have vascular tissue, are classified into four divisions and have leaves that photosynthesize. Seed plants are divided into open seed plants like gymnosperms and closed seed plants of angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots based on seed structure. Examples of plant families are provided for each group.
The document provides information on plant classification, describing the four main groups that plants are classified into: mosses and liverworts, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. It then focuses on mosses, providing details on their characteristics, life cycle, and subdivisions. The document also briefly outlines key aspects of ferns, conifers, and the angiosperms.
This document provides an overview of plant classification and describes the main plant groups. It discusses the four main classifications of plants: mosses and liverworts (Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta), conifers (Gymnosperms), and flowering plants (Angiosperms). For each group, it outlines key distinguishing characteristics, examples, and life cycles. It also covers scientific naming conventions and describes several important families of flowering plants.
This document summarizes key aspects of the Rosaceae (rose) plant family. It notes that Rosaceae have usually stipulate leaves and actinomorphic flowers with a hypanthium. The family includes four subfamilies distinguished by gynoecial fusion and fruit type. Rosaceae is economically important as the source of many cultivated fruits, including strawberries, apples, stone fruits, pears, and berries.
This document provides an overview of plant taxonomy including its objectives, main references, and course syllabus. It discusses key concepts in plant taxonomy such as identification, classification, and nomenclature. It also summarizes several important plant families including Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rosaceae. Methods of plant taxonomy are outlined including morphology, floristics, herbaria, and botanical gardens. The importance of field observation and a region's flora are also noted.
This document provides information on the classification and characteristics of several plant families, including Myrtaceae, Lythraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Meliaceae. It describes key morphological features such as leaf arrangement, flower structure, fruit type, and economic uses. Many examples of plants from each family are given. The families discussed belong to the orders Myrtales, Fabales, Malpighiales, Rosales, Malvales, Sapindales, and are examples of the large group of flowering plants called eudicots.
This document provides information about the Leguminosae family of plants. It discusses that the Leguminosae family is also known as the pea family, and is the second largest family of dicotyledonous plants. It is widely distributed and economically important. The document outlines the classification of the family and describes characteristics such as their roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It provides details on their vegetative parts as well as floral characteristics like their inflorescence, calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. Diagrams are also included to illustrate these structures like the descending imbricate corolla aestivation and floral formula of Pisum sativ
This document summarizes key characteristics of several families within the asterid order, including Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, and Asteraceae. It provides diagnostic traits for each family such as flower morphology, ovary position, and economic importance. For example, it notes that Apocynaceae are distinguished by their 5-merous perianth and usually 2 carpels, while Asteraceae are characterized by their heads of flowers subtended by involucral bracts. It also frequently includes examples of economically important genera within each family.
This document summarizes key aspects of biology related to plants. It discusses how the kingdom Plantae is divided into plants with and without vascular tissue. Mosses, which lack vascular tissue, are described as having structures resembling roots, stems, and leaves but not being true vascular plants. They reproduce through spores. Ferns, which have vascular tissue, are classified into four divisions and have leaves that photosynthesize. Seed plants are divided into open seed plants like gymnosperms and closed seed plants of angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots based on seed structure. Examples of plant families are provided for each group.
The document provides information on plant classification, describing the four main groups that plants are classified into: mosses and liverworts, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. It then focuses on mosses, providing details on their characteristics, life cycle, and subdivisions. The document also briefly outlines key aspects of ferns, conifers, and the angiosperms.
This document provides an overview of plant classification and describes the main plant groups. It discusses the four main classifications of plants: mosses and liverworts (Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta), conifers (Gymnosperms), and flowering plants (Angiosperms). For each group, it outlines key distinguishing characteristics, examples, and life cycles. It also covers scientific naming conventions and describes several important families of flowering plants.
This document summarizes key aspects of the Rosaceae (rose) plant family. It notes that Rosaceae have usually stipulate leaves and actinomorphic flowers with a hypanthium. The family includes four subfamilies distinguished by gynoecial fusion and fruit type. Rosaceae is economically important as the source of many cultivated fruits, including strawberries, apples, stone fruits, pears, and berries.
This document provides information on the monocots order Alismatales, including the families Acoraceae, Alismataceae, and Araceae. It describes key characteristics of each family such as plant structure, economic importance, and example genera. The Acoraceae are described as marsh plants with spadix and spathe flowers. Alismataceae are aquatic or marsh herbs with basal placentation. Araceae have bifacial leaves and a spadix inflorescence, and include important food crops like taro. Example genera like Sagittaria, Echinodorus, and Zantedeschia are also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of the eudicots, which are characterized by tricolpate or tricolpate-derived pollen grains. It discusses the major orders of core eudicots including Ranunculales, Caryophyllales, Saxifragales, rosids, and asterids. Specific families are highlighted such as Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, and the three subfamilies within Fabaceae. Diagrams are included to illustrate floral characteristics of various plants within these groups.
This document discusses the Papilionaceae plant family. It describes the structure of Papilionaceae flowers, which are characterized by their butterfly-like shape. The document outlines the economic importance of some crops in the family, including peas, soybeans, and peanuts. It proposes developing peanuts and cowpeas as new crops and describes traditional and potential commercial uses of peanuts and cowpeas that could make them economically viable.
systematics and production technology of cowpeaAvisha Budhani
This document provides an overview of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), including its:
- Origin in Central Africa
- Classification within the plant kingdom and Fabaceae family
- Major subspecies cultivated, including V. unguiculata, V. cylindrica, and V. sesquipedalis
- Importance as a drought-resistant pulse crop grown in Africa and other warm regions
- Uses of mature seeds as a pulse and immature pods as a vegetable
This document provides information on the botany and taxonomy of various leafy and salad vegetables. It discusses the scientific classification, description, and important varieties of vegetables like asparagus, leek, spinach, amaranth, lettuce, and artichoke. It notes their countries of origin and nutritional benefits. The document is intended as a submission for a horticulture course on leafy and salad vegetables.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
This slideshow is used to teach botany to Master Gardeners in Beauregard Parish, LA. Mr. Jeff McMillian, Advanced Master Gardener, teaches this class and developed this PPT in collaboration with another PPT cited in this presentation.
The document provides information on plant classification systems. It discusses the botanical or taxonomic system of classification, which organizes plants in a hierarchical structure from kingdom down to species based on morphological characteristics. The key levels are kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names follow binomial nomenclature with the genus and species. Classification helps in the identification, discovery, and use of plants. The document also discusses functional classification systems that group plants according to their uses, such as agronomic crops (cereals, legumes, fibers, roots/tubers, forages, industrial crops) and horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, flowers, plantation crops).
This document provides information on the Leguminosae family and some of its crude drugs. It begins with an overview of the family, including its scientific classification, geographical distribution, morphological features, and subfamilies. It then discusses five crude drugs from the family: Cassia, Senna, Acacia, Tamarind, and Glycyrrhiza. For each drug, it provides the botanical origin, parts used, chemical constituents, uses, and other relevant details. The document concludes with references used to compile the information presented.
This document provides information about the Poaceae (grass) family. It describes their habit as herbs, annuals or perennials, sometimes tree-like. Their stems are cylindrical with nodes and internodes, and their leaves are alternate, simple, and distichous. Their inflorescence is a compound spike or panicle of spikelets. They are one of the largest families of angiosperms, with 620 genera and 6,000 species found worldwide. Many economically important grasses are used for food, fodder, sugar, building materials, furniture, aromatics, medicine, paper, and ornamentation.
This document provides an overview of plant classification and taxonomy. It discusses the following key points:
1. Plant taxonomy involves naming and classifying organisms into a hierarchical system. The main divisions are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
2. Angiosperms can be further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Monocots have parallel leaf veins and one cotyledon, while dicots have netted veins and two cotyledons.
3. Taxonomy is important for organizing biological information, providing scientific names, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. The hierarchical levels include domain, kingdom, division and species.
This document provides information about the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family and some crude drugs obtained from plants in this family. It discusses:
- The Fabaceae family is one of the largest plant families, including trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. It is divided into 3 subfamilies.
- Cassia, senna, and acacia are some crude drugs obtained from plants in the Fabaceae family. Cassia is obtained from Cinnamomum cassia and is used to treat diabetes. Senna is obtained from leaves and used as a laxative. Acacia gum comes from various Acacia species and is used in medicines, baking, and woodwork
This document provides information about the Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family of flowering plants:
- It is the largest family of flowering plants, with over 1,500 genera and 23,000 species worldwide. India has 166 genera and 803 species.
- Plants can be herbs, shrubs, trees, with features like taproots, tubers, hairy or winged stems, alternate or opposite leaves.
- Flowers are arranged in capitula (flower heads), subtended by involucral bracts, with tubular or ligulate corollas. Stamens are syngenesious and anthers form a cylinder.
- Fruits are cy
This document provides information about the Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family of flowering plants. It discusses the family's large geographical distribution, taxonomy according to different scholars, morphological characteristics including leaves, inflorescence, flowers, and fruits. It also outlines some economic uses of Asteraceae plants such as food, oil, rubber, insecticides, ornamentals, and medicinal properties. Taxonomists have assigned different systematic positions to the family over time.
ORDER ASTERALES
Family compositae (Asteraceae)
It is the largest family among angiosperms, containing about 1,620 genera and 23,600 species
Distributation
The member belonging to this family are found in everywhere on the surface of the earth (Cosmopolitan) in each possible type of habitat .Most of them are herbaceous but form tropical regions ,In Pakistan it is represented by many genera few are given as follows.
Scientific Name: Helianthus annus
Local Name: Surij Muki
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Helianthus tuberosus
Local Name: Hatichuk
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthanus tinctorius
Local Name: Kusum
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthamus oxycanthus
Local Name: Kantiari
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Aertmisia absinthium
Local Name: Vilaiti afsantin
Family: Asteraceae
etc .
Key Characters of some major Angiosperm FamiliesYOGITASHARMA92
This document provides key details about the characteristics of several major angiosperm families, including:
- Ranunculaceae (buttercup family): Herbs, shrubs or vines with foliar spurs that function as nectaries. Petals and sepals may be present or absent. Fruits include follicles, achenes, and berries.
- Caryophyllaceae (carnation family): Herbs with nodal lines connecting leaves. Flowers have an androgynophore stalk bearing both androecium and gynoecium. Tepals are present, true petals absent. Fruits are capsules or utricles.
- Sterculiaceae:
This summarizes the key information about the Nymphalidae family of butterflies:
1) Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies, with over 6,000 described species. It includes well-known butterflies like monarchs and painted ladies.
2) Nymphalid butterflies are often called "brush-footed" because the front pair of legs are small and brush-like, used for sensing rather than walking.
3) Species in this family can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and occupy a wide range of habitats from forests to deserts. They have diverse food sources including flowers, tree sap, and dung.
Arrangement of plants in an orderly sequence based upon their similarities and relationship in hierarchy such as species, genus, family, order, class and division in conformity with the nomenclatural system
The closely related plants are kept within a group and unrelated plants are kept far apart in separate groups.
This document provides information on the monocots order Alismatales, including the families Acoraceae, Alismataceae, and Araceae. It describes key characteristics of each family such as plant structure, economic importance, and example genera. The Acoraceae are described as marsh plants with spadix and spathe flowers. Alismataceae are aquatic or marsh herbs with basal placentation. Araceae have bifacial leaves and a spadix inflorescence, and include important food crops like taro. Example genera like Sagittaria, Echinodorus, and Zantedeschia are also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of the eudicots, which are characterized by tricolpate or tricolpate-derived pollen grains. It discusses the major orders of core eudicots including Ranunculales, Caryophyllales, Saxifragales, rosids, and asterids. Specific families are highlighted such as Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, and the three subfamilies within Fabaceae. Diagrams are included to illustrate floral characteristics of various plants within these groups.
This document discusses the Papilionaceae plant family. It describes the structure of Papilionaceae flowers, which are characterized by their butterfly-like shape. The document outlines the economic importance of some crops in the family, including peas, soybeans, and peanuts. It proposes developing peanuts and cowpeas as new crops and describes traditional and potential commercial uses of peanuts and cowpeas that could make them economically viable.
systematics and production technology of cowpeaAvisha Budhani
This document provides an overview of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), including its:
- Origin in Central Africa
- Classification within the plant kingdom and Fabaceae family
- Major subspecies cultivated, including V. unguiculata, V. cylindrica, and V. sesquipedalis
- Importance as a drought-resistant pulse crop grown in Africa and other warm regions
- Uses of mature seeds as a pulse and immature pods as a vegetable
This document provides information on the botany and taxonomy of various leafy and salad vegetables. It discusses the scientific classification, description, and important varieties of vegetables like asparagus, leek, spinach, amaranth, lettuce, and artichoke. It notes their countries of origin and nutritional benefits. The document is intended as a submission for a horticulture course on leafy and salad vegetables.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
This slideshow is used to teach botany to Master Gardeners in Beauregard Parish, LA. Mr. Jeff McMillian, Advanced Master Gardener, teaches this class and developed this PPT in collaboration with another PPT cited in this presentation.
The document provides information on plant classification systems. It discusses the botanical or taxonomic system of classification, which organizes plants in a hierarchical structure from kingdom down to species based on morphological characteristics. The key levels are kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names follow binomial nomenclature with the genus and species. Classification helps in the identification, discovery, and use of plants. The document also discusses functional classification systems that group plants according to their uses, such as agronomic crops (cereals, legumes, fibers, roots/tubers, forages, industrial crops) and horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, flowers, plantation crops).
This document provides information on the Leguminosae family and some of its crude drugs. It begins with an overview of the family, including its scientific classification, geographical distribution, morphological features, and subfamilies. It then discusses five crude drugs from the family: Cassia, Senna, Acacia, Tamarind, and Glycyrrhiza. For each drug, it provides the botanical origin, parts used, chemical constituents, uses, and other relevant details. The document concludes with references used to compile the information presented.
This document provides information about the Poaceae (grass) family. It describes their habit as herbs, annuals or perennials, sometimes tree-like. Their stems are cylindrical with nodes and internodes, and their leaves are alternate, simple, and distichous. Their inflorescence is a compound spike or panicle of spikelets. They are one of the largest families of angiosperms, with 620 genera and 6,000 species found worldwide. Many economically important grasses are used for food, fodder, sugar, building materials, furniture, aromatics, medicine, paper, and ornamentation.
This document provides an overview of plant classification and taxonomy. It discusses the following key points:
1. Plant taxonomy involves naming and classifying organisms into a hierarchical system. The main divisions are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
2. Angiosperms can be further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Monocots have parallel leaf veins and one cotyledon, while dicots have netted veins and two cotyledons.
3. Taxonomy is important for organizing biological information, providing scientific names, and studying evolutionary relationships between organisms. The hierarchical levels include domain, kingdom, division and species.
This document provides information about the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family and some crude drugs obtained from plants in this family. It discusses:
- The Fabaceae family is one of the largest plant families, including trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. It is divided into 3 subfamilies.
- Cassia, senna, and acacia are some crude drugs obtained from plants in the Fabaceae family. Cassia is obtained from Cinnamomum cassia and is used to treat diabetes. Senna is obtained from leaves and used as a laxative. Acacia gum comes from various Acacia species and is used in medicines, baking, and woodwork
This document provides information about the Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family of flowering plants:
- It is the largest family of flowering plants, with over 1,500 genera and 23,000 species worldwide. India has 166 genera and 803 species.
- Plants can be herbs, shrubs, trees, with features like taproots, tubers, hairy or winged stems, alternate or opposite leaves.
- Flowers are arranged in capitula (flower heads), subtended by involucral bracts, with tubular or ligulate corollas. Stamens are syngenesious and anthers form a cylinder.
- Fruits are cy
This document provides information about the Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family of flowering plants. It discusses the family's large geographical distribution, taxonomy according to different scholars, morphological characteristics including leaves, inflorescence, flowers, and fruits. It also outlines some economic uses of Asteraceae plants such as food, oil, rubber, insecticides, ornamentals, and medicinal properties. Taxonomists have assigned different systematic positions to the family over time.
ORDER ASTERALES
Family compositae (Asteraceae)
It is the largest family among angiosperms, containing about 1,620 genera and 23,600 species
Distributation
The member belonging to this family are found in everywhere on the surface of the earth (Cosmopolitan) in each possible type of habitat .Most of them are herbaceous but form tropical regions ,In Pakistan it is represented by many genera few are given as follows.
Scientific Name: Helianthus annus
Local Name: Surij Muki
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Helianthus tuberosus
Local Name: Hatichuk
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthanus tinctorius
Local Name: Kusum
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthamus oxycanthus
Local Name: Kantiari
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Aertmisia absinthium
Local Name: Vilaiti afsantin
Family: Asteraceae
etc .
Key Characters of some major Angiosperm FamiliesYOGITASHARMA92
This document provides key details about the characteristics of several major angiosperm families, including:
- Ranunculaceae (buttercup family): Herbs, shrubs or vines with foliar spurs that function as nectaries. Petals and sepals may be present or absent. Fruits include follicles, achenes, and berries.
- Caryophyllaceae (carnation family): Herbs with nodal lines connecting leaves. Flowers have an androgynophore stalk bearing both androecium and gynoecium. Tepals are present, true petals absent. Fruits are capsules or utricles.
- Sterculiaceae:
This summarizes the key information about the Nymphalidae family of butterflies:
1) Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies, with over 6,000 described species. It includes well-known butterflies like monarchs and painted ladies.
2) Nymphalid butterflies are often called "brush-footed" because the front pair of legs are small and brush-like, used for sensing rather than walking.
3) Species in this family can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and occupy a wide range of habitats from forests to deserts. They have diverse food sources including flowers, tree sap, and dung.
Arrangement of plants in an orderly sequence based upon their similarities and relationship in hierarchy such as species, genus, family, order, class and division in conformity with the nomenclatural system
The closely related plants are kept within a group and unrelated plants are kept far apart in separate groups.
Semelhante a 2. Classification and importance of leguminous crops (20)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. Legumes (Pulses)
• Latin word “legere” = to gather
• family Leguminosae ( Fabaceae)
• consist of :
- 750 genera
- 19,000 species of herbs, shrubs,
trees, and climbers
3. • Four (4) subfamilies:
▫ Papilionoideae
▫ Caesalpinoideae
▫ Mimosaideae
▫ Zwartzioideae (small subfamily of about
80 species and relatively unimportant
economically)
13. • But not all produce nodules
Ex. Subfamilies of: Caesalpinia, Cassia,
and Bauhinia
• Highest incidence of nodulation appears in
Papilionoideae followed by Mimosoideae
15. c) Distinctive flowers
and pods
-Flowers are bilaterally
symmetrical
-Seeds rich in oil (up
to 50%) and protein
(e.g. 15-50%)
16. • Best identified by their reproductive structures
1.front view of flower of Pisum sativum
(pea);
2. petals of P. sativum;
3. flower of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
(winged bean);
4. flower of P. tetragonolobus in
longitudinal section. a-posterior or
standard petal; b-lateral petal; c-keel
petals (carina); d-sepals; e-stigma;
f-style; g-anther; h-filament; i-ovary wall;
jovule
Figure 2-1. Subfamily Papilionoideae
23. Figure_.Subfamily Caesalpinoideae.
1. bud of Cassia sp.;
2. flower of Cassia sp.;
3. longitudinal section of Delonix regia
(Flame of the Forest or Poinciana)
a-petal;
c-stigma;
e-filament;
b-sepal;
d-style;
f-anther;
g-anther of staminoid;
h-posterior or standard petal;
i-ovary wall;
j ovule.
45. Nutritional value
• Legumes rich in protein (20-30%) N
• contain some fats but usually less
starches than cereal grains
• Has more amino acid composition
which differ from cereal grains
46. Nutritional value
• High fiber levels
• Isoflavones –lower cholesterol levels
• Seeds of almost all legumes are toxic if
eaten uncooked due to proteins or
peptides that inhibit digestive enzymes
(Alkaloids, cyanogens)
47. A Poisonous Legume
Abrus precatorius – Precatory Bean
Abrin – toxin, one of most
toxic substances known
1 crushed seed can be
fatal if ingested
53. Nitrogen fixation
• Roots form associations with bacteria that
fix atmospheric nitrogen
• Rhizobium species live in root nodules
• provide “free” fertilizer (N)
• Atmospheric N can’t be used unless
absorbed in the form of:
- nitrate (NO3-) or
- ammonium (NH4+)
55. Mungo -24 % protein & rich in
vitamins (e.g. thiamine, ascorbic acid
& mineral salts esp. calcium and
sodium)
• feeds, ornamentals, timber, fuel,
medicine, green manure
• components of farming/cropping
systems
• restores soil fertility
56. • Constraints to Food Legume Production:
1. Social & economic factors
- poverty, tradition, fashion, social status,
ignorance or lack of experience;
- lack of demand/poor prices;
- only a subsidiary crop (less priority)
57. 2. Physical and biological factors
-adaptation ( grown in marginal areas)
-agronomic/management (lack of available
improved cultivars)
-poor land preparation (competition of weeds)
58. - growing crop at inappropriate season of the
year (especially if fitted into cereal-based
cropping system
- pest and diseases
- biological N-fixation
- flower shedding and embryo abscission
59. Characteristics:
1. pod - dehiscent (splits into two)
- indehiscent (called loments)
- others have single seed
ex. Winged seed of narra, dispersed by
wind
60. 2. Ability to fix N or convert atmospheric
N into usable form
- through symbiotic relationship
(bet. legume and bacteria)
- host specific
61. Cross
Inoculation
Group
Rhizobium species Legumes
included
Host genera
Alfalfa group R. melitoti Alfalfa/ sweet
clover
Medicago/Melilotus
Clover group R. trifolii clovers Trifolium
Pea group R. leguminosarum pea Pisum
vetch Vicia
Sweet pea Lathyrus
Bean group R. phaseoli Beans Phaseolus
Lupine group R. lupini Lupines Lupinus
Soybean
group
R. japonicum Soybean Glycine
Table . Host specificity of Rhizobium-legume associations
63. • Symbiotic relationship between
macrosymbiont (usually a legume) and a
microsymbiont (Rhizobium)
• Nodules –site of N fixation
But some legumes fail to nodulate due to:
1. unsuitable condition
2. absense of endophyte (microsymbiont)
64. Table _. Legume species and the amount of
atmospheric N fixed/assimilated per hectare
Legume Species Amont of N fixed
(kg/ha/year)
alfalfa 50-350
peas 30-140
peanuts 88
soybean 100
Forage legume 10-550
65. Biological N fixation:
- microbes fixes 150-250 lbs of N/acre/yr
-Bacteria trap atm. N and transformed to
NH3;
- NH3 combines with organic compounds to
form amino acids and proteins;
- In turn plant supplies CHO and energy for
their metabolism
66. • Biological N fixation pathway:
N = N (atmospheric N)
nitrogenase enzyme
+ 2H
NH = NH (diamide)
+ 2H
NH2 = NH2 (hydrazine)
+ 2H
2NH3 (ammonia)
+ alpha-ketoglutaric acid
amino acids
+ other amino acids
proteins