IMPORTANT NOTES FOR PHD

1. Ethics
By:- Prof. B. Hasan

2. Introduction
 Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a
branch of philosophy that involves
systematizing, defending, recommending
concepts of right and wrong behavior.
 Research ethics is specially interested in the
analysis of ethical issues that are raised
when people ( or even animals) are involved
in participants in research.

3. Ethics Defined
 Ethics came from the Greek word ethos ( Character/ Custom/
Disposition)
 Defined as the systematic study of morality.
 Ethics is related to the code or set of principles, standards, or rules that
guide the moral action of an individual within a particular social
framework.
 It is concerned with moral judgment and moral decision, involving
questions about human behavior or conduct

4. Terms related to Ethics
Moral Codes- are the rules that establish the boundaries of generally accepted
behavior.
Value System – is the complex scheme of moral values that we choose to live by.
Traits- It is the distinguishing qualities of a person. It highlights values

5. Moral Philosophy
 Philosophy – General system of values by which people live.
 Moral Philosophy – Refers in particular to the specific principle or rules that
people use to decide what is right or wrong .
 A moral philosophy is a persons principles and values that define what is moral or
immoral.
 Making decisions requires a person to evaluate the “rightness”, or morality, of
choices in terms of his/ her own principle and values.

6. Morality
 Came from the latin word moralis, custom or character in which people do things.
 Refers to what we call moral code or conduct looks at how good or bad our conduct is and our standards
about conduct.
 In colleges there is an ethics class rather than a morality class.
 Morality is ethics in action, but in the end two terms can be used interchangeably.When the word immora
is defined, it is associated with?

7. Contd…..
 Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the
nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others.
 So, whether our moral focus is big picture questions, a practical frame work, or applied to specific
dilemmas, moral philosophy can provide the tools we need to examine and live an ethical life.
Moral Philosophy has three branches:-
1. Meta- Ethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics

8. Meta Ethics Normative Ethics Applied Ethics
“What is Morality?” What we ought to do War and capital punishment
“What is Justice?” Providing a framework for
deciding what is right and wrong
Practical issues of moral
importance
“ Is there truth?” Deontology, utilitarianism, and
virtue ethics.
Whether they should lie to help a
friend or co- worker

9. Nature of Moral Judgments and
reactions
A judgment of right and wrong, good and bad is commonly termed as moral judgement. It is a judgement of value and it evaluates the rightness
or wrongness of our actions.
When we analyze a moral judgment then we find that it contains:
 A Subject which will judge
 An object whose action will be judged .
 A standard in conformity to which the action of the subject will be judged.
 A power of judging the action as required. Moral judgment is the judgment of moral quality of voluntary habitual actions.
Nature of Moral Judgment
Moral Judgment is a judgment of values. It is Distinct from the judgment of facts. A judgment of value is a judgment of “what ought to be”. But
a judgment of fact is a judgment of critical judgment. So, moral judgment is a mental act of pronouncing a particular action to be right or
wrong.
According to mackenzie, Moral Judgment is not merely to state the nature of some object, but to compare it with a standard and to be good or
evil, right or wrong .So, it is normative.

10. Thank you