On May 3, 1882, Jose Rizal secretly left the Philippines aboard the S.S. Salvadora. Only his brother Paciano, two sisters, and a few close friends knew about his departure. Rizal knew that his parents would not approve of his decision to leave, as they feared for his safety.
Jose Rizal went to Madrid in 1882, where his brother Paciano wanted him to stay because it was the center of all the provinces of Spain and where he could learn the most.⁷ Rizal wasted no time in Madrid. He began writing for the Diariong Tagalog under the pseudonym Laong Laan, which means "ever prepared."
On August 20, 1882, his essay "El Amor Patrio" (Love of Country) was published. This work focuses on the author's perceptions of the Philippines, both tangible and imagined. It paints the Philippines as a homeland, worthy of love and protection. In his essay, Rizal wrote:
"Love is an extremely powerful force behind most noble activities. Of all loves, the love of country has inspired the grandest, the most heroic, and the most selfless of deeds. We need only read history books, historical records, or traditions to see this."
After writing "El Amor Patrio," Rizal suspended writing articles about the country because of his mother's opposition. The essay had alerted Spanish officials to Rizal's nationalistic tendencies, and his mother feared that he would be arrested. Rizal also had a difficult time gaining fame, so, he decided to focus on his studies instead.
Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882. He first enrolled in medicine, and later also enrolled in philosophy and letters. He found time for additional lessons, such as painting and sculpture at the Academy of San Carlos, and drawing at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. He also found time to study French, German, and English.
Circulo Hispano-Filipino
During his first year in Madrid, José Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino, a Filipino student organization that met regularly to discuss political issues and to voice out the concerns of Filipinos. The organization was able to publish the newspaper Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino, which aimed to express thoughts about the abusive Spanish government.
However, the publication was short-lived due to lack of funds and conflicting political issues. This led to the dissolution of the organization. Notable members of the organization included José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Juan Luna, and Graciano López Jaena.
Jose Rizal had a difficult time financially during his stay in Madrid. His family's financial status had been declining due to crop failures and the increase in rentals of the Dominican hacienda lands in his hometown. As a result, the monthly allowance that Rizal received from the Philippines was often delayed or not enough. No Time To Waste
Jose Rizal went to Madrid in 1882, where his brother Paciano wanted him to stay because it was the center of all the provinces of..
04 - Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad (Part 1) | Life and Works...Humi
Rizal enrolled in the six-year Bachiller en Artes program at Ateneo, which exposed students to five subjects:
Christian doctrine;
Languages of Spanish, Latin, Greek and French;
History and Geography (world history and geography, history of Spain and the Philippines;
Mathematics and Sciences (geometry, trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry, physics, botany and zoology); and the
Classic disciplines (poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy).
Teaching at Ateneo was unique because classes were divided into two groups that constantly competed against each other to foster healthy competition. One group, called the Roman Empire, was comprised of the interns (boarders), while the other, the Carthaginian Empire, consisted of the externs (non-boarders).
Within each empire, members were also in continuous competition as they vied for the top ranks, called dignitaries, with Emperor being the highest position, followed by Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-Bearer, respectively.
On Rizal's first day, he went to mass at the college chapel and prayed for guidance and success. Then, he went to his class, which consisted of Spaniards, mestizos, and Filipinos.
Since he was new and didn't know much Spanish, Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class as an externo. However, he quickly showed that he was a hardworking and capable student. Within a week, he was moved up to a higher rank. He continued to do well, and within a month, he became the Emperor of their empire. As a reward, he received a religious picture.
To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons at Santa Isabel College during his lunch breaks. He paid three pesos each month, which was a substantial amount of money at that time.
In the second half of his first year, Rizal felt like he hadn't worked hard enough. He wasn't able to stay at the top of his class like he did in the first half, and instead consistently got second place in all of his subjects. His teacher's negative comments about him made him lose motivation.
After studying at the Ateneo, Jose Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas (UST), a Dominican school that was established in 1611.
Donya Teodora, a known advocate for education, surprised her son, Jose Rizal, when she forbade him from studying at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). In his student memoirs, Rizal wrote: "I still remember and will never forget that when I was sixteen, my mother told my father, 'Don't send him to Manila any longer. He knows enough; if he gets to know more, they will cut off his head.' My father did not reply, but my brother took me to Manila despite my mother's tears."
In April 1877, nearly sixteen-year-old Jose Rizal took a course of Philosophy and Letters in the Dominican school. The reason behind this is his father, who wants him to study metaphysics. This will give him a solid foundation in the liberal arts, which could prepare him for a career in law. At the same time, he took a course of surveying in Ateneo.
04 - Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad (Part 1) | Life and Works...Humi
Rizal enrolled in the six-year Bachiller en Artes program at Ateneo, which exposed students to five subjects:
Christian doctrine;
Languages of Spanish, Latin, Greek and French;
History and Geography (world history and geography, history of Spain and the Philippines;
Mathematics and Sciences (geometry, trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry, physics, botany and zoology); and the
Classic disciplines (poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy).
Teaching at Ateneo was unique because classes were divided into two groups that constantly competed against each other to foster healthy competition. One group, called the Roman Empire, was comprised of the interns (boarders), while the other, the Carthaginian Empire, consisted of the externs (non-boarders).
Within each empire, members were also in continuous competition as they vied for the top ranks, called dignitaries, with Emperor being the highest position, followed by Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-Bearer, respectively.
On Rizal's first day, he went to mass at the college chapel and prayed for guidance and success. Then, he went to his class, which consisted of Spaniards, mestizos, and Filipinos.
Since he was new and didn't know much Spanish, Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class as an externo. However, he quickly showed that he was a hardworking and capable student. Within a week, he was moved up to a higher rank. He continued to do well, and within a month, he became the Emperor of their empire. As a reward, he received a religious picture.
To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons at Santa Isabel College during his lunch breaks. He paid three pesos each month, which was a substantial amount of money at that time.
In the second half of his first year, Rizal felt like he hadn't worked hard enough. He wasn't able to stay at the top of his class like he did in the first half, and instead consistently got second place in all of his subjects. His teacher's negative comments about him made him lose motivation.
After studying at the Ateneo, Jose Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas (UST), a Dominican school that was established in 1611.
Donya Teodora, a known advocate for education, surprised her son, Jose Rizal, when she forbade him from studying at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). In his student memoirs, Rizal wrote: "I still remember and will never forget that when I was sixteen, my mother told my father, 'Don't send him to Manila any longer. He knows enough; if he gets to know more, they will cut off his head.' My father did not reply, but my brother took me to Manila despite my mother's tears."
In April 1877, nearly sixteen-year-old Jose Rizal took a course of Philosophy and Letters in the Dominican school. The reason behind this is his father, who wants him to study metaphysics. This will give him a solid foundation in the liberal arts, which could prepare him for a career in law. At the same time, he took a course of surveying in Ateneo.
03 - Rizal's Family, Childhood, and Early Education | Life and Works of RizalHumi
There are two common misconceptions about Young Rizal: firstly, that he was an exceptional child who could do everything, and secondly, that he was born that way. However, upon closer study, we realize that both of these assumptions are untrue, and many of the stories that portray him as a prodigy at a very young age are fabricated.
In this slide, we will take a closer look on Rizal's childhood and present him as a normal child rather than a superhero. We will also explore the people and events that shaped him into the person he became during his formative years.
---
Jose Rizal was the seventh child of the Mercado family, who were relatively well-off and lived on a tenant land owned by a Dominican in Calamba, Laguna
1. Saturnina
Nickname: Neneng
She’s the oldest of the Rizal chidren. She married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas and had five children together.
2. Paciano
Also known as: "Lolo Ciano"
He was the older (also only) brother and confidant of Jose Rizal. After his younger brother’s execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general. After the Revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Baños, where he lived as a gentleman farmer and died an old bachelor aged 79. He had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a girl.
3. Narcisa
Pet Name: Sisa
She was the one who found the unmarked grave of her brother in the abandoned Old Paco Cemetary. She married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher and musician from Morong.
4. Olimpia
Pet name: Ypia
She married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila. and together they had three children. She died in 1887 from childbirth when she was only 32 years old.
5. Lucia
She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Together, they had five children. In 1889, Mariano died due to an epidemic but was denied a Christian burial. This was due to the fact that he was the brother in law of Jose Rizal.
6. Maria
Nickname: Biang
She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna and together they had 5 children. Mauricio Cruz, one of Maria's children became a student of Jose Rizal in Dapitan and was known to be one of his uncle's favorites. Maria was a known recipient of many od Jose's letters during his lifetime.
Francisco Mercado Rizal was more than just the father of Jose Rizal; he was a man of admirable qualities.
Born on May 11, 1818, in Binan Laguna, Francisco Mercado Rizal studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
Francisco lost his father early, and when both of his parents died, he moved to Calamba to work in a hacienda owned by a Dominican.
He was a man of few words but great actions, with a strong body and a sharp mind.
He was elected by the citizens of Calamba to be their "cabeza de barangay," or head of the town.
His son, Jose Rizal, affectionately called him "a model of fathers" in his student memoirs.
This mission was to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the great task of liberating his oppressed people from the Spanish tyranny. The course to Spain is the start of Rizal's travels.
Chapter 13 15: Chapter 13: Rizal's Visit to the United States 1888 Chapter 1...TriciaVillalobos
Life and Works of Rizal : Chapter 13: Rizal's Visit to the United States 1888
Chapter 15: Second Sojourn of Rizal In Paris and the Universal Exposition
03 - Rizal's Family, Childhood, and Early Education | Life and Works of RizalHumi
There are two common misconceptions about Young Rizal: firstly, that he was an exceptional child who could do everything, and secondly, that he was born that way. However, upon closer study, we realize that both of these assumptions are untrue, and many of the stories that portray him as a prodigy at a very young age are fabricated.
In this slide, we will take a closer look on Rizal's childhood and present him as a normal child rather than a superhero. We will also explore the people and events that shaped him into the person he became during his formative years.
---
Jose Rizal was the seventh child of the Mercado family, who were relatively well-off and lived on a tenant land owned by a Dominican in Calamba, Laguna
1. Saturnina
Nickname: Neneng
She’s the oldest of the Rizal chidren. She married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas and had five children together.
2. Paciano
Also known as: "Lolo Ciano"
He was the older (also only) brother and confidant of Jose Rizal. After his younger brother’s execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general. After the Revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Baños, where he lived as a gentleman farmer and died an old bachelor aged 79. He had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a girl.
3. Narcisa
Pet Name: Sisa
She was the one who found the unmarked grave of her brother in the abandoned Old Paco Cemetary. She married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher and musician from Morong.
4. Olimpia
Pet name: Ypia
She married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila. and together they had three children. She died in 1887 from childbirth when she was only 32 years old.
5. Lucia
She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Together, they had five children. In 1889, Mariano died due to an epidemic but was denied a Christian burial. This was due to the fact that he was the brother in law of Jose Rizal.
6. Maria
Nickname: Biang
She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna and together they had 5 children. Mauricio Cruz, one of Maria's children became a student of Jose Rizal in Dapitan and was known to be one of his uncle's favorites. Maria was a known recipient of many od Jose's letters during his lifetime.
Francisco Mercado Rizal was more than just the father of Jose Rizal; he was a man of admirable qualities.
Born on May 11, 1818, in Binan Laguna, Francisco Mercado Rizal studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
Francisco lost his father early, and when both of his parents died, he moved to Calamba to work in a hacienda owned by a Dominican.
He was a man of few words but great actions, with a strong body and a sharp mind.
He was elected by the citizens of Calamba to be their "cabeza de barangay," or head of the town.
His son, Jose Rizal, affectionately called him "a model of fathers" in his student memoirs.
This mission was to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the great task of liberating his oppressed people from the Spanish tyranny. The course to Spain is the start of Rizal's travels.
Chapter 13 15: Chapter 13: Rizal's Visit to the United States 1888 Chapter 1...TriciaVillalobos
Life and Works of Rizal : Chapter 13: Rizal's Visit to the United States 1888
Chapter 15: Second Sojourn of Rizal In Paris and the Universal Exposition
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
7. Jose's primary goal in leaving for Europe
in 1882 was to complete his education.
8. However, he had a secret mission: to study European
cultures, laws, and governments for the eventual
liberation of the Philippines from Spanish rule.
9. Rizal's journey took him through several countries.
He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, after a
month and a half of travel.
10.
11. Since it was summer vacation in Barcelona when he arrived,
he was able to meet and socialize with acquaintances and
former classmates from the Ateneo.
12.
13. In 1882, Jose Rizal went to Madrid, following his
brother Paciano's advice to stay there for its
central location and educational opportunities.
14. In Madrid, Rizal swiftly
engaged by writing for
Diariong Tagalog under the
pseudonym Laong Laan.
His essay "El Amor Patrio"
(Love of Country) was
published on August 20, 1882.
15. This work focuses on the author's views on
the Philippines, depicting it as a cherished
homeland deserving love and protection.
22. Rizal family faced financial decline
due to crop failures and rising
rentals of Dominican hacienda
lands in their hometown.
23. As a result, the monthly
allowance that Rizal received
from the Philippines was
often delayed or not enough.
24. As a student in Spain, Rizal depended
on money from his brother Paciano.
He was advised not to work to stay
focused on his mission.
25. Rizal lived frugally, allocating most of his money to education.
At times, he attended classes hungry, sacrificing meals to
cover exam fees and purchase necessary books and tools.
26. In his free time, he visited museums, read books, and
walked around hungry, satisfying his appetite with the
aroma of food from restaurants and cafes.
27. On June 25, 1884, Rizal attended a banquet
celebrating the success of Filipino painters
Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo at
the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes.
28. Luna's painting "Spoliarium" won a gold medal,
while Hidalgo's painting "Virgenes Cristianas
Expuestas al Populacho" won a silver medal.
29. At the banquet, Rizal gave a
speech that would make history.
30.
31. Rizal's speech was recorded by the reporters
who attended the banquet, and it was
published in the magazine "Los Dos Mundos."
32. Rizal gained fame overnight as supportive Spaniards lauded
his progressive speech on Filipino equality, and Filipinos
supporting the Propaganda Movement congratulated him.
33. Just as fame beckoned, Rizal found
out that his family was worried about
the impact of his "toast speech".
34.
35.
36. Despite the controversy caused by
his speech, Rizal continued his
studies for a doctorate in medicine.
37. He finished the coursework but failed to obtain
the Doctor's diploma due to a lack of thesis
submission and unpaid fees.
38. However, during Rizal's time, a licentiate was enough to
practice medicine. At the age of 24, José also finished
his licentiate in Philosophy and Letters in 1885.
39.
40. In November 1885, Rizal moved to Paris to specialize in
ophthalmology and worked as an assistant under Dr.
Louis de Wecker, a renowned French ophthalmologist.
41. As a result, Rizal significantly improved his skills in
conducting eye operations, diagnosing ailments,
and employing various eye surgery techniques.
42. Rizal also met up with his friends, including painter
Juan Luna and writer/medical student Maximo Viola.
43. During his stay with Luna, Rizal became a model
and posed for two historical paintings.
44. Also at this time, Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere
was half-finished.
45.
46. Due to the high cost of living in Paris,
Rizal left for Germany in February 1886.
47. He arrived in Heidelberg, an old university town, and
worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker, a renowned
German ophthalmologist at the University Eye Hospital.
48. Rizal mastered the techniques of diagnosing eye ailments
under Dr. Becker, which he had first learned from Dr. Wecker.
49. The program emphasized operations less, but Rizal's hands-on
experience in Paris made him one of Dr. Becker's top students.
50.
51. While studying in Germany, Rizal heard of an Austrian
scholar intrigued by the Philippines. Though unfamiliar,
the scholar was eager to learn more.
52. Eager to share his knowledge, Rizal wrote a letter
to the curious Austrian scholar Blumentritt, who
was studying the Tagalog language.
53. Blumentritt was delighted to receive Rizal's letter and
gift, and he reciprocated by sending Rizal two books.
54. Rizal and Blumentritt became close friends, and
they corresponded regularly for many years.
55.
56. In November 1886, Jose Rizal moved
to Berlin, Germany, aiming to explore
ophthalmology, German culture,
government, and meet scientists.
57. Rizal intended to publish
his novel, Noli Me Tangere,
but he was sick, sad, and
penniless.
His brother Paciano was
unable to send him his
monthly allowance due to
crop failures in Calamba.
58.
59. Learning of Rizal's troubles, Maximo Viola
lent him money for both his allowance and
the printing cost of "Noli Me Tangere."
60. In 1887, 2,000 copies of Noli Me Tangere
were distributed to Filipinos in Europe.
61. Bound copies were shipped to friends in Spain who smuggled
them into the Philippines disguised as merchandise.
62. With Viola, Rizal visited
different countries and his
spirit began to soar again.
63. Rizal took a ship from Marseilles and started home on July 5,
1887. He was finally ready to operate on his mother's cataracts.
65. The Propaganda Movement
In the late 19th century, a group of
young Filipino expatriates in Europe
sparked a movement for reform
and national consciousness.
66. The Propaganda Movement published its own newspaper,
La Solidaridad, which saw print every two weeks.
67. Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor,
and Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in late 1889.
68. Del Pilar managed the publication until the
newspaper folded due to lack of funds.
69. The Propaganda Movement
was an assimilationist movement that sought
to fully incorporate the Philippines into Spain.
70. They also wanted to empower the native
Filipino clergy and showcase Filipino
intellectual sophistication to the world.
71.
72. Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines in
August 1887 after five years of living abroad.
73. He was greeted by controversy. The Jesuits at the
Ateneo attempted to get him to return to his old faith.
74. There are friars who were resolute in silencing
Rizal, preaching against him in church and
publishing denouncing pamphlets.
75. Nevertheless, Rizal stayed busy in Calamba by establishing
a medical clinic, with his mother as his first patient.
76. On August 30, 1887, Rizal left Calamba for
Manila to meet with Governor-General Emilio
Terrero, a liberal-minded Spanish official.
77. After reading the novel, Terrero saw no issue with it.
Concerned for Rizal's safety, he assigned Lieutenant
Jose Taviel de Andrade for protection.
78. At about the same time, Terrero ordered an
investigation into the Calamba agrarian problems.
79. Rizal led the Calamba tenants' investigation,
presenting findings to Terrero that revealed
the friars' exploitation.
80. Furious with Rizal's findings, the
friars demanded Terrero to order
Rizal to leave the country.
84. Link to the video.
Editor’s Note: Due to its length and irrelevance to the topic,
Rizal's visits to Hong Kong, Japan, the USA, London, Paris, and
other countries are omitted from this slide.
You can still explore them further in my video on this topic (42:44)
or by searching the YouTube channel "Over the Academic Wall."
85.
86. In January 1890, Jose Rizal relocated to Brussels, Belgium,
seeking a more affordable and focused lifestyle away from
the high expenses and social distractions of Paris.
87. Rizal was troubled by reports that some Filipinos in Spain were
gambling too much, and he feared that this was giving the
friars ammunition to discredit the Propaganda Movement.
88. He urged Marcelo H. del Pilar to remind Filipinos
in Madrid that their purpose was not to gamble
but to strive for Philippine freedom.
89.
90.
91.
92. Rizal also learned that his family and relatives were evicted
from their Calamba land due to increased rents imposed
by the Dominican friars, making them refuse to pay.
93. He wrote a poem entitled "A Mi Musa" (To My Muse)
that was published on La Solidaridad to express his
disappointment and to call for justice.
94. Defending his family in court, Rizal tasted defeat.
The injustice fueled his fight for Filipino rights.
114. When Rizal heard about Pryer's plans for the British
colony, he suggested creating a Filipino colony in
North Borneo for the evicted Calamba tenants.
115. Pryer embraced Rizal's proposal. Together, they met the
governor of North Borneo to discuss leasing 5,000
acres, with an option to buy more for 950 years.
116. But there was a problem – the Calamba tenants
couldn't leave the Philippines without permission from
the Spanish Governor-General, Eulogio Despujol.
117. To address this, Rizal wrote to Despujol asking for permission
to change their nationality, sell their property in the
Philippines, and let those facing trouble leave the country.
118. Despujol got incensed and thought Rizal might
use the Filipino colony in North Borneo to start
a revolution against Spain.
119. Instead of replying directly, Despujol asked the
Spanish Consul in Hongkong to invite Rizal
back to Manila to discuss the matter.
120. Rizal's family and friends advised him to decline
Despujol's invitation, considering it a trap.
121. However, Rizal was resolute in his determination to
improve the lives of the evicted Calamba tenants.
122.
123.
124.
125. Rizal shall set foot once again upon the cherished land
of the Philippines, where destiny beckons him to weave
his final chapter, immersing himself in its embrace until
the final whispers of mortality claim him.
128. References:
• Encyclopedia Britannica. “Propaganda Movement,” 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Propaganda-Movement.
• “Episode 4: Rizal Abroad” (PODKAS, 2022),
https://www.podkas.org/rizal-on-air/rizal-abroad.
• Ladrido, Portia. “This Book Reveals 5 Things You Never Knew about
José Rizal.” CNN Philippines, 2018.
https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/literature/2018/10/5/jose
-rizal-andersen-tales.html.
• Mantle Magazine, https://www.mantlemagazine.com/.
• Nery, Imelda, and Paul John Sion. The Life and Works of Jose Rizal. 1st
ed. JTCA Publishing, 2019.
• Ocampo, Ambeth. “Rizal and His ‘Bff’: My Finds in Czechoslovakia.”
Inquirer, 2017. https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/261765/rizal-bff-finds-
czechoslovakia/.
• Pasigui, Ronnie Espergal, and Danilo Hipolito Cabalu. Jose Rizal: The
Man and the Hero: Chronicles, Legacies, and Controversies. 2nd ed.
C&E Publishing, 2014.
• Ramos, John Ray. Bayani Biographies: Jose Rizal. St. Matthew’s
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