Qual data analysis
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A summary of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana's book
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Qual data analysis
- 1. Qualitative Data Analysis A summary of Miles and Huberman’s (and Saldana’s) book
- 4. Step 1: Data reduction Code Case summary
- 5. Data reduction techniques • Participant data cards • Post-it note affinity exercise • Summarize in field notes • Paraphrase quotes • Pick out key quotes only • Tag only relevant photos; discard others • Answer your research questions after each session • CODE YOUR DATA
- 6. Ways to code social interaction Strauss (1987) 1. Interactions among actors 2. Conditions 3. Strategies and tactics 4. Consequences Lofland (1971) 1. Acts 2. Activities 3. Meanings 4. Participation 5. Relationships 6. Settings
- 7. A UX centric way to code Usable Desirable Findable Useful Valuable Credible Accessible The elements of UX by Peter Morville
- 8. Coding Tools
- 9. Step 2: Data display Display Name Type Description Good for Partially ordered Context chart Network style Shows inter-relationships among roles and groups Organizational research Checklist matrix Table style List of effects around a single variable Deep understanding of one variable Time ordered Event listing Table style List of events or process Understanding a process Critical Incident Chart Table style List of only key events over time Understanding inflection points Event state network Network style Completed after event listing; shows context Understanding causes and contexts of chronology Activity record Network style A narrative of each event in a detailed process, in node display Showing details of multi-step process Decision modeling Network style Flow chart of events Interactive flows and/or wireframes for Web sites Time ordered matrix Table style A table, with time events as columns Tracking key drivers of change Role ordered Role ordered matrix Table style Table summarizing roles in rows and variables in columns In-depth understanding of single sites and roles within them Role-by-time matrix Table style A role-order matrix, with time as an additional column Showing who does what when Conceptually ordered Conceptually clustered matrix Table style Table with participants in rows and research questions in columns Answering original research questions, discerning patterns Thematic Conceptual matrix Table style Table with themes in rows and variables in columns Answering original research questions, setting up for quant Folk Taxonomy Network style Unstructured network diagram similar to a mental model, includes hierarchical ordering Brainstorming causality Cognitive map Network style Unstructured diagram summarizing an individual's understanding of a phenomenon Starting an aggregate mental model Effects matrix Table style A table for describing outcomes of particular events Revealing what might be a dependent variable in future quant study
- 10. Context chart
- 11. Time ordered display Stage 0: Inventory Stage 1: Christmas Thinking Stage 2: Purchase and Prep Stage 3: Decorate Stage 4: Top-up Trip Stage 5: Experience Stage 6: Cancelling Christmas Stage 6A: January Sales Participants "check" their lights and ensure that they have all the basic supplies to complete the job. Participants are re- familiarizing themselves with the items they need to put up the lights. This requires actually LOOKING at the items. There is a pulling out and opening of boxes. This is a half-hearted poke around. In fact, many of our participants were doing this inventory for this project. There is little urgency about the process. Participants are picking up general signals about the coming Christmas season. The signals are in stores, magazines, on television, on the radio, and in their workplaces. It is also sometimes through their children's experiences at school. This phase happens only after Halloween is over. Participants at this stage are "dreaming" of Christmas, musing about Christmas in general. There is little concrete planning. It involves creating a "mental mood board" of the look and feel of this year's decorations. Changes to last year's design is often spurred by other design changes to the house. Participants in this stage are getting into project management mode. The goal here is to gather all the materials necessary for the outdoor lighting and the indoor decorations. This is a concerted process with specific goals and some urgency. It involves verifying the mental list of requirements generated in Stage 0. It also involves The Drive To The Store, which may actually be several drives to several stores. Specificity is now required. Participants are now in execution mode. This day or days is usually the "first nice day" that occurs after Christmas Thinking. It may be the same day as Stage 2 (which makes for a very long day). Participants on this day have very specific goals that must be completed by the end of that day. The end of this day is quite satisfying and often involves a self- congratulatory drink. Participants in this optional stage have been forced to get more supplies. Driving to the store after decoration has begun is particularly vexing. They will return to finish Stage 3. This stage is thankless, frustrating and must be done quickly. Participants are managing the new lighting during this stage. This involves the turning off and on of lights (or outsourcing this responsibility to a timer if they have one). It also involves the enjoyment of the lights as they themselves pull into the driveway. Participants in this stage are switching into archiving mode. Putting away decorations is often exhausting and even bittersweet. As a result, they may not employ good archiving practices (e.g., they may throw lights into piles with no labels or careful coiling). Everything, including the lights, goes away at this time. Participants may arbitrarily define some items as "winter-y" in order to keep them out on display. They may also make justifications for keeping "Christmas" lights up, including: they're "all year round lights" or "we just won't turn them on." Participants in this stage need help archiving items, and reasons to keep lights up. Few participants engage in this stage. This is the "Martha" character who seeks out sales in order to save money. She is already organized, so she needs little project management assistance. Participants in this stage are price motivated, but will not buy just anything.
- 12. Cognitive map
- 13. Cognitive map
- 15. Step 3: Drawing conclusions The company of the future will be smaller, filled with older workers, and will take up less physical space. 1. Hunt for patterns 2. Write out explicit conclusions 3. Check raw data again 4. Triangulate 5. Find exemplars 6. Ask, “so what”?
Notas do Editor
- This is how Miles and Huberman conceive of qualitative data analysis. They believe that these three steps are what constitutes the analysis. Note that they overlap and continue throughout the research project. Miles and Huberman note that data reduction does NOT NECESSARILY MEAN quantification. Data can be reduced in volume in many ways. For example: selecting emblematic quotes, summarizing field notes, writing analytic memos, paraphrasing long quotes. Reduction is the process whereby you decide what is important. In quant research it’s very easy…measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, tests of significance. But as Van Maanen calls qualitative research as “procedures for counting to 1.” That means that data reduction is a key component to every stage of the qual research project. Miles and Huberman argue that it happens even when you’re crafting your research question. The DISPLAY stage is particularly important to design-based research in part because it lives “good design,” but also because it creates a “shared artifact” for the team to experience, annotate and co-own. This is perhaps the most ironic of all parts of Miles and Huberman’s book in that their own displays are really quite terrible. I’ve taken a stab at summarizing Note that these stages are also iterative, with each beginning and ending in short sprints.
- Miles and Huberman note that this is a critical step. Qual research generated voluminous amounts of data. It’s the hardest thing for us to reduce our data. But we do it, often without thinking about it. They note that “words are fatter than numbers.” This is the big problem with qual data Ways we might reduce data One way to do this is through writing a case summary or a field visit report. This is one you see here on the left that I did for an ethnography of people who use . You can see that I’m summarizing important points relating back to the research questions. Another is through “coding.” On the right is an image from my friend Steve Portigal’s Web site. He’s doing research here on the nature of reading. You can see with the pink post its, he’s naming a category. In this way, he is summarizing or REDUCING. That’s what categorizing is – reducing the amount of data you have.
- M & H summarize a few other authors’ suggestions for how to code. You can think of these as categories or even variables. I personally am a big fan of strategies and tactics from a UX perspective. It shows you where the user is frustrated or over compensating or looking for a workaround. That can be a usability workaround or more recently we see social workarounds, like if we embarrass them.
- Useful. As practitioners, we can’t be content to paint within the lines drawn by managers. We must have the courage and creativity to ask whether our products and systems are useful, and to apply our knowledge of craft + medium to define innovative solutions that are more useful. Usable. Ease of use remains vital, and yet the interface-centered methods and perspectives of human-computer interaction do not address all dimensions of web design. In short, usability is necessary but not sufficient. Desirable. Our quest for efficiency must be tempered by an appreciation for the power and value of image, identity, brand, and other elements of emotional design. Findable. We must strive to design navigable web sites and locatable objects, so users can find what they need. Accessible. Just as our buildings have elevators and ramps, our web sites should be accessible to people with disabilities (more than 10% of the population). Today, it’s good business and the ethical thing to do. Eventually, it will become the law. Credible. Thanks to the Web Credibility Project, we’re beginning to understand the design elements that influence whether users trust and believe what we tell them. Valuable. Our sites must deliver value to our sponsors. For non-profits, the user experience must advance the mission. With for-profits, it must contribute to the bottom line and improve customer satisfaction.
- Onenote Photo Gallery Max QDA
- Network or table A simple table is pretty useful because it is easy to do and you can do it immediately in excel. The network style is harder because you have to use either Visio or I’ve just bought mind mapper, which I can show you in a second.
- This is the cognitive map, in network style