1. Smart materials
Smart coatings and printed smart materials
Opportunities and challenges for
innovation ?
R. De Keyzer
Agfa Materials Technology Center

2. Agenda
 Smart material: the markets
 Smart materials: a definition
 Some examples
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Smart materials in actuator and sensors applications
 X-chromic materials and applications
 Smart coatings inspired by nature
 Opportunity : smart materials and printing ?
 Challenges
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3. Economical Outlook 2010
Smart material and applications
 Smart Materials $12 Billion dollar market (AGR 8.6 %)
 50% - Piezo Electro-ceramics
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 30% - Biomimetics materials
 15% - Thermal responsive
 5% - Others Active Fluids…
 Application market $52 Billion dollar (AGR 13.5 %)
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4. Chromogenics applications and markets
 Materials Today, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2004, Pages
28-35 – ‘smart’ or ‘smart engineered’ Chromogenic
materials are colour or visibility switchable materials
 Markets:
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Automotive: dynamic antiglare mirrors: $ 300 million per
year.
 Producers: Gentex, Magna Donnelly, Nikon, and
Murakami-Kaimedo.
 Architectural: switchable sunroof glazing (Saint-Gobain)
 Aircraft:. Electrochromic windows for pilots and
passengers
 Information displays: e-paper, flexible displays, OLED…
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5. Smart packaging market
 Global Smart packaging market (Nanomarkets.com)
 $ 4,8 billion by 2011
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 $ 14,1 billion by 2013
 Printable electronics enables smart packaging
 RFIDs..tracing
 Sensing packaging
 OLED displays and light
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6. Some considerations on productdevelopment
Clive Bosnyak (Creative Polymer)
 Smart materials in Plastics (Antec 2007):
 “In principle, all markets currently enjoyed by commercial polymers
could be expanded by new and improved applications if one can obtain
Materials/Materials Technology Center
the increased performance functionality possible with smart materials
incorporation at the right price.
 These new opportunities are most likely to arise from redesigning
applications with an integrated smart materials systems approach,
rather than retrofitting smart materials into existing applications.”
 As for smart polymeric material systems in the near future
 a focus on
 high value applications such as with human health – physical therapy,
sports, drug delivery, and water and air purity – will continue to expand
first
 followed by energy conservation applications such as photovoltaics,
smart insulation and portable power.”
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7. Smart materials defined for now
“A smart material can be described as a material that has a
useful response to external influences or stimuli.”
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Normal materials have limited or no responses to external
stimuli
 Smart materials have appropriate responses to external
stimuli
 ... response is the same every time
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8. Smart materials have appropriate responses
Some examples
 Photochromic glass
• darkens in bright light
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Low melting point wax in a fire sprinkler
• blocks the nozzle until it gets hot
 Embedded optical fibres
• broken ends reflect light back
 Piezo-electric materials and structures
• shape changes when voltage applied
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9. Smart Materials : some examples
Materials/Materials Technology Center
•Shape memory polymers and alloys
•SmartHeat shrink tubing and packaging
Wire
•SmartAutomatic actuators – open/close greenhouse windows
Link Silicone
Actuators, linear, angular and rotary
Thermostats for heating control
Anthromorphic actuation – human like robotic motion
Allows rotary motion between shafts up to 3600
•Smart Fluids
•Piezoelectriccontrol gel – CD tray opening/closing, camera lenses
Motion Materials
•Chameleonfluids – earthquake dampers in buildings, hard disks
Ferro
Colours
Sensors, musical cards, motors, actuators, clocks
Car paints, printing inks, packaging
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10. Smart materials as actuators and
sensors
 Piezoelectric crystals
 shape changes when voltage applied
 Shape memory materials
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 shape changes at a specific temperature
 alloys = SMA .... polymers = SMP
 Magneto-rheological (MR) fluids
 viscosity changes with magnetic field
 Electro-rheological (ER) fluids
 viscosity changes with electric field
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11. Advantages
 No moving parts
 High reliability
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Low power requirements
 Provide new capabilities that are presently not possible
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12. Piezoelectric Materials
 Expand and contract with the application of voltage
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Piezoceramics are the most widely used smart material
 Applications
 Ink Jet Printers
 Sonar
 Medical Diagnostics
 High frequency stereo-speakers
 Computer Keyboards
 Microphones
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13. An Agfa Graphics example:MPress, the fastest high volume digital
inkjet printer based on an array of 64x762 piezo activated inkjet
nozzles
Materials/Materials Technology Center
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14. Example of system integration approach
INK – printhead interactions
Example: ink / waveform for piezo printhead
Materials/Materials Technology Center
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15. Agfa’s Solutions in Wide Format and
Single Pass
Productivity
sqm/hour
2 1000 :Dotrix
Single Pass
Materials/Materials Technology Center
:M-Press Wide Format
1 500
400
II. The products
:Anapurna family
100
50
10
Flexible packaging Billboard Poster & Photos
and niche markets & Posters
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16. Shape Memory Alloys
 Are metals that can be deformed and
then returned to their original shape by
Materials/Materials Technology Center
heating
 Applications
 Aeronautical applications
 Surgical tools
 Muscle wires
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17. Magnetostrictive Materials
 Expand and contract with the application of
magnetic fields.
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Applications
 High-power sonar transducers
 Motors
 Hydraulic actuators
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18. Active Fluids
 Respond to an electric (electrorheological) or a
magnetic (magnetorheological) field with a
Materials/Materials Technology Center
change in viscosity
 Applications
 Tunable dampers
 Vibration-isolation systems
 Clutches
 Brakes
 Resistance Controls
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19. Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
 Respond to strain and temperature by a shift in their
optical wavelength
Materials/Materials Technology Center
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20. Smart materials : other examples
 X-chromic materials /optically changing materials
 Thermo-
 Photo-
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Mechano-
 Chemo-
 Electro-
 Some inspiration from nature…
 Selfcleaning coatings
 Smart fabrics
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21. Thermochromic effect
Inactivated Sheet
Materials/Materials Technology Center
•Thermocolour Sheet
Finger placed on
sheet
This is a self adhesive
sheet whose colour
changes according to the
temperature. Used for
thermometers, heat
warning patches and
Sheet changes colour
novelty advertising of according to temp
products
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22. Phosphorescent effect
 Other more modern examples of smart materials include :
Materials/Materials Technology Center
•Phosphorescent Sheet
This is a sheet that
absorbs light energy and
re-emits it as white light
for up to eight hours.
Used extensively for
emergency lighting in the
event of a power cut
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23. An Agfa Graphics example:Photochromic
inkjet inks
 Development by Agfa/IIS: Photochromic inks
Materials/Materials Technology Center
+UV +UV
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24. An Agfa Materials example:
Lighting: OLED & EL-lighting
 OLED: thin film device on glass / foil
New technology with potential of:
• Flexible, thin film technology
• High brightness (5000-7000 Cd/m2)
• High efficiency (70-100 lm/W)
Materials/Materials Technology Center
• Long lifetime
• Flexible colors
• Low cost
 Electroluminescent lighting
Existing (older) technology:
• Flexible ‘thin’ film technology
• Low brightness (100-300 Cd/m2)
• High efficiency
• Limited lifetime
• Flexible colors but ‘pink’ white
• Moderate cost
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25. Biomimetics: innovations from understanding
nature
 The concept of taking ideas from nature to implement
in another technology
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces
 Drag reduction by shark skin
 Smart-fabric
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26. Biomimetics: Lotus
effect
 most efficient self-cleaning plant
= great sacred lotus
(Nelumbo nucifera)
 mimicked in paints and
other surface coatings
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 pipe cleaning in oil refineries (Norway)
 Images from
http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
 http://www.villalachouette.de/william/lotusv2.gif
 http://www.nees.uni-
bonn.de/lotus/en/vergleich.html
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27. Biomimetics
 Lotus effect self-cleaning surfaces
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 surface of leaf water droplet on leaf
 Image from http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/e/lotus.htm
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28. Materials/Materials Technology Center
Biomimetics
 Drag reduction by shark skin imitation
 Special alignment and grooved structure
of tooth-like scales embedded in shark skin
decrease drag and thus
greatly increase swimming proficiency
 Airbus fuel consumption down 1½%
when “shark skin” coating applied to aircraft
o Image from http://www.pelagic.org/biology/scales.html
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29. Smart-fabric
 Pine-cone model
 Adapts to changing
Materials/Materials Technology Center
temperatures
by opening when warm or
shutting tight if cold
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30. Challenges
 From discovery to innovation…from material to system
 From smart material to market innovation (extra functionality vs
customer value)
 Self healing coatings (holy grale)
 Self cleaning windows
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 Smart windows
 Antimicrobial coatings and fabrics
 Smart sensing packaging
 Process Integration and integrated smart productdesign
 Textiles, and fabrics
 Structures
 Multi technologies on multiscale
 Advanced materials
 Nano- and micro structured systems
 Nano designed materials important technology enabler for smart
products
 Printing as a low cost high volume deposition structuring technique
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31. Advanced product development
Materials/Materials Technology Center
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32. Remarks
 Atlas Copco Sofie Deprez
 "Smart materials is a very interesting concept. Are, at this moment, already
applications which are also low cost - high number - easy producable- long
life? (Not all this parameters must be present at the same time). Reputation
of high cost is correct? What are the expectations for the future?
 Flanders' FOOD Steven Van Campenhout
Materials/Materials Technology Center
 "Use of smart materials for application in food industry: technological
applications/opportunities (printable RFID, anti-microbial materials,
applicability in food handling systems, other?) . Also keeping in mind food
contact, cleanability, hygiene guidelines “
 OCAS Arcelor Mittal Vincent Stone
 Most self stratifying coatings systems described in the literature are solvent
or water based. The heterophase polymer structure is obtained through
phase separation of polymers dissolved in a common co solvent. We are
facing the challenge to extend this self stratifying concept to systems (e.g.
100%, UV curable systems) that could further improve the economics and
environmental performance of the coating process.
 VITO Dirk Vangeneugden
 I would like to evaluate to what extend the expertise within VITO's Materials
Unit could contribute to the realization of some applications in the field of
Smart Materials.
 Mikrocentrum Jan van Moorsel
 To find an easy way for solutions in nanomaterials and coatings for SMEs.
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33. Materials/Materials Technology Center
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34. Bronnen
 [1] Gosselink, L., Vries, J.C.A. de, Beurden, K.M.M. van (2008).Smart
Materials, “book of ideas”. Enschede: Saxion KenniscentrumDesign &
Technologie. Dit boekje is te downloaden
viahttp://saxion.nl/designentechnologie/downloads
 [2] Kort, H., Cordia, A., Witte, L. de (2008). Langdurende zorg
Materials/Materials Technology Center
entechnologie. Den Haag: Uitgeverij LEMMA.
 [3] Buchaca, J. (2005). Smart Materials: A Technology and
MarketAssessment. Verkregen op 18 juni 2009
viahttp://www.bccresearch.com/report/AVM023C.html
 [4] Hooper, A. Smart Materials. Verkregen op 22 juni 2009 via
http://smartextiles.co.uk/overview/smart-materials/
 [5] Oricalco - thermal shape memory fabric. Verkregen via
http://www.gzespace.com/new/eng/Sto_Oricalco.html
 [6] A Braille e-Book Reader Concept. Verkregen via
http://www.gottabemobile.com/2009/04/22/a-braille-e-bookreader-
concept
 [7] Impactx Photochromic lenses. Verkregen via
http://www.rudyprojectusa.com/technology/impactx.htm
 [8] Impactx Polarized Photochromatic. Verkregen via
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35. Materials/Materials Technology Center
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36. Biomimetics
 Velcro
 small hooks enable seed-bearing burr
to cling to tiny loops in fabric
Materials/Materials Technology Center
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37. Gecko tape
image from
Materials/Materials Technology Center
http://www.netcomposites.com/news.asp?3922
 Inspiration from the remarkable hairs that allow geckos
to hang single-toed from sheer walls and walk along
ceilings
 researchers at the University of California - Berkeley,
created an array of synthetic micro-fibres that uses very
high friction
to support loads on smooth surfaces.
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38. Classification of Materials
(Smart Materials)
Other more modern examples of smart materials include :
Materials/Materials Technology Center
•Magnetic Sheet
This is a flat polymer
magnetic sheet as used in
fridge magnets. Also
available in thin A4 sheets
that can be printed on
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39. Smart materials and display markets (billion
USD)
Materials/Materials Technology Center
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