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Time for Functions

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Time for Functions

  1. 1. Time for Functions @simontcousins
  2. 2. let rec qsort = function | [] -> [] | hd :: tl -> let lesser, greater = List.partition ((>=) hd) tl List.concat [qsort lesser; [hd]; qsort greater] http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithms/Quicksort#F.23
  3. 3. private static List<int> quicksort(List<int> arr) { List<int> loe = new List<int>(), gt = new List<int>(); if (arr.Count < 2) return arr; int pivot = arr.Count / 2; int pivot_val = arr[pivot]; arr.RemoveAt(pivot); foreach (int i in arr) { if (i <= pivot_val) loe.Add(i); else if (i > pivot_val) gt.Add(i); } List<int> resultSet = new List<int>(); resultSet.AddRange(quicksort(loe)); if (loe.Count == 0){ loe.Add(pivot_val); }else{ gt.Add(pivot_val); } resultSet.AddRange(quicksort(gt)); return resultSet; }
  4. 4. Functional code is… • Clear • • Concise • • closer to a statement of the algorithm less noise and accidental complexity Correct • the type system works with the developer
  5. 5. and this is a really bi g but but… http://xkcd.com/
  6. 6. Some new things to learn… recursion pure functions immutable data partial application let rec qsort = function | [] -> [] | hd :: tl -> let lesser, greater = List.partition ((>=) hd) tl List.concat [qsort lesser; [hd]; qsort greater] pattern matching higher-order functions type inference generics by default 'a list -> 'a list when 'a : comparison
  7. 7. let rec qsort = function | [] -> [] | hd :: tl -> let lesser, greater = List.partition ((>=) hd) tl List.concat [qsort lesser; [hd]; qsort greater] gotcha!
  8. 8. Some real-world concerns… • Good for demos but what about large programs? • Good for academics but what about us? • Elegant code but what about performance? • Does it work with legacy software? • Where do I find functional programmers?
  9. 9. Bespoke Enterprise Applications for the Energy Sector • lots of data • forecasts • • • metered data market data lots of types • units of measure • lots of computations • schedules • contracts • analysis rates • • station parameters … all changing over time
  10. 10. stay at 50Hz by adjusting these to make this zero { www.statnett.no THE ENERGY SECTOR
  11. 11. Project: Balancing Services • Blackstart • BMSU • Faststart • Frequency Response • Reactive Power • STOR contracted services provided by energy companies to ensure the security and stability of supply http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/services/balancing-services/
  12. 12. Old System New System • C# • F# • OO / Imperative • Functional / OO / Imperative • Relational Database • Document Store • Untestable • Highly testable • Slow • Fast • Contracts not fully implemented • Contracts fully implemented defeated by complexity tinyurl.com/stor-contract
  13. 13. Dynamic API Market API Test Console Contract Evaluation Job API Asset API Contract Evaluation API Scheduler Document Store Web UI View Model API
  14. 14. Elegant beautiful simple efficient functional
  15. 15. Not Elegant “… but hey, it’s object-oriented!”
  16. 16. Real-world OO • Struggles to be elegant • top down designs • • high ceremony • • coarse abstractions data and behaviour tightly coupled Mutating state is a powerful and dangerous technique • hard to reason about • requires synchronised access Lots of accidental complexity • abstraction event horizon • • • ORMs, IoCs, Mocks, Design Patterns, UML … Hard to find developers who have mastered all of this
  17. 17. me preparing to mutate some state
  18. 18. Not-Only SQL • most applications do not require the flexibility a relational schema affords • • applications are written in terms of aggregates not relational schemas • • as-of store inputs and outputs • avoid accidental complexity: ORM, normal form persist aggregates making aggregates immutable affords • • separate reporting concerns from application concerns what-if, easy test and debug fits well with functional programs
  19. 19. JSON Documents Input • RunID • Contract Parameters • Asset Parameters • Dynamic Parameters • Market Parameters JobRequest • RunID • Contract • Interval Pure Function Contract Evaluation API Scheduler Contract Evaluation Job API Output • RunID • Revenue • Additional Information Document Store “Pure I/0” Input Output
  20. 20. Adoption: F# • Low risk • Runs on CLR and mono • Open source • Inter-op with legacy software and libraries • Back-out to C#
  21. 21. Adoption: Developers • Self taught • Hire good .NET developers, not language x developers • .NET developer cutting F# production code in a week • Functional programmer in a month
  22. 22. Adoption: Managers ?
  23. 23. Approach exploratory DRYer REPL driven repeatedly re-factor test driven documented development
  24. 24. Self-host Web API let config = new HttpSelfHostConfiguration(baseAddress) config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes() config.Formatters.JsonFormatter.SerializerSettings <- JsonSerializerSettings( PreserveReferencesHandling = PreserveReferencesHandling.None, Converters = [| Json.TupleConverter() Json.OptionConverter() Json.ArrayConverter() Json.ListConverter() Json.MapTypeConverter() Json.UnionTypeConverter() |]) config.DependencyResolver <- new UnityResolver(container) F# type JSON converters
  25. 25. Topshelf Windows Service F# working with an existing OO framework HostFactory.Run(fun hc -> hc.UseLog4Net("log4net.config") hc.SetServiceName("Job.Api.Host") hc.SetDisplayName("E.ON Ancillary Services Job API Host") hc.SetDescription("An API service for Ancillary Services Jobs.") hc.RunAsNetworkService() |> ignore hc.Service<ApiService>(fun (s: ServiceConfigurator<ApiService>) -> s.ConstructUsing(fun (name: string) -> new ApiService(config)) |> ignore s.WhenStarted(fun (svc: ApiService) -> jobRequestQueue.Start() svc.Start()) |> ignore s.WhenStopped(fun (svc: ApiService) -> svc.Stop() jobRequestQueue.Stop()) |> ignore) |> ignore)
  26. 26. Web API Service an F# class!!! type ApiService(config: HttpSelfHostConfiguration) = ! member val Server = new HttpSelfHostServer(config) with get, set ! member this.Start() = this.Server.OpenAsync().Wait() member this.Stop() = if this.Server <> null then this.Server.CloseAsync().Wait() this.Server.Dispose()
  27. 27. Web API Controller another F# class!!! type JobController(log: ILog, jobRequestQueue: JobRequestQueue) inherit ApiController() ! [<Route("job/ping")>] member x.Get() = log.Debug("ping!!!") "pong" [<Route("job")>] member x.Post(request:JobRequest) = jobRequestQueue.Add(request)
  28. 28. agents: the safe way to manage state Job Queue let requests = BlockingQueueAgent<JobRequest>(config.JobRequestQueueLength) ! let workerName (i: int) = String.Format("worker[{0}]", i) ! let worker (workerName: string) = async { while true do log.DebugFormat("{0} free", workerName) let! request = requests.AsyncGet() log.DebugFormat("{0} busy: job {1}", workerName, request.JobId) run request } async, efficient use of threads ! for i in 1 .. config.JobRequestWorkers do Async.Start(workerName i |> worker, CancellationToken.Token) ! requests.Add(request) scale workers github.com/fsprojects/fsharpx/blob/master/src/FSharpx.Core/Agents/ BlockingQueueAgent.fs
  29. 29. Execute Job composition of async computations async { let! input = buildRequest dataProvider let! output = sendToCompute input let result = buildModel input output do! store result } {
  30. 30. Post dispose of resource when done async { use! response = httpClient.PostAsync(uri, toContent request) |> Async.AwaitTask return! response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode().Content.ReadAsStringAsync() |> Async.AwaitTask } F# async works with TPL Tasks
  31. 31. API Call catch exceptions as Choice2Of2 Async.RunSynchronously( post client config.JobUri request |> Async.Catch, config.Timeout) |> Choice.choice (fun _ -> log.InfoFormat("Executed Job [{0}]", request.JobId)) (fun exn -> log.Error(String.Format("Failed Job [{0}]", request.JobId), exn)) FSharpx github.com/fsprojects/fsharpx/blob/master/src/FSharpx.Core/ ComputationExpressions/Monad.fs
  32. 32. FR Calculation Request type FrequencyResponseCalculationRequest = { Interval: Interval.Time.T InitialState: FRUnitState ContractParameters: Line.Time.T<ContractParameters> Instruction: Line.Time.T<Instruction> Mel: Line.Time.T<float<MW>> Sel: Line.Time.T<float<MW>> AdjustedPN: Line.Time.T<float<MW>> ActualFrequencies: Line.Time.T<float<Hz>> TargetFrequencies: Line.Time.T<float<Hz>> MarketPrices: Line.Time.T<float<``£``/(MW h)>> } ubiquitous language
  33. 33. Ubiquitous Language [<Measure>] [<Measure>] [<Measure>] [<Measure>] type type type type min hh h MW units of measure ! type type type type Interval<'t> = 't * 't Point<'x,'y> = 'x * 'y Segment<'x,'y> = Point<'x,'y> * Point<'x,'y> Line<'x,'y> = Segment<'x,'y> list all missing concepts from C# solution
  34. 34. Ubiquitous Language (Revised) segment is an event module Segment = ! segment holds a value over an interval type T<'x,'y> = | Instantaneous of Point.T<'x,'y> | Discrete of IntervalType.T * Interval.T<'x> * 'y | Continuous of Point.T<'x,'y> * Point.T<'x,'y> segment between two data points
  35. 35. module Units = ! Units of Measure [<AutoOpen>] module UnitNames = /// a unit of time [<Measure>] type minute /// a unit of time [<Measure>] type halfhour /// a unit of time [<Measure>] type hour /// a unit of active power [<Measure>] type megawatt /// a unit of energy [<Measure>] type poundssterling /// a unit of frequency [<Measure>] type hertz [<AutoOpen>] module UnitSymbols = /// a synonym for halfhour, a unit of time [<Measure>] type min = minute /// a synonym for halfhour, a unit of time [<Measure>] type hh = halfhour /// a synonym for hour, a unit of time [<Measure>] type h = hour /// a synonym for megawatt, a unit of power [<Measure>] type MW = megawatt /// a synonym for pounds sterling, a unit of currency [<Measure>] type ``£`` = poundssterling /// a synonym for hertz, a unit of frequency [<Measure>] type Hz = hertz https://github.com/fsharp/fsharp/blob/master/src/fsharp/FSharp.Core/SI.fs
  36. 36. Units of Measure // Conversion constants let minutePerHalfhour = 30.0<min>/1.0<hh> let minutePerHour = 60.0<min>/1.0<h> let halfhourPerMinute = 1.0<hh>/30.0<min> let halfhourPerHour = 2.0<hh>/1.0<h> let hourPerMinute = 1.0<h>/60.0<min> let hourPerHalfhour = 1.0<h>/2.0<hh> module Minute = let toHalfhour (a:float<min>) = a * halfhourPerMinute let toHour (a:float<min>) = a * hourPerMinute let inline lift a = LanguagePrimitives.FloatWithMeasure<min>(float a) let liftTimeSpan (t:TimeSpan) = lift t.TotalMinutes
  37. 37. Contract Evaluation to p let run interval initialState parameters actualFrequencies targetFrequencies marketPrices pdtmLine = let deloadLine = DeloadLineCalculation.run … let holdingPayments = holdingPayments … let referencePrices = ReferencePriceCalculation.run … responseEnergyPayments … se cr et … but it involves a fold
  38. 38. Testing // Straight forward implementation ! let rec reverse = function | [] -> [] | x::xs -> reverse xs @ [x] ! // Efficient implementation ! let rec revAcc xs acc = match xs with | [] -> acc | h::t -> revAcc t (h::acc) ! let rev xs = match xs with | [] -> xs | [_] -> xs | h1::h2::t -> revAcc t [h2;h1] ! // Generate random tests to see if they behave the same ! Check.Quick(fun (xs:int list) -> reverse xs = rev xs) github.com/fsharp/FsCheck
  39. 39. Testing nice names open NUnit.Framework open FsUnit ! [<TestFixture; Category("Unit")>] type ``When I run the deload line calculation`` () = ! [<Test>] member x.``with empty MEL line and empty PN line then the deload line is correct`` () = let melLine = Line.empty let pnLine = Line.empty let actual = DeloadLineCalculation.run melLine pnLine let expected : Line.Time.T<float<MW>> = Line.empty actual |> should equal expected structural equality for free github.com/fsharp/FsUnit
  40. 40. C# F# Two Implementations of the Same Application 400000 30,801 348,430 21,442 Lines of Code 300000 305,566 200000 16,667 163,276 100000 643 56,929 487 53,270 9,359 42,864 3,630 29,080 0 15 3,011 Braces Blanks Null Checks Comments Useful Code App Code Test Code Total Code
  41. 41. … things aren’t looking good for the old way of doing things
  42. 42. Logging LOC
  43. 43. Exception Handling LOC
  44. 44. Test Code Ratio
  45. 45. Performance
  46. 46. … and finally say yes to NOOO
  47. 47. Manifesto for Not Only Object-Oriented Development! We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: ! • • • • • 0b ov Functions and Types over classes 0, er si gn 00 Purity over mutability 0, at Composition over inheritance or 0 0 0 Higher-order functions over method dispatch ie s! Options over nulls 10 ! That is, while there is value in the items on the right (except for nulls), we value the items on the left more. notonlyoo.org
  48. 48. @simontcousins simontylercousins.net www.slideshare.net/simontcousins/time-for-functions

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