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自己紹介(むかし) Silpheed☆ Keiichi Tanaka 「マイコンBASICマガジン」 ライター・編集 「Computer Music Magazine」 ライター・編集 マイコンソフト株式会社 OEMハードウェア担当 これ 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
5.
FM音源とは ここでは、 「ヤマハの」ゲーム中の音楽や効果音を演奏するために使われてい る「FM方式の」LSI を「FM音源」と呼称します。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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FM音源とは FM = Frequency ModulaKon(周波数変調) ※FMラジオのFMと一緒 オペレーター =
正弦波出力器 ※正弦波は時報の「ぽー」という音 一般的なシンセでは「オシレーター」だが、ヤマハのFM音源では「オ ペレーター」と呼びます。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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FM音源とは オペレーターの種類 変調を「かける側」 = モジュレーター 変調を「かけられる側」
= キャリア キャリアとモジュレータの組み合わせ (アルゴリズム)で複雑な波形を出力する。 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29 出典:hLp://d.hatena.ne.jp/licheng/20131112/p1 最強の拳、FM音源
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代表的なFM音源 ・2オペレーター(2アルゴリズム) FM-PAC(MSX) Sound Orchestra(の拡張音源部)(PC-9801) 等 ・4オペレーター(8アルゴリズム) YM2203(PC-8801mkⅡSR、PC-9801-26K等) YM2608(サウンドボードⅡ、PC-9801-86等) YM2151(X1、X68000、アーケードゲーム基板等) 等 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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代表的なFM音源(シンセサイザー寄り) 6オペレーター(32アルゴリズム) YAMAHA DX7等 : (この間にいろいろあるが省略) : YAMAHA SY77等(AFM) オペレータが正弦波以外の出力可能。 8オペレーター(88アルゴリズム) YAMAHA FS1R FS音源 オペレーターがフォルマントの出力可能。 最強。欲しい。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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FM音源の特徴 得意なところ ・硬質な尖った音色、透き通った音色=整数次倍音 ベル、エレピ、薄いシンセブラス、FMベース、等 ・音色パラメータが少ない=省メモリ 苦手なところ ・複雑な音色=倍音が豊富な音や非整数次倍音が苦手 アンサンブル系、オーケストラヒット等 ・音色作成の難しさ(予想がつけ辛い、経験則) 4オペレーター8アルゴリズムでも結構大変。 FS1R(8オペレーター88アルゴリズム)とか神の領域。欲しい。 MontageのFM-XがFS1R相当らしい。欲しい。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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FM音源の使われ方 一般的な音楽におけるFM音源 ・数ある楽器の中の一つ 例:エレピをFM音源(DX7とか)で鳴らす ユニゾンさせて重厚な音を作る、エフェクターで加工する、等 足りなくなればもう1台持ってくればいい。 YAMAHA TX816(DX7が8台分=128音) 欲しい。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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FM音源の使われ方 ゲームミュージックにおけるFM音源 ・音楽を演奏する(ほぼ)唯一の手段 例:音楽と効果音を全部1つのFM音源LSIで鳴らす。 音楽をFM音源LSIで、効果音を(AD)PCMで鳴らす。 ・エフェクター非搭載のためシンプルな音になりがち エフェクター(DSP)が搭載されているのはF3ボードくらい。 ES5505 OTIS+ES5510最高。 でもすごく使いづらいらしい。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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同時発音数との戦い 同時発音数 = 同時にいくつの音を鳴らすことができるか 例:YM2203 =
FM3音、PSG3音 ※PSG = (狭義では)矩形波を出力する音源 YM2151 = FM8音 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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同時発音数との戦い ゲームのBGMでは、 ・あらかじめ効果音のチャンネルを空けてある ・ドライバーで割り込みで効果音を鳴らす ・効果音はPCMに逃がす(搭載していれば) ・楽曲で工夫 ベースの3拍目をスネアドラムに切り替えてチャンネル数節約 ドラムを1チャンネルでまかなう 等、工夫が凝らされている。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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同時発音数を増やす ・音色で工夫 アルゴリズム4 キャリアとモジュレーターが2組ある。 ↓ それぞれの組で異なる音色を作り同時に鳴らすことができる。 例:バスドラム+ハイハット ・オペレーター1のマルチプルを15に設定してセルフフィードバックを 最大にしてホワイトノイズを発生(どの音階でもホワイトノイズになる)。 ・オペレーター3と4でバスドラムの革を叩く音を作成。 ・低域(オクラーブ2のCくらい)で鳴らす。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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同時発音数を増やす それぞれの組で異なる音階を作り和音を鳴らす 例:マルチプルの差を利用 マルチプル(ML、MUL)は、基準の音階の何倍の周波数の音を出す か、というパラメータ。 オペレータ2、オペレータ4(各組のキャリア)のマルチプルをそれぞれ 4、3とすると、組の間の音階のずれが5度になる。 =5度の和音が鳴らせる。 ただし、この音色で「ド」の音を指定しても、マルチプルが3なのでその ままでは「ド、ソ」とならないので、指定した音階と実際に鳴る音の対 応表を作って打ち込む。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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同時発音数を増やす オペレータ2、オペレータ4(各組のキャリア)のマルチプルをそれぞれ 4、3とすると、組の間の音階のずれが5度になる。 =5度の和音が鳴らせる。 ※何故キャリア4のマルチプルを4にしないか アルゴリズム4ではオペレータ1のセルフフィードバックを使うことでオ ペレータ1、2の組でより複雑な音色を作ることができ、これをトップ ノート(和音で一番高い音)に持ってきたほうがより特徴的な音を鳴ら すことができる。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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同時発音数を増やす 効果音モードを使う(YM2203) YM2203で効果音モードを有効にすると、オペレータ1〜4で任意の周 波数を出力できるようになる。 =任意の(最大)4和音を出力できる。 ただし複雑な音色は作れない(正弦波出力のみ)。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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より複雑な音を出す ・デチューン設定とマルチプル デチューン(DT、DT1)は、オペレータの出力波形を少しずらすパラ メータで、-3~+3で設定することができる。 例えば全てのデチューンを-3に設定した音色、+3に設定した音色をユ ニゾンさせると、広がりのある音色を作成することができる。 (コーラスのエフェクトに類似した効果) ただ、発音数との戦いなので、アルゴリズム4のオペレータ1・2と3・4 の間でずらして単音で広がりを持たせる手法が一般的だった(エレピ、 リード系等)。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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より複雑な音を出す デチューンの作用は、 ・オペレータの出力にマルチプルの値をかけた後にずらす。 「のではなく」 ・オペレータの出力をデチューンでずらした後、マルチプルの値をか けて出力する。 なので、例えば、アルゴリズム4でキャリア:もジューレーターを1:2に 設定するところを、4:8に設定して、発音する音階を下げることで、前 者よりもより深いデチューンの効果を得ることができる。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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より複雑な音を出す ・DT2(デチューン2)を用いた非整数次倍音の発生 ・ハードウェアLFOのランダム波形 どちらもYM2151独自のパラメータで、シンバル、ティンパニ、ハンドク ラップ、フィンガースナップ等の音色作成に有効。 私は当時YM2151を殆ど使っていなかったので詳細はWebに譲ります。 ・特定の音色、音階、音量に設定すると音色が劇的に変化する YM2151でGORRYさんが発見した方法。 ベルの音(しゃらん…という)が出せる。 私は当時以下略。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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音源構成の変遷と それにともなう楽曲の変化 PCM音源のチャンネル数が増えてくる(例:システム2)と、FM音源側 で複数のチャンネルで1つのパートを演奏する等、一般的な音楽に寄 せた曲が多くなってくる。 エフェクターは非搭載のため、独自のテクニックも併用されている。 現在はストリーミングによる演奏が主流。 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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サークルやってます OB-Ke hLp://neo.saitama.jp/obke/ OPN楽曲のアレンジ(まだ始めたばかり) 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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ご静聴ありがとうございました 最強の拳、FM音源 レトロゲーム勉強会#2 2018/8/29
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