CORONA VIRUS IS A PANDEMIC VIRUS ,STRUCTURE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, TREATMENT,VACCINE,ETC.

1. COVID-19
HeenaParveen,
•M.PHARMACY
(PHARMACOLOGY)

2. Definition
• Covid-19 -- an infectious disease caused by
Corona virus(Newly discovered),where it
houses in the lungs mutate and causes
Respiratory illness.
"coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona,
meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a
borrowing from Greek κορώνη korṓnē,
"garland, wreath“.

3. EPEDIMIOLOGY
On 29 December 2019, the first 4 cases were reported in Wuhan City,
Hubei Province, China among people linked to a local seafood
market (“wet market”) .
A secondary source of infection was found to be human-to-human
transmission via close contact. There was an increase of infected
people with no history of exposure to wildlife or visiting Wuhan, and
multiple cases of infection were detected among medical
professionals .
It became clear that the COVID-19 infection occurs through exposure
to the virus, and both the immunosuppressed and normal population
appear susceptible.

4. In China, 82,874cases were confirmed and 4,633cases
were deceased and 77,642 cases were recovered as
of May1,2020 as of 11:52am.
On 11 March, WHO Director General characterized
COVID-19 as
Officials confirm a case of COVID-19 in Thailand, the
first recorded case outside of China. a pandemic.
(SARS-CoV-2), spread to the United States in January
2020. The first U.S. case was identified on January
20, in a man who had returned from Wuhan,
China to Snohomish County, Washington on January
15.
The first report of a U.S. death came on February 29.

5. The first case of the 2019–20 corona virus pandemic
in India was reported on 30 January
2020, originating from China.
As of 1 May 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare have confirmed a total of 35,043 cases,
8,889 recoveries (including 1 migration) and 1147
deaths in the country.
On 6 April 2020, in Mumbai's Wockhardt Hospital,26
nurses and 3 doctors were found to have been
infected with the virus. The hospital was
temporarily shut down and declared a containment
zone

6. Etiology
CoVs are positive-stranded RNA viruses with a crown-
like appearance under an electron microscope due
to the presence of spike glycoproteins on the
envelope.
coronam is the Latin term for crown.
Family : Coronaviridae
Subfamily : Orthocoronavirinae
Order : Nidovirales
Genera : Alphacoronavirus (alphaCoV),
Betacoronavirus (betaCoV),
Deltacoronavirus (deltaCoV),
Gammacoronavirus (gammaCoV).

7. Structure of CORONA VIRUS
Corona virus – large, Spherical, with bulbous surface
projections.
Avg diametre -- 125 nm with a spike length of 20nm.
Viral envelop -- 85nm made of lipid bilayer & consists
of 74 spikes on surface.
These spikes are Homotrimers with S1 & S2 subunits.
Surface proteins also contains HE(Haemaglutinin
esterase).

10. Pathophysiology

11. MERS-CoV binds to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) on the host cell
through its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of
the spike (S) glycoprotein ------which leads to virus–cell fusion
and the release of genomic RNA into the cytoplasm.
Initially ORF1a & ORF1b are translated into polyproteins pp1a &
pp1ab, respectively, which are cleaved by the virus-encoded
proteases papain-like protease (PLpro) & 3C-like protease
(3CLpro) into 16 mature nonstructural proteins (nsps).

12. The proteins involved in replication and transcription are gathered
into replication-transcription complexes (RTCs) that associate with
double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) derived from the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER).
The genomic RNA contains adenylate uridylate (AU)-rich sequences
called transcription regulation sequences (TRSs). If the TRSs are
recognized by RTCs, then RNA of subgenomic length for
transcription will be generated, otherwise a full-length template
RNA of genomic length for replication will be synthesized.

13. The newly produced genomic RNAs are encapsidated in the
nucleocapsid (N) proteins in the cytoplasm and then
transported to the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment
(ERGIC) for further assembly.
The S, membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins are inserted
into the membrane of the rough ER (RER), from where they
are transported to the ERGIC to interact with the RNA-
encapsidated N proteins and assemble into viral particles.

14. The budded vesicles containing mature viral particles
are then transported to the cell surface for release
after maturation in the Golgi bodies. Double-stranded
RNAs (dsRNAs) are partially generated during viral
replication.
The 4a competes with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and
retinoic acid-inducible gene I product (RIG-I)-like
helicases (RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-
associated protein 5 (MDA5)) to bind to dsRNAs and
evades the host immune response.

16. Transmission
Infected carriers shed virus into the environment.
The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its
complementary cell receptor is central in determining the tissue
tropism, infectivity, and species range of the released virus.
Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells.
They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on
the coronavirus species, by either an aerosol, fomite, or fecal-
oral route.

17. Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of
the respiratory tract, while animal coronaviruses generally
infect the epithelial cells of the digestive tract.
SARS coronavirus, for example, infects via an aerosol route, the
human epithelial cells of the lungs by binding to
the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects, via a
fecal-oral route.
The pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract by binding to
the alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor.

18. SYMPTOMS

19. Covid-19 Antibody test
Researchers have developed a new Antibody test for
detecting SARS-CoV-2,which helps to reveal the true
scale of COVID-19 pandemic.
It looks for antibodies for SARS-CoV2 in the blood of
people.
When virus enters the body ,immune system gets
triggered,produces special molecules that bind to
surface proteins,disablng virus & making it for
destruction by other immune cells & these
antibodies stay inour blood stream even after vural
infection cleared.

20. DEVELOPMENT OF DECOY MOLECULE
Researchers are working on a decoy molecule to fool
covid-19.
A team of Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University ,New
zealand are currently studying the particalities of
creating “Bogus Receptor”providing a way forward
in the fight.This molecule fools by attracting it
before it can attach to lung cells (inhibits binding to
human cells).
The scientists want to make a purified receptor that
most spikes of virus will bind instead of actual
receptors attached to human cells.
Once virus is coated with fake receptors,it is then
eliminated by phlegm.

21. • FAVIPIRAVIR & REMSDESIVIR are entering phase-III
clinical trials.
• A new Covid-19 vaccine shows a promising results
in lab mice , it allowed mice to develop immunity
against. Antibodies were produced in mice
sufficient to neutralize the virus .
• Vaccine (PittCoVacc—Pittsburgh Corona Vaccine)is
delivered via a fingertip-sized patch(400 tiny
needles) at the university of Pittsburgh, who have
previously worked on vaccines for 2 similar
outbreaks SARS(2003) & MERS(2014).

22. Stoppage of severe Cytokine storms
MIT researchers has developed specialized proteins that
are similar in structure to Antibodies.
When injected in to body bind to excessive cytokines
generated by cytokine storm & reduce symptoms of
covid-19.
In 2019,team began to design proteins that absorb excess
cytokines like a sponge ,used “QTY” code make water-
soluble versions of C receptors ,it replaces some
hydrophobic amino acids with hydrophilic amino acids
& efficiently travel through blood stream .
They designed proteins that imitate 6 cytokine receptors
,which bind to Cytokines such as Interferon &
Interleukin as well as Chemokines.

23. COVID-19 VACCINE
In the worldwide race for a vaccine to stop Covid-19,
the laboratory sprinting fastest is at Oxford
University.
But scientists at the university’s Jenner Institute had a
head start on a vaccine, having proved in previous
trials that similar inoculations — including one last
year against an earlier coronavirus — were
harmless to humans.

24. • Scientists at the National Institutes of Health’s
Rocky Mountain Laboratory in Montana inoculated
6 rhesus macaque monkeys with single doses of
the Oxford vaccine.
The animals were then exposed to heavy quantities
of the virus that is causing the pandemic —
exposure that had consistently sickened other
monkeys in the lab. But more than 28 days later all
6 were healthy, said Vincent Munster.

25. “Jennifer Haller”(43),1st person in the world to be injected
with Experimental vaccine for Covid-19 ,a sacrifice if
succeeded.