Theories of Urban Growth Hierarchy and stages of Urban development

1. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
M.Arch Programme, II Semester
Urban Morphology
ARCH648

2. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
Contents
Theories of Urban Growth
Hierarchy and stages of Urban
development
Contents

3. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
Learning Objectives
By end of this session you will be learn
about types of theories of Urban growth,
its hierarchy and stages of development.
You will also be able to distinguish
between Suburban and Urban areas.
Learning Objectives

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Urban Growth with
respect to
technological
paradigms:
The waves of human
innovation that helped shape
cities
Source : Hargroves and Smith, 2005

5. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
Growth according to Origin:
A. Natural growth
– Concentric spread
• One of the earliest theoretical models to
explain urban social
structures by sociologist Ernest Burgess
• This concentric ring model depicts urban
land usage in concentric rings:
the Central Business District (CBD) was in
the middle of the model, and the city
expanded in rings with different land
uses.
Theories of Urban Growth:

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Growth according to Origin:
A. Natural growth
– Concentric spread
– Ribbon development
• Ribbon development means building
houses along the routes of
communications radiating from a human
settlement.
• Increasing motor car ownership meant
that houses could be sold even if remote
from shops and other services.
• The practice became seen as inefficient
use of resources and a precursor
to urban sprawl
Theories of Urban Growth:

7. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
Growth according to Origin:
A. Natural growth
– Concentric spread
– Ribbon development
– Satellite growth
• It refers essentially to smaller metropolitan
areas which are located somewhat near
to, but are mostly independent of larger
metropolitan areas.
Theories of Urban Growth:

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Growth according to Origin:
A. Natural growth
– Concentric spread
– Ribbon development
– Satellite growth
– Scattered growth
• Scattered growth: where
commercial, residential,
and retail developments
are not integrated and
develops randomly
without any regulations
Theories of Urban Growth:

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While accepting the
existence of a central
business district,
Homer Hoyt suggested
that zones expand
outward from the city
center along railroads,
highways, and other
transportation arteries.
Even though a city may
have begun with a CBD,
other smaller CBDs
develop on the outskirts
of the city near the more
valuable housing areas
to allow shorter
commutes from the
outskirts of the city. This
creates nodes or nuclei
in other parts of the city
besides the CBD thus the
name multiple nuclei
model.
Created by Chauncy
Harris and Edward
Ullman
Other Growth Theories:

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Transects have been used by planners as a visual tool to divide landscapes into multiple uses.
This particular one, created by architect Andres Duany, illustrates the rural-to-urban gradation
between nature and dense urban zones and has become a popular framework among New
Urbanists.
Stages in Urban Development:

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Hierarchy:
Neighborhood->Cluster/Lot->Block->Unit->Room

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Suburban (sprawl) Urban (compact)
Low density High density
Zoned development Mixed use development
Segregation of functions for living, working, recreation Integration of functions for living, working, recreation
Segregation of economic and demographic groups Mixed income communities
Car dependence Predominance of pedestrians and cyclists
Disconnected public spaces Interconnected walkable network of large and small scale public spaces
High speed transport networks and increased road infrastructure Minimized need for transport and planning for walking and cycling
Parking, building and freeways Parks, landscape and cycle paths
Minimum parking spaces Parking space capping requirements
Sense of anonymity Sense of community
US urban model European/Asian Model
Suburban vs Urban:

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Suburban (sprawl) Urban (compact)
Developed about 100 years ago Developed about 9000 years ago
Large scale developments Neighbourhood-human scale developments
Superstores and big shopping complexes Corner shops, local shopping areas, farmers’ markets
Mass housing and commercial/industrial districts Capping of allowable space for commercial/industrial districts
Driven by market forces Driven by a vision and masterplan
High energy consumption Low energy consumption
High CO2 emissions Low CO2 emissions
Suburban vs Urban:

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19. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
• Charles Booth
• Ernest Burgess
• Robert Park
• Louis Wirth
• Jane Jacobs
• John Ruskin
• William Morris
• Walter Christaller
• Ebenezer Howard
• Raymond Unwin
• Sir Patrick Abercrombie
• Charles Edouard Jeanneret
• Barry Parker
• Frank Lloyd Wright
• Peter Calthorpe
• Andrew Ross
• Frederick Law Olmstead
• Willmott and Young
• William Hollingsworth
• Ruth Glass
• Manuel Castells
• Homer Hoytt
• Patrick Geddes
• Christopher
Alexander
• Gordon Cullen
• Andres Duany
• Aldo Rossi
• Robert Venturi
• Mitchel Joachim
• Bill Hillier
• Jan Gehl
• Elizabeth Plater-
Zyberk
• Paul Zucker
• Camillo Site
• Clarence Perry
Urban Theorists:
You should read
• Lewis Mumford
• Jane Adams
• Max Weber
• Henri Lefebvre
• Walter Benjamin
• Georg Simmel
• Emile Durkheim

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1. Basic Principles and Components of Ekistics Concept
2. Urban Agglomeration and Conurbation
3. Brownfield & Greenfield Development
4. Commuter Town & Urban Sprawl
5. Smart Growth, Compact Growth & Urban Drift
6. Sustainable development, Urban Morphology and Façade Controls
7. New Urbanism, Contextualism & Twin Cities
8. Place Making, Place Branding and Place Promotion
9. Streetscape and Urban Infrastructure
10.Determinants of Urban Form, Configuration and Character
11.Urban Connections and Articulation in the Public Realm
12.Neighborhood Concept & Community Spaces in the Built Environment
More Urban concept:
That you can read

21. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
References;
1. http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000017GE/P001696/M020263
/ET/1496059488UrbanGeog-CentralPlaceTheory-Final-Azka.pdf
2. Sennett Richard 1969, Classical Essays on the Culture of Cities, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey
3. The American City: What Works and What Doesn't
by Alexander Garvin (1995)

22. Amity School of Architecture and Planning
Thank You