1. TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
BY: SHWETANSHU GUPTA
MBA-TBS-49-2013

2.  INTRODUCTION
 PROFOUNDER
 SELF AWARENESS
 JOHARI WINDOW
 EGO STATES
 TYPES OF EGO STATES
 AIM OF TA
 LIFE POSITIONS
 TRANSACTION
 STROKING
 GAMES
 NEED FOR GAMES
 IMPORTANCE OF TA

3. INTRODUCTION
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL
TRANSACTIONS,
INTERPERSONAL
BEHAVIOUR.
SOCIAL TRANSACTION -
PEOPLE INTERACTION.
STUDY OF MOVES
PEOPLE MAKE IN
THEIR DEALINGS.
• PEOPLE THINK, LIKE THEY DO
• PEOPLE ACT, LIKE THEY DO
• INTERACTION WITH OTHERS
A MODEL FOR
EXPLAINING
WHY AND HOW:

4. PROFOUNDER- ERIC
BERNE
• ACCORDING TO HIM -
OUR BRAIN-
• DETERMINES WHAT
WE THINK AND HOW
WE ACT.
• IT CONSISTS OF
DIFFERENT
PERSONALITIES.
• ACTS LIKE A TAPE
RECORDER WHILE
RECORDING.

5. SELF AWARENESS
Self is core of personality pattern which provides
interaction.
Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham - Johari window
diagram.

6. JOHARI WINDOW

7. EGO STATES

8. PERSONALITY IS CONTROLLED AND SHAPED BY
THE EGO WHICH DOMINATES THE PERSON
PRIMARILY

9. TYPES OF EGO STATE

10. PARENT EGO STATE
• It incorporates the attitude,
behaviours of all
emotionally significant
people who serve as parent
figure when individual was
child.
• Values and behaviour
recorded becomes basic
values of the personality.

11. Two
Types of
Parent
Ego-
• Nurturing parent ego – nurturing
behaviour , very caring, very
compromising, loving, Sympathetic ,
kind, forgiving
• Critical Parent Ego-A punishing
personality, criticise , prejudice, finds
fault, disapproves.
• Each individual has mixture of both
nurturing and critical parent ego states.

12. CHARACTERSTICS OF PARENT
 Overprotective
 Upright (always right)
 References to rules and laws,
 Wagging Finger
 Dos and Don‟t
 Reliance on the ways that were successful in the
past
 Teaching

13. CHILD EGO STATE
CHILD-LIKE;
REFLECTS THE
LITTLE BOY/GIRL
THAT NEVER
GROWS UP.
IS FUN-LOVING,
AFFECTIONATE,
SELFISH, MEAN,
PLAYFUL
SPONTANEOUS

14. THE NEGATIVE ASPECT OF THE ADAPTED CHILD INVOLVES OVERADAPTING
WHEREIN WE GIVE UP OUR POWER AND DISCOUNT OUR VALUE, WORTH, AND
DIGNITY.
THE POSITIVE ASPECT OF THE ADAPTED CHILD IS THAT WE RESPOND
APPROPRIATELY IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS.
THE NEGATIVE ASPECT OF THE NATURAL CHILD IS TO BE IMPULSIVE TO THE
DEGREE OUR SAFETY IS COMPROMISED.
THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF THE NATURAL CHILD ARE THE SPONTANEOUS,
EVER SO LOVABLE, LOVING AND CHARMING PARTS OF ALL OF US.
TYPES OF CHILD
EGO

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHILD
Seeing, hearing,
touching
Experience joy
/frustration
Wish /fantasise
Feels internally
Spontaneous

16. ADULT-EGO STATE
• Based on reasoning, seeking
and providing
• View people as equal, worthy
• Updates the parent data
regarding what is valid and
what is not
• Updates child data to
determine which feelings
should be expressed and which
shouldn't

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF
ADULT
Estimations
Evaluation
Storing Data
Figuring out
Exploring
Testing

18. Parent is our 'Taught'
concept of life
Adult is our 'Thought'
concept of life
Child is our 'Felt' concept
of life
In Simple Words:

19. AIM OF TA
A major focus of TA is determining which
ego state(s) a person is using.
The theory outlines how we have
developed and treat ourselves.
Thus, TA is a social psychology and a
method to improve communication.

20. LIFE POSITIONS
 Are windows on the world or the glasses through which we
see the world.
 He thinks there are four possible life positions
 I‟m not OK, You‟re OK
 I‟m not OK, You‟re not OK
 I‟m OK, You‟re not OK
 I‟m OK, You‟re OK

22.  Berne believes that everyone is born in the
same Life Position
I‟m not OK, You‟re OK
 The reason you are not OK when you are born
is because you are dependent on others for all
your needs. They are OK, because they have
the ability to satisfy their own needs and your
needs.
I AM NOT OK, YOU ARE
OK

23. I AM NOT OK, YOU ARE
NOT OK
 Life, which in the first year had some
comforts, now has none. By the end of the first
year something significant has happened to the
child. He is walking. He no longer has to be
picked up. It means that his 'babying' days are
over. The stroking ceases entirely.
 In addition punishments come harder and more
often

24. I AM OK , YOU ARE NOT OK
 It is the position of people who project their
problems onto others and blame them, put
them down, and criticize them.
 Results when a person is ignored too much as
child.
 Lack trust, confidence, talent.

25. I AM OK, YOU ARE
OK
 Occurs when person has ok feelings.
 Feels life as worth living,
 This position is characterized by an attitude of
trust and openness, a willingness to give and take,
and an acceptance of others as they are.
 People are close to themselves and to others.
There are no losers, only winners.

26. TRANSACTION
 WHEN PEOPLE INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER.
 TYPES-
 COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS
 CROSSED TRANSACTIONS
 ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS -
 ANGULAR
 DUPLEX

27. COMPLEMENTARY
TRANSACTION
 BOTH PERSONS ARE OPERATING FROM
THE SAME EGO STATE (CHILD:CHILD) OR
FROM COMPLEMENTARY EGO STATES
(PARENT:CHILD OR ADULT:PARENT).
 COMMUNICATION LINES ARE PARALLEL.
 SMOOTH TYPE OF INTERACTION

28. EXAMPLES:

29. CROSSED TRANSACTION
 AN INAPPROPRIATE EGO STATE IS
ACTIVATED, PRODUCING AN UNEXPECTED
RESPONSE.
 CROSSED TRANSACTIONS HURT.
 WHEN THEY OCCUR, PEOPLE TEND TO
WITHDRAW FROM EACH OTHER OR SWITCH
TOPICS.
 LINES ARE CROSSED.

30. EXAMPLES:

31. ULTERIOR
TRANSACTION
 DOUBLE MEANING INTERACTIONS.
 MOST COMPLEX AND SUBTLE.
 TWO MESSAGES ARE SENT, ONE OVERT, THE
OTHER IMPLIED AND UNSPOKEN.

32. ANGULAR TRANSACTION

33. DUPLEX TRANSACTION
You are wearing a nice
shirt
Thanks. Its LEVIS

34. STROKING
 A stroke is any act of recognition or source of
stimulation.
 Verbal or physical recognition for certain
behaviours.
 Strokes result in the collection of either good or
bad feelings, known as stamps.
 When enough stamps are collected, they cash them
in on behaviour.
 Healthy people give and receive positive strokes
most often.

35. TYPES OF STROKES
Verbal
Non-verbal
Positive
Negative
Conditional
Un-conditional

36. Conditional strokes say “I will like you if and when you are a certain
way”; they are received for doing something.
Unconditional strokes say “I am willing to accept you for who you
are and for being who you are, and we can negotiate our
differences.”
Positive strokes say “I like you,” and they may be expressed by
warm physical touches, accepting words, appreciation, a smile, and
friendly gestures.
Negative strokes say “I don’t like you,” and they too can be
expressed both verbally and nonverbally.
Interestingly, negative strokes are considered preferable to no
strokes at all—that is, to being ignored.

37.  Berne felt that people in the life position “I‟m not
OK, You‟re OK” or “I‟m not OK, You‟re not OK”
were people with low self esteem.
 He felt that these people find it hard to interact with
people in a straightforward way so they play
„games‟.
 Game is an interaction with a hidden motive where
one of the participants is gaining something.

38. HOW DO WE KNOW WE ARE
PLAYING A GAME?
Repetitive- It “happens to us”
over and over again, often with
different game partners
Predictable - The outcome is
predictable, both for game
players and “audience”
Ulterior transactions - We are
not saying what is really going
on, or what is really important
to us at that moment
Negative payoff - We don‟t
feel OK at the end of the game
Outside Adult consciousness -
Games are played between
Parent and/or Child ego states.
The Adult ego state is not
involved.
Switch - At some point in the
Game there is a switch in
communication, which brings
confusion

39. CHARACTERS OF GAMES
A Persecutor
feels
superior and
belittles
other people.
His life
position is: I
am OK, you
are not OK
(+/-).
The Rescuer
also looks
upon others
as being
inferior, but
reacts by
offering
help. The
life position
is: I am OK,
you are not
OK (+/-)
The Victim
looks upon
himself as
being
inferior. The
life position
is: I am not
OK, you are
OK (-/+)

40. NEED FOR GAMES
 TO GET STROKES.
 TO STRENGTHEN PSYCHOLOGICAL
POSITION.
 TO AVOID OR CONTROL INTIMACY

41. IMPORTANCE OF TA
 DEVELOPING POSITIVE THINKING
 INTERPERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
 MOTIVATION
 ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

42. REFERENCES
 www.businessballs.com
 www.docstoc.com
 www.slideshares.com
 www.ta-denhaag.nl
 Organizational behavior- LM Prasad