Osha 30 hour book

OSHA 30-Hour Study Guide
Developed by 360training

OSHA 30-Hour Construction Study Guide 3
Table of Contents
Module 1- Introduction to OSHA and the OSH Act 5
Module 2- Recordkeeping 11
Module 3- General Safety and Health 18
Module 4- OSHA 1926 STD 3-1.1 24
Module 5- Occupational Health 31
Module 6- Process Safety Management of 37
Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Module 7- Personal Protective Equipment 43
Module 8- Fire Protection 50
Module 9- Materials Handling 56
Module 10- Hand and Power Tools 62
Module 11- Welding and Cutting 68
Module 12- Electrical Safety 74
Module 13- Scaffolding 80
Module 14- Basic Fall Protection 87
Module 15- Cranes and Rigging 93

Module 16- Motor Vehicles 99
Module 17- Excavations 105
Module 18- Concrete and Masonry 112
Module 19- Stairways and Ladders 118
Module 20- Confined Space Entry 124
Module 21- Basic Safety Orientation 130
Module 22- Lead Safety in the Workplace 136
Module 23- Use of Explosives in the Workplace 142
Glossary 148
Module Review Quiz Answer Key 160

Module 1:
INTRODUCTION TO OSHA AND THE OSH ACT
This review covers who is covered by OSHA and who is not, OSHA’s inspection
authority, inspection types, inspection processes, citations and related penalties,
responsibilities and rights of employers and employees, as well as reporting and
recordkeeping.
OSHA Authority
OSHA has the authority to:
• Conduct inspections to enforce its standards
• Send compliance officers to investigate all work phases at reasonable
times, in a reasonable manner and to privately question anyone
• Conduct inspections without any advance notice, but during normal
working hours
Types of Inspections
The five types of inspections are listed in their order of importance:
1. Imminent danger - top priority
2. Catastrophic and fatal accidents - if 3 or more employees are
hospitalized in an incident
3. Employee complaints - confidential
4. Programmed high hazard inspections - done for operations with
conditions that can cause a high death rate, more than average injuries,
or serious illness risks
5. Re-inspections - done to verify that corrective actions as specified in a
citation have been taken
Types of Citations and Penalties
After the OSHA Compliance Officer reports his or her findings, it is the Area
Director that determines what citations to issue and what penalties to propose.
The types of violations and related financial penalties which can be proposed
are:
1. Other-than-serious violation - is not probable to cause death--
maximum proposed penalty of $7,000
2. Serious violation - there is a high probability that death or serious harm
will result, and the employer knew, or should have known--maximum
penalty of $7,000

3. Willful violation - employer knew hazard was a safety violation and
made no reasonable effort to remove it--penalty ranges from $5,000 to
$70,000.
4. Repeated violation - upon re-inspection by OSHA, another violation of
the same previously cited section is found–penalty up to $70,000.
5. Failure to abate - failure to correct a violation can cause civil penalties
up to $7,000 per day for each day the violation is not corrected past the
abatement date specified in the citation
Employers’ Rights and Responsibilities
• Post citations at/near each site for 3 workdays or until corrected
• If employer accepts a citation, it must correct it and pay the related penalty
• If it does not agree, it has 15 working days to contest in writing the citation,
penalty, and/or the abatement dates.
• Employer must inform workers about all OSHA matters affecting them.
• Each company department must post materials prominently, including:
o Poster OSHA 2203 that lists employee rights and responsibilities
o Summaries of petitions for variances from standards or procedures
o Copies of OSHA citations for violations of standards
Workers’ Responsibilities
• Read and follow OSHA poster rules and wear all required PPE
• Follow safe work practices as directed by your employer
• Report hazardous conditions to a supervisor or safety committee
immediately
• Report hazardous conditions to OSHA if employers do not isolate, fix, or
replace them
• Cooperate with OSHA inspectors
Workers’ Rights
• To work together to identify and correct workplace problems
• To report to OSHA workplace conditions that threaten personal health or
safety
• The right to seek safe, healthful work settings without reprimand or
penalties
Anti-Discrimination Provisions
OSHA prohibits retaliation against employees who file complaints, initiate
proceedings, contest abatement dates, request OSHA information or testify at
proceedings. In some cases, employees can refuse to work in seriously
hazardous settings.

Who is Covered by OSHA?
OSHA covers all employees and employers under Federal government authority.
Coverage is either provided directly by Federal OSHA or an OSHA-approved
state program. Covered sectors include:
• General Industry
• Construction
• Maritime
• Some agricultural activities
Who is Not Covered by OSHA?
OSHA does not cover unemployed or self-employed workers, unless the self-
employed workers are “incorporated.” OSHA does not cover immediate members
of farm families that do not employ outside workers. Sectors not covered include:
• Employees whose conditions are regulated by other federal agencies such
as mine workers, some types of truckers, railroad workers, and atomic
energy workers
• Public employees in state and local governments (except for states with
approved plans)—such as fire fighters, police, and other public servants
— are also not covered by OSHA.
State Plans
State plans are OSHA-approved programs operated by individual states instead
of by federal OSHA. State plans must have standards and enforcement
programs, and voluntary compliance activities, that are “at least as effective as”
federal OSHA. States plans cover most state private sector employees and, state
and local government workers. There are 26 states and territories that operate
state plans.
The General Duty Clause
If the Standard is not practical, the General Duty Clause rules, stating employer:
must "Furnish . . . a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards
that are causing, or are likely to cause, death or serious physical harm to
employees."
Recordkeeping and Reporting
Employers of 11 or more workers must keep records of occupational exposures,
injuries and illnesses. Employers must report to OSHA within eight hours of an
accident that causes three or more workers to die or be hospitalized. Some low-

hazard employers (for example, retail trade, real estate) do not have to keep
records.
Case Study
An experienced employee was electrocuted while working on a billboard. The
billboard was four feet off the ground with its top extending 16 feet from the
ground. After removing what he could of an old poster, he retrieved a longer, 24-
foot ladder from his truck. While positioning the 24-foot ladder, it hit a power line
eight feet above the sign causing electrocution. A 32-foot, adjustable extension
ladder was available in the truck and using it would have been safer. A passerby
saw the incident, called 911, and gave CPR, but the worker was DOA at the
hospital.
Recommendations
• Employers must identify all site hazards and inform their workers about
them. Here, the employer should have called attention to the power line
and required the worker to actively avoid it and use correct equipment.
• Employers must provide the proper equipment to do all job tasks safely.
Here, scaffolding or long-handled brushes should have been provided.
Also, a non-conductive ladder should have been available and required.
• Written safety procedures would have ensured proper practices.

Module 1: Review Quiz
1. Which of the following is the most serious condition, requiring an immediate
OSHA inspection?
Imminent danger
Catastrophic and fatal accidents
Employee complaints
Programmed high hazard inspections
2. In cases where actual standards cannot be applied, employers are regulated
by the OSH Act’s:
Area Director
General Duty Clause
OSHA compliant officer
Rules and regulations
3. What is a willful violation?
The employer knows of the hazard and contests a violation
The employer does not
Any violation carrying a penalty over $10,000
The employer knew the hazard was a safety violation and made no
reasonable effort to eliminate it
4. OSHA regulations are implemented directly by Federal OSHA or through:
The regional OSHA agency
An OSHA-approved state program
Covered sectors
Compliance officers
5. Which low-hazard employers are not required to keep records for occupational
injuries and illnesses?
Retail trade, finance, insurance or real estate
Only retail trade involving no equipment and offices
Publishing, banks, real estate and Internet
Retail trade, banking, international and news

NOTES:

Module 2:
RECORDKEEPING
This review covers OSHA 29 CFR 1904. It outlines the steps employers must
take to: identify, record, maintain, and report cases of injury or disease to OSHA.
Purpose
Recording a work-related injury, illness, or fatality does not mean anyone was at
fault, a rule was violated, or the employee will get benefits. Partially exempt
employers must continue to comply with the following:
Report fatalities and hospitalization incidents of three or more employees.
Annual OSHA injury and illness survey (if requested to do so by OSHA)
BLS annual survey (if specifically requested to do so by BLS)
Size Exemption
The following are some size exemptions:
If a company had 10 or less workers at all times during the last calendar year,
it does not need to keep records unless surveyed by OSHA or BLS.
Size exemption is based on total number of employees in the company.
Temporary employees, supervised daily, also should be included.
Industry Exemption
The following are industry exemptions:
• Partial exemption is for retail, services, finance, insurance, or real estate.
• Not eligible: agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing,
transportation, communication, electric, gas/sanitary services, wholesale
Partial exemptions apply to individual companies. If one has several operations
doing different work, some may have to keep records and some may not.
New Case
A case is new if:
• If worker has not had a similar incident affecting the same body part

• The employee previously had a similar recordable injury or illness
affecting the same body part. But, after complete recovery, an event or
exposure in the workplace caused the signs and symptoms to reappear.
• If exposure triggers a recurrence, it is a new case (e.g., asthma, rashes). If
symptoms recur without exposure--not a new case (example: TB).
General Recording Criteria
An injury or illness must be recorded if it results in one or more of the following:
• Death, days away from work, restricted work activity, or job transfer
• Medical treatment beyond first aid or loss of consciousness
• A significant injury or illness diagnosed by an authorized professional.
Days Away Cases
The following criteria appliy to “days away” cases:
• Record if the case involves one or more days away from work.
• Check the “days away” box and enter calendar days away from work.
• Do not include day of injury or illness.
• Count calendar days employee was unable to work (include weekend
days, holidays, vacation days, etc.); cap the day count at 180 days.
• If a medical opinion exists, the employer must follow that opinion.
Restricted Work
Restricted work activity occurs when:
• Employee cannot do one or more job functions (ones done once a week).
• An employee is kept from working a full workday.
• A physician or licensed health care professional suggests any of above.
Transfer to Another Job
If an employer transfers an employee to another job, the following applies:
• A transfer to another job counts the same as “days away” from work.
• If job is permanently changed, stop counting “days away,” use at least one

Medical Treatment
Medical treatment is considered the management and care of a patient to combat
disease or disorder. Wound closing devices such as sutures and staples are
deemed as medical treatment. Medical treatment does not include:
• First aid, visits to a PLHCP soley for observation or counseling
o Diagnostic procedures including like X-rays or blood tests
• Drilling of fingernail or toenail, draining fluid from blister
• Eye patches, finger guards, massage, offering fluids
• Removing foreign bodies from eye using irrigation or cotton swab
• Removing material from other than eyes by simple means like tweezers
Loss of Consciousness
All work-related cases involving loss of consciousness must be recorded.
Needlestick and Sharps Injuries
All work-related needlesticks and cuts from objects contaminated with human
blood or possible infectious material (like bodily fluids, tissues, or HIV-infected
materials) must be recorded. Record splashes or other exposures to such
materials not caused by cuts or scratches. Employers must record work-related
hearing loss where:
• STS or hearing level is 25 dBs or more above audiometric zero in STS ear
Forms
Employers must record cases on reporting forms within seven calendar days of
learning about a recordable case. Approved alternative forms include:
• Readable, clear forms asking same facts,and using same instructions
• Computer format is okay as long as forms can be printed as required.
OSHA 300 Privacy Protections
• NEVER enter employee name on Form 300, instead enter “privacy case.”
• Keep a private list of case numbers and worker names for privacy

Privacy Concern Cases
Always consider these injuries or illnesses to be privacy concern cases, if:
• Intimate body part or reproductive system is affected, or a sexual assault
• Mental illnesses, HIV infection, hepatitis, or tuberculosis
• Incident involves a potentially contaminated needlestick or sharps injury
• Employee requests that his or her name not be used
OSHA 300 Disclosures
• Use discretion in report wording if an employee’s name can be obvious.
• If unauthorized people have access, remove names, unless given to:
o Auditors/consultants hired to evaluate health and safety programs
o Claims adjustor for workers’ compensation or other benefits
o Public health authority or law enforcement agency
Fatality/Catastrophe Reporting
Employers must report orally, within eight hours, any work-related fatality/incident
with three or more in-patient hospitalizations to the area OSHA office and the
nearest Department of Labor site. Regarding fatality/catastrophe reporting:
Employers must report fatal heart attacks.
Do not report highway/public street vehicle accidents outside work zones.
Do not need report commercial airplane, train, subway, or bus accidents.
Give OSHA the following facts on each fatality or multiple hospitalization incident:
The establishment name and location of the incident
• The time of the incident and number of fatalities or hospitalized employees
• Names of injured employees and employer’s contact name and number
• A brief description of the incident
Providing Records to Government Representatives
Employers must provide record copies within four business hours (in the time
zone stored) when requested by an authorized government official such as:
• A representative of the Secretary of Labor, HHS, or State Plan

Case study
Babies Bits, Inc. assembles tems like specialty hats, seasonal blankets, and toys.
It runs three retail shops. Its 64 workers are mainly at the plant, but each store
has three fulltime people. Which must be done for each of these incidents?
Kit cut her hand on a box staple at one of the retail stores.
Edward lost consciousness after breathing some machine exhaust.
An explosion sent six workers to the hospital.
Recommendations
• Kit’s cut does not have to be recorded since the store is partially exempt.
• Ed’s loss of consciousness is criteria for incident recording.
• Company name, location, time of incident, number and names of injured,
company contact name and phone, and event summary must be reported.

1. An injury or illness must be recorded if it results in all of the following EXCEPT:
Death
Breaking of the skin
Days away from work
Loss of consciousness
2. If a worker has not previously experienced a recordable injury or illness of the
same type that affects the same part of the body, OSHA considers it to be a:
New case
Violation
Urgent case
Reportable occurrence
3. According to OSHA, which of the following is NOT considered medical
treatment?
Stitches
Eye patches
Stomach pump
Intravenous medicine
4. Employers must enter each recordable case on reporting forms within ______
calendar days of receiving information that a recordable case has occurred.
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
5. The employer must give OSHA all of the following information for each fatality
or multiple hospitalization, EXCEPT:
Who should be held responsible
The establishment name
The location of the incident
The time of the incident

NOTES:

Module 3:
GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
This review covers OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart C, General Safety and Health
Provisions. Topics include safety requirements, accident prevention, training and
education, providing proper first aid and fire protection, emergency action plan
elements and the important of requiring and providing adequate PPE.
Requirements
Under the general safety and health provisions covered in this standard,
contractors have specific duties to ensure that workers doing contract work are
never required to work under hazardous conditions. Employers must:
• Conduct frequent, regular inspections to reduce risk
• Use competent persons for inspections who can identify all hazards and
are authorized to take prompt corrective steps
• To allow only qualified employees to operate equipment and machinery
Accident Prevention
It is a fact that hazards exist, but following safe work practices will reduce their
effects. Employers must ensure the following are in place:
• Tag/lock procedures or plans to remove all unsafe devices from workplace
• Proper training
• Safety programs
• First aid services
• Effective fire protection and prevention
• Routine cleanup of hazardous debris and safe containers for separation
• Proper lighting
Safety Program Elements
All safety programs or emergency action plans must include the following:
1. Management Commitment and Employee Involvement - such
involvement must be documented
2. Worksite Analyses - detailed surveys to analyze all job hazards in
conjunction with a system for employee input and feedback
3. Hazard Prevention and Control - the use of engineering systems such
as machine guards, automatic off switches and PPE reduce hazards
4. Training and Education - a plan to train, monitor and retrain supervisors
and workers if there are substantial process changes or at least annually

Employee Medical and Exposure Records
Access to Employee Medical and Exposure Records
"Access" means the employee’s right and chance to examine and copy personal
records. Access must be given in a reasonable manner and place. If it cannot be
given in within 15 days after request, the employer must give a reason for delay
and the earliest date when the records will be made available.
Exposure Records
Upon request, the employer must provide the employee, or designated
representative, access to records. If no records exist, the employer must provide
records of other employees with job duties similar to those of the employee.
Access to these records does not require the written consent of other employees.
Such records must reasonably state the identity, amount, and nature of the toxic
substances or harmful physical agents to which the employee has been exposed.
Medical and Exposure Records
Access to the exposure and medical records of another employee can only be
provided with the specific written consent of the involved employee.
Prior to giving access to medical and exposure records, physicians, on behalf of
employers, are encouraged to discuss such records with employees or suggest
ways to disclose medical data other than face to face. A physician for the
employer can elect to give data on some diagnoses of terminal illnesses or
psychiatric conditions only to an employee's designated representative and not
directly to the employee.
Trade Secrets
Employers have the right to withhold the exact chemical name of a toxic
substance if they:
Can prove that the specific chemical identity of the substance is being
withheld as a trade secret
Give the chemical name to health professionals, employees and their
designated representatives only under certain specified conditions
Employee Information
When first employed and at least annually thereafter, employees must be told of
the existence, location and availability of their medical and exposure records.

Employers also must also inform employees on the access standard and make
copies available.
Transfer and Retention of Records
When closing a business, the owner must give its successor all employee
medical and exposure records. If there is no successor, the owner must tell
current affected employees their access rights at least three months prior to
closing and give written notice to the Director of NIOSH at least three months
prior to destroying records.
Employers must preserve and maintain exposure and medical records for all
employees, including:
The duration of employment plus 30 years
One-retention of source data for exposure records such as lab reports
Provide records at termination if work term is less than one year
One-time, first-aid records are exempt
Emergency Action Plan (EAP) Elements
The following items must be in the employer’s written action plan to explain how
both the employer and employees will response during emergencies:
Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments
Detailed procedures for employees who remain to operate emergency
equipment
Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation
Rescue and medical duties for those employees who are to perform them
The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies
Names, job titles or departments to contact for further information
An employee alarm system
Evacuation plan with routes and training
A plan to train people who will facilitate the emergency processes
Case Study - Chlorine gas poisoning at drinking water facilities
John added hypochlorous acid soda, etc., to a drinking water tank at a hot
springs site. He was tired, yet planned to work a double shift. While inspecting
the water facility at 8:45 p.m., he found that only 10 percent of the volume of
polychlorinated aluminum and hypochlorous acid soda remained in the stirring
tanks. So he took action to correct the condition. As he opened the tank, a strong
chlorine vapor escaped which he inhaled.

He started coughing and gasping violently as the gas entered his nose and nasal
passages and lungs. With a burning throat and chest as symptoms, his hospital
exam concluded he had experienced liver function impairment.
Recommendations
• Hypochlorous acid soda was mistakenly put into the tank with
polychlorinated aluminum which produced chlorine
• The hypochlorous acid soda and polychlorinated aluminum bags looked
similar. They should have been clearly labeled.
• The worker should have been trained in safe practices
• The worker should not have been allowed to work a double shift which
caused exhaustion and impaired his ability to respond safely under these
hazardous circumstances.

1. Which of the following should be in an employer’s emergency action plan?
Emergency escape procedures and route assignments
Procedures to be practiced if employees remain after evacuation
One-way communication
Excavation plans with design testing and training
2. At employment and at least _____ thereafter, employees must be informed on
the existence, location, and availability of their medical/exposure records.
Quarterly
Annually
Bi-annually
Monthly
3. What does the term “access” mean regarding employees’ medical and
exposure records?
The employee’s right to privacy re their medical reports and records
Employee’s right and opportunity to discuss or review their records
Employee’s right and opportunity to examine and copy their records
Employee’s right to access to medical testing after a hazardous exposure
4. What is a vital element of a safety program?
Management commitment and employee involvement
Employee commitment to management
Compliance
Communication
5. Employers MUST ensure that which of the following are in place?
Training for at least one evident hazard
Access programs
Access to medical services
Tag/lock procedures for unsafe equipment

NOTES:

Module 4:
OSHA 1926 STD 3-1.1
This module reviews General Safety and Health Provisions; Safety Training and
Education;First Aid and Medical Attention, and Recordkeeping Requirements.
Requirements and Provisions
Contractors have specific requirements regarding employee health and safety.
Subcontractors must never be required by contractors to work under conditions
that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to their health and safety.
Accident Prevention Responsibilities
Employers must decrease accident and injury risks by doing frequent job site
inspections. Inspections must be done by “competent persons” who can identify
existing and predictable hazards or unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous
conditions. This person must have the authority to correct or eliminate such risks.
Machinery and Tools
Only employees qualified by training or experience can be permitted to operate
equipment. Using machinery, tools, materials, or equipment that is not in
compliance is prohibited. All such unsafe apparatus must be tagged or locked to
render them inoperable or be physically removed from the points of operation.
Safety Training and Education
Employer Responsibilities
In an industrial environment, accidents are inevitable, but unsafe conditions can
be reduced with education and training. Employers must train workers to avoid
and recognize unsafe conditions and to control and eliminate any such hazards.
When employees must handle or use harmful substances, they must be trained
on safe handling and use, be made aware of potential hazards, and know
required personal hygiene and personal protective measures. If harmful plants
or animals are present, employees with potential exposure must be trained on
the hazards and first aid, as well as learn how to avoid injury.
Employer’s Safety and Health Program
OSHA compliance is vital but an effective program reaches beyond a set of rules
and works to prevent injuries and illnesses whether mandated or not.

Major Program Elements
1. Management Commitment and Employee Involvement
• Policy statement: goals established, issued, communicated to workers
• Program revised annually and management observes all safety rules
• Involve employees in safety meetings, inspections; meeting agendas
• Make the commitment of resources is adequate
• Safety rules and procedures incorporated into site operations
2. Worksite Analysis
• Conduct comprehensive baseline job site surveys for safety and health
• Perform routine job hazards analyses
• Assess risk factors of ergonomics applications to workers' tasks
• Conduct regular site safety and health inspections
• Provide a way for employees to notify management about hazards
3. Hazard Prevention and Control
Use engineering techniques and establish safe work practices
• Provide PPE when engineering controls are not feasible
• Use administrative controls to reduce the duration of exposure
• Maintain the facility and equipment to prevent breakdowns
• Plan and prepare for emergencies via training and emergency drills
• Establish a medical program that includes on-site first aid
4. Safety and Health Training
• Ensure workers know hazards they may face and are trained to avoid
• Maintain physical protection in work areas
• Understand safety and health responsibilities
• Limit some jobs to certified, competent, or qualified workers
5. Training and Education
• Supervisors must receive basic training
• Specialized training must be taken when needed
• Employee training program exists, is ongoing, and is effective

6. Assignment of Responsibility
Safety designee on site– must be knowledgeable and accountable
Supervisors and foremen must understand health responsibilities
7. Identification and Control of Hazards
Create safety committee and have management enforce rules
Recordkeeping Requirements
Employers must record and report work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.
This does not imply fault, an OSHA violation, or that worker will get benefits.
Partial Exemption
Partially exempt employers because of size or industry must still:
Report fatalities and multiple hospitalization incidents of three or
more
Do an annual OSHA injury and illness survey (if requested by
OSHA)
Do an annual BLS survey (if specifically requested to do so by BLS)
General Recording Criteria
An injury or illness is recordable if it results in one or more of the following:
- Death, days away from work, restricted work activity, job transfer
- Medical treatment beyond first aid or loss of consciousness
- Major injury or illness diagnosed by a PLHCP
Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records
Access
"Access" means the employee’s right and opportunity to examine and copy his or
her records. Access to employee medical and exposure records must be given in
a reasonable manner and place.
If access cannot be given within 15 days after requested, the employer must
state the reason for delay and the earliest date when records will be available.

Responses to initial requests and new data added to initial requests must be
provided without cost to the worker or representative. The employer can give
copies of the requested records, provide access to copying facilities or lend
employees their records for copying. Plus, medical and exposure records are to
be made available, on request, for OSHA representatives to examine and copy.
Employers must give employees and their representatives access to records
relevant to them. Access to another worker’s records may be allowed only with
the specific written consent of the employee.
Physicians representing employers are encouraged to discuss record contents
with workers prior to granting actual access. A medical record is created or
maintained by a physician, nurse, or authorized care provider, and it includes:
Medical exams and results throughout employment and pre-
employment
Job and medical surveys, histories, job exposures, exposures
Lab test results like chest X-rays taken to establish base-line data
Biological monitoring, treatment, prescriptions, and medical complaints
Medical opinions, diagnoses, progress notes and medical complaints
Employer physicians can choose to give data on serious diagnoses like terminal
illnesses or psychiatric problems only to an employee's representative.
Analyses Using Exposure or Medical Records
The Standard ensures workers, their representatives, and OSHA access to
analyses based on workplace data. If an analysis request identifies a worker by
name, etc., or asks for facts that can ID a worker, the employer must remove
such identifiers. If removal is impossible, the facts does not have to be provided.
Employee Exposure Record
An exposure record relevant to the employee consists of:
• Monitored levels of toxic substance or harmful agent exposures
• If unavailable, records of other workers with similar duties or job conditions
An employee exposure record is one containing any of the following data types:
• Workplace monitoring of a toxic substance or harmful physical agent
• Biological monitoring showing body absorption of toxins or harmful agents
• MSDSs stating hazard; if unavailable list when and where hazards exists

Employee Information
When hired and at least yearly afterward, workers must be told the location, and
availability of their records. Employers must inform employees of rights and make
copies of the standard available, as well as ID who maintains and gives access.
Transfer of Records
If a company closes, it must give any successor all records. If no successor, it
must give affected employees access rights at least three months before closing,
or write the NIOSH Director at least three months prior to destroying records.
Retention of Records
The Standard does not require recordkeeping, but it does apply to records
created by employer in compliance with other OSHA rules or at free will.
• Exposure records and related data analyses must be kept for 30 years.
• Records must be kept at least the length of employment plus 30 years.
• Background data for records like lab reports must be kept for one year.
• Records for short-term service under a year should be provided at exit.
• One-time, first-aid records do not have to be kept for a specific term.
Case Study
The IBA Inc. board voted to sell the company to ABAS Manufacturing. What
responsibilities does IBA have toward its long-term employees and new hires?
Recommendations
• Employees hired within the last year must be given copies of their
medical records if terminated as part of the terms of sale.
• All medical records and analyses based on those records much be
given to the new owner.

1. To decrease the risk of workplace accidents and injuries, employers must:
Video monitor all areas deemed “dangerous”
Provide frequent and regular inspections of the job site
Monitor every area of the job site daily
Hold daily safety training sessions
2. The ______must establish and supervise training programs to help workers
and managers to recognize, avoid, and prevent unsafe workplace conditions.
Employer
Federal government
Secretary
Health specialist
3. An injury or illness is recordable if it results in all of the following EXCEPT:
Death
Restricted work activity
Transfer to another job
First aid medial treatment
4. ______ refers to employees’ rights and opportunity to examine and copy
personal medical and exposure records.
Access
Review privileges
Trust rights
Advocacy
5. When hired and ______, employees must be told of the existence, location
and availability of their medical and exposure records.
Every two weeks thereafter
At least annually thereafter
At the beginning of every quarter
When medical needs arise

NOTES:

Module 5:
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
This module review the Hazard Communication Standard designed to protect
workers exposed to health hazards and chemicals while on the job.
Introduction
The 1983 Standard requires chemical manufacturers, distributors, or importers to
assess hazards inherent in products they produce, distribute, or import. They
must also gather and document hazards on material safety data sheets that must
be given to at-risk workers. Plus, training must be given to all exposed workers.
What Are Hazardous Substances?
Chemicals can cause health problems from skin irritations to serious injuries or
diseases like cancer. Employers must consider using the least hazardous
chemicals when possible. A hazardous chemical is defined as "a chemical which
poses a physical or health related risk.”
Physical Hazards - Chemical reactions that result in fires, explosions, or the
release of a toxic gas that may cause physical trauma
Health Hazards - Health effects like illness or disease caused directly by
chemicals themselves and not by an injury resulting from a reaction.
Employers must write and implement a hazard communication program to
ensure all containers are labeled, employees are given access to MSDSs, and
effective training is conducted.
Exposure to Hazardous Substances
Hazardous substances enter the body in four ways:
1. Inhalation
2. Ingestion
3. Absorption
4. Injection
Inhalation
Inhalation takes chemicals into the nose or mouth, down the windpipe, and into
the lungs. Some chemicals are trapped in the lungs and others can pass into the
bloodstream. Gases, fumes, and tiny solid particles are commonly inhaled.

Ingestion
This occurs when swallowing. From the stomach, chemicals enter the intestines
where they are absorbed into the bloodstream. Tiny particles are easily ingested.
Absorption
Absorption occurs when chemicals enter the bloodstream through the skin.
Injection
This occurs if a chemical enters the body via a wound, cut, or puncture. Gasses
under high pressure can cut the skin and inject chemicals directly into the body.
Permissible Exposure Limit - PEL
PELs are the regulated limits or concentrations of a substance allowed in the air.
PELs protect workers from exposure to hazardous airborne substances.
Material Safety Data Sheet - MSDS
A MSDS, lists chemical hazards. It contains informational and training data for
safe use and must be provided for every workplace chemical.
Asbestos
Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring, fibrous minerals with high tensile
strength, flexibility, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and electricity. It is found in
sprayed-on fireproofing, pipe insulation, ceiling tiles, fire-resistant drywall, drywall
joint compounds, acoustical products, etc. Few asbestos-containing products are
used today, so exposure often occurs during removal and building renovations.
Asbestos inhalation can cause diseases like gastrointestinal cancer and severe
lung impairment. Symptoms usually do not appear until 20 after initial exposure.
Classification of Asbestos
Class I - is the most hazardous; involves removing thermal insulation and
sprayed-on or troweled-on surfacing asbestos-containing materials
Class II - includes removing asbestos-containing materials that are not
thermal system insulation, like resilient flooring and roofing materials.
Class III - focuses on repair and maintenance operations where asbestos-
containing or presumed asbestos-containing materials are disturbed.

Class IV - covers custodial activities to clean up asbestos-containing waste
PEL - Permissible Exposure Limit
Employee exposure to asbestos must not exceed 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter
(f/cc) of air, averaged over an eight-hour work shift. Short-term exposure must
also be limited to not more than 1 f/cc, averaged over 30 minutes. Rotation of
employees to achieve compliance with either PEL is prohibited.
Asbestos and Smoking
Smokers exposed to asbestos have a greater risk of lung cancer. Those exposed
to asbestos at any time or who suspect exposure, should not smoke.
General Compliance Requirements
For any employee exposed to airborne asbestos, the employer must provide and
ensure the use of PPE like coveralls, head coverings, gloves, face shields,
vented goggles, or other PPE wherever the chance of eye irritation exists.
Employers must also supply and ensure use of respirators where necessary.
Employers must provide medical examinations for workers who, for 30 or more
days per year, engage in Class I, II, or III work or experience symptoms.
Recordkeeping
Employers must record exact asbestos exposure measurements, including
dates, circumstances, sampling methods, evidence of accuracy, the number,
duration, and results of samples, PPE worn, name, social security number, and
results employee condition. These records must be kept for 30 years.
What Kinds of Building Materials May Contain Asbestos?
Asbestos dust exposure can occur at major construction sites, in shipyards, in
industry, and during construction or renovation of buildings. Even workers'
families and friends can be at risk, as asbestos can be carried on clothing. It is
important to note that workers are not always told they are working around
asbestos, and even a single, low dose exposure can result in harm.
This list shows asbestos use, although more products may contain asbestos.
Product Location % Asbestos Dates of Use
Roofing tiles Roofs 20 – 30 1930 – present
Roofing shingles Roofs 20 – 32 1930 – present
Sprayed coating Ceilings, walls, steelwork 1 – 95 1935 – 1978
Troweled coating Ceilings, walls 1- 95 1936 – 1978
Asbestos, cement
sheet
Fireplaces, boilers 20 – 50 1930 – present

Millboard, rollboard Walls, commercial
buildings
80 – 85 1925 – present
Asphalt – asbestos
tile
Floor 26 – 30 1920 – 1980
Preformed pipe wrap Pipes 50 1926 – 1975
Paper tape Furnaces, steam valves,
flanges, electrical wiring
80 1901 – 1980
Putty (mudding) Plumbing joints 20 - 100 1900 – 1973
Gaskets / Packing Pipe flanges, boiler doors,
valves, pipes
10 – 80 1900 – 1989
Hot tops Used with ingot molds in
the steel pouring process
10 – 80 1960 - 1980

1. A hazardous chemical is defined as:
A chemical with a pungent odor
A chemical that is caustic
A chemical deemed “hazardous” by the employer
A chemical which poses a physical or health-related risk
2. Which of the methods of hazardous substance intake can result in the
substance entering your bloodstream through the intestines?
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
Injection
3. Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are regulatory limits on the ______.
Amount of hazardous substance one can work with in a day
Amount of time one can be exposed to a hazardous substance
Amount or concentration of a substance in the air
Amount of hazardous substance the human body can rid itself of
4. The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is used to communicate chemical
hazard information from the______.
Employer to the employee
Manufacturer to the employee
Employee to the manufacturer
Employee to the employer
5. _______ is the term for a group of naturally occurring, fibrous minerals with
high tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and electricity.
Insulation
Asbestos
Fibrous materials
Irritants

NOTES:

Module 6:
PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT OF HIGHLY
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
This module covers OSHA’s process safety management, or PSM, guidelines.
The Need for Process Safety Management (PSM)
Many incidents resulting from the unexpected release of toxic, reactive, or
flammable liquids and gases in processes involving the use of highly hazardous
chemicals occur each year. To eliminate or minimize these incidents, OSHA has
set Process Safety Management (PSM) guidelines.
OSHA Standards Application
The Standard mainly applies to manufacturing, particularly when pertaining to
chemicals, transportation equipment, and fabricated metal products. Other
affected sectors include natural gas liquids, farm product warehousing, electric,
gas, sanitary services, and wholesale trade. The Standard applies to both
pyrotechnics and to explosives manufacturers covered by OSHA rules. Finally,
the Standard has special provisions for contractors working in covered facilities.
PSM applies to all companies in each industry that deal with any of more than
130 specific toxic and reactive chemicals in listed quantities, including flammable
liquids and gases in quantities of 10,000 pounds (4,535.9 Kg) or more.
About the Process
What is process?
A process is any activity using highly hazardous chemicals, to include any use,
storage, manufacturing, handling, or on-site movement of such chemicals, or a
combination of these activities. Any activities involving a group of interconnected
vessels, or involving separate vessels located in areas where activities could
cause a potential release of highly hazardous chemicals is a single process.
Process Safety Information
Employers must compile written process safety information before doing any
process hazard analysis. Written process safety information helps employers and
employees recognize the hazards posed by those processes involving highly
hazardous chemicals. Furthermore the process safety information must include
data on the dangers of highly hazardous chemicals used by and produced in the
process, facts about the process technology, and details about equipment used.

Process Hazard Analysis
Process hazard analysis is a systematic approach for identifying and evaluating
the hazards of processes involving hazardous chemicals. Employers must do
initial process analyses on all regulated processes. Such analyses must be
appropriately complex, and identify, evaluate, and control all related hazards.
Employers must determine and document the priority order for conducting each
analysis. This must be based on considerations such as:
• The extent of the process hazard
• Number of potential affected employees
• Age of the process
• Operating history of the process
Analyses must meet PSM requirements and be completed as soon as possible.
All analyses must be updated and revalidated regularly, at least every five years.
Employers must use one or more of the following methods, as appropriate, to
determine and evaluate the hazards of the process being analyzed:
• What-if
• Checklist
• What-lf/checklist
• Hazard and operability study (HAZOP)
• Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
• Fault tree analysis
• An appropriate equivalent methodology
Process hazard analyses must address the following:
• The hazards of the process
• The identification of any previous incident that had a potential for
catastrophic consequences in the workplace
• Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards
and their interrelationships, such as appropriate application of
detection methodologies to provide early warning of releases
(Acceptable detection methods can involve monitoring and control
instruments with alarms or devices like hydrocarbon sensors
• Consequences of failure of engineering and administrative controls
• Facility sitting
• Human factors

• A qualitative evaluation of a range of the possible safety and health
effects on employees if there is a failure of controls
A team with expertise in engineering and process operations must perform each
process hazard analysis. An inspection team must include at least one employee
with experience and knowledge about the process being evaluated and another
with knowledge about the specific process hazard analysis methodology used.
A system must be in place that addresses the team’s recommendations. The
employer must ensurethat:
• The recommendations are resolved in a timely manner (ASAP)
• The resolutions and actions to be taken are documented
• A schedule for when these actions are to be completed is drawn up
• Actions are communicated to all onsite workers--even maintenance
Analyses must be updated and revalidated at least every five years by a qualified
team to ensure they current. Employers must keep copies of analyses for OSHA,
if requested. Files must include process analyses, updates, revalidations for all
covered processes, and documented recommendations.
About Procedures
Operating Procedures
Employers must write and implement operating procedures that apply process
safety recommendations. It is vital that tasks and procedures related to covered
processes be appropriate, clear, consistent, and clearly stated to employees.
Procedures must address at least the following elements:
Steps for each operating phase:
1. Initial startup
2. Normal operations and temporary operations
3. Emergency shutdown guidelines and designation of shutdown
responsibility to qualified operators to ensure proper execution
4. Emergency operations and normal shutdown operations
5. Startup following a turnaround, or after an emergency shutdown
Operating limits:
• Consequences of deviation and steps to correct or avoid deviation
Safety and health considerations:

• Chemical properties and related hazards during process
• Prevention precautions (engineering and administrative controls, PPE)
• Control measures after physical contact or airborne exposure occurs
• Quality control for raw materials and unsafe chemical inventory levels
• Any special or unique hazards
• Safety systems like interlocks, detection, and suppression systems
Training
Initial Training
Process safety management requires that employers implement effective training
programs to enable potentially exposed employees to work safely. Before an
employee is assigned to a new process, he or she must be specifically trained for
that process. The training must include:
• Specific safety and health hazards of the process
• All emergency operations, including shutdown
• Other safe work practices
Employees already trained and experienced in a process do not need to train
before resuming work, instead the employer can certify in writing that these
employees have all required knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform safely.
Refresher Training
To ensure that employees have up-to-date process knowledge, refresher training
is required at least once every three years, or more often if necessary.
Note: Employers and employees must mutually decide on training frequency.
Training Documentation
Training records are vital. Employers must verify that employees have been
trained and that they understand how to apply it. Documentation must contain:
The identity of the employee
The date of training
The procedures or tests used to verify employee comprehension

1. Process safety management standards apply to______, particularly those
pertaining to chemicals, transportation equipment, and fabricated metal products.
Hazardous substances manufacturers
Large-scale employers (>100 employees)
Manufacturing industries
Small-scale employers (<100 employees)
2. A ______is any activity involving a highly hazardous chemical, including use,
storage, manufacturing, handling, or on-site movement of such chemicals, or a
combination of these activities.
Hazardous situation
Task
Risk
Process
3. ______ is a systematic approach for identifying and evaluating the hazards of
processes involving hazardous chemicals.
Process hazard analysis
Process hazard identification
Process hazard evaluation
Chemical hazard evaluation
4. Employer developed operating procedures must cover all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Passwords and other security information
B. Initial startup
C. Normal operations
D. Emergency operations
5. To assure that employees understand and adhere to the current procedure of
the process, refresher training is required at least ______.
A. Once every year
B. Once every three years
C. Once every six months
D. Once in the first year of employment

NOTES:

Module 7:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
This module reviews OSHA’s requirements for effective engineering, or work
practice, controls and use of personal protective equipment, or PPE.
The Need for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
It is imperative that employers provide PPE to employees if:
• Hazards exist or are likely to be present in a work environment
• If exposure to hazardous chemicals, radiation, or mechanical irritants
• If risk cannot be eliminated by engineering, work practice, or
administrative controls
Employers must also protect workers from various hazards like falling objects,
toxic substances, and noise exposures. Employers must use all feasible controls
to eliminate and reduce hazards, and, if not sufficient, then provide PPE.
Responsibilities of Employers and Employees
Employers must assess workplaces hazards, supply PPE to as needed, decide
when to use PPE, and provide proper training. Workers must use PPE correctly
and inspect/maintain their PPE on a daily basis. A PPE program includes:
• Procedures for selecting, providing, and using PPE
• How to assess work area to determine whether hazards are present or not
• The PPE to be used if hazards are present or likely to be present
PPE Training
Every exposed employee is required to undergo training and understand:
• Why and how training is necessary
• PPE limitations; when and how to use PPE; how to clean/disinfect PPE
• How to identify signs of wear (PPE) and how to dispose of PPE
Survey
Employers must survey the work environment, observe how workers perform
tasks and duties, and identify possible hazards like:
• Objects that could fall from above

• Exposed pipes or beams at work level
• Exposed liquid chemicals; sources of heat, intense light, noise, or dust
• Equipment or materials that could produce flying particles
Controls
Engineering Controls
If a hazard can be prevented by a physical change in the workplace, then it is
said to be eliminated with an engineering control. Engineering controls consist of:
• Substitutions
• Isolations
• Ventilation
• Equipment modifications
Administrative Controls
Administrative control procedures can significantly reduce hazards. They include
manipulations of the work schedule or changes in the ways work is performed.
Work Practice Controls
Work practice control is a type of administrative control where the employer
modifies the way in which employees do work. Some work practice controls are:
• Changing work habits
• Improving sanitation
• Demonstrating good hygiene practices
Head Protection
Employees exposed to possible head injuries from falling/flying objects or
electrical shock, must be given hardhats (helmets). Causes of head injuries are:
• Falling objects (such as tools, equipment)
• Bumping heads against objects (such as pipes, beams)
• Contact with exposed and energized electrical wirings and components
The three classes of hardhats that signify levels of head protection are:
Class G (General) - with good impact protection but limited voltage protection.
They are used in general operations like construction, shipbuilding, or lumbering

Class E (Electrical) – safeguard from falling objects and high-voltage
shocks/burns.
Class C (Conductive) - designed for comfort and protect against bumps from
fixed objects, but do not protect against falling objects or electrical shock
Eye Protection
The Need for Eye Protection
The main cause of eye injuries in the workplace is failure to wear proper PPE.
Eye protection is vital when:
• Dust and other flying particles like metal shavings or sawdust are present
• There is an existence of molten metal or infected fluids that can splash
• There is intense light from welding and lasers
• There are corrosive gases/vapors/liquids
The following points are essential when selecting eye protection equipment:
• It should be comfortable to wear and not restrict vision or movement
• It should be durable and easy to clean and disinfect
• It should not interfere with the function of other required PPE
Face Protection
Face shields protect against dust, splashes, or hazardous sprays. They are not
intended to be eye protection (wear safety glasses or goggles beneath shields).
Welding Shields
Welding shields protect eyes from radiant light burns, and both the face and eyes
from sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips. Always use helmets or hand shields
while arc welding or arc cutting operations, except submerged arc welding. All
attendants must also use eye protection. Plus, goggles or any other suitable eye
protection should be used during all gas welding or oxygen cutting operations.
Hearing Protection
It is often difficult to determine the need for hearing protection. An employee’s
exposure to excessive noise depends upon various factors which include:
• How loud the noise is in terms of decibels (dBA)
• The duration of noise exposure

• Whether workers move between work areas with different noise levels
• Whether noise is generated from one source or multiple sources
Ear Protection Equipment
Employers must employ engineering controls and work practices. If they do not
control the exposure up to an acceptable limit then, PPE is needed such as:
• Earmuffs
• Earplugs
• Canal caps
Foot Protection
Foot protection is mandatory when any combination of the following is present:
• Heavy objects like barrels or tools could roll onto or fall on employees’ feet
• Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might penetrate ordinary shoes
• Molten metal that could splash on employees’ feet
• Hot, wet, or slippery surfaces
Safety shoes are the most common type of foot protection. They have:
• Impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles to protect against heat
• Metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds
• Electrically conductive or nonconductive properties as needed
Workers must not use foot powder or wear silk, wool or nylon socks. Foot powder
insulates conductive shoes and certain socks produce static electricity.
Hand Protection
Hands are the second most injured body part with back injuries being number
one. Hand protection must be used if any of the following is possible:
• Burns or chemical exposure
• Bruises or fractures
• Abrasions, cuts, or punctures
• Amputations
Gloves
Gloves are used to protect hands from injuries. The major kinds of gloves are:
• Durable gloves made of metal mesh, leather, or canvas
• Fabric and coated fabric gloves that protect from dirt and abrasion

• Chemical and liquid resistant gloves
• Rubber gloves used to protect from cuts, lacerations, and abrasions
Glove selection depends on the nature of the hazard(s), activity, and length of
activity. Selecting appropriate gloves is more difficult than choosing any other
PPE. Always use gloves according to their designed purpose.
Body Protection
Body injuries occur frequently in the construction industry. Causes include:
• Intense heat
• Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
• Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials
• Cuts, hazardous chemicals, and radiation
It is vital that exposed body parts be protected by:
• Vests, aprons, jackets or coveralls
• Full body suits
Case Study
A construction worker was severely cut on his hand while removing debris from
the job site. During treatment, he also learned that he had suffered some minor
hearing loss. What PPE could have been used to prevent his injuries and in
general, what types of PPE should the worker regularly use in the future?
Recommendations
• Rubber gloves sufficient to protect from cuts, lacerations, and abrasions
• Earplugs
• Safety shoes
• Hardhat
• A face shield whenever dust, splashes, or hazardous sprays are present

1. A PPE program includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A. The procedure for selecting, providing, and using PPE
B. A list of locations of all PPE around the work site
C. How to assess whether hazards are present or not
D. PPE to be used if workplace hazards are present or likely to be present
2. Every ______ is required to undergo training if he or she is going to use PPE.
A. Employee
B. Machinery operator
C. Exposed employee
D. Supervisor
3. If a potential hazard can be prevented by making a physical change in the
work environment, then the hazard can be eliminated with a(n) ______.
A. Administrative control
B. Work practice control
C. Managerial decision
D. Engineering control
4. Which class of hardhat protects against bumps from fixed objects but does not
protect against falling objects or electrical shock?
A. Class G
B. Class E
C. Class C
D. Class F
5. Generally, ______ are the most used body part in the workplace. Therefore,
they are exposed to more hazards than any other part of the body.
A. Feet
B. Hands
C. Arms
D. Shoulders

NOTES:

Module 8:
FIRE PROTECTION FOR CONSTRUCTION
This module reviews fire protection equipment, types of fires, and fire prevention
systems such as evacuation procedures and emergency plans.
Classes of Fires
Knowing the different types of fires is essential to fire fighting. Different fires
require different equipment to extinguish them. The four fire classes are:
• Class A - ordinary combustible (wood, rags, paper, rubbish)
• Class B - combustible/flammable liquids (fuel oil, paint thinner, diesel)
• Class C - electrical fires (energized equipment, breakers, defective wiring)
• Class D - flammable/combustible metal fires (magnesium, potassium)
• Multi-class is an unofficial class - for more than one kind of fire; labeled
with multi-classes like A-B, B-C, or A-B-C; typically contain dry chemicals
and an extinguishing agent with compressed, non-flammable gas
Classes of Fire Extinguishers
• Class A - pressurized water cans
• Class B - carbon dioxide
• Class C - dry chemical
• Class D - metal or sand
Placement Requirements
Extinguishers must be put in accessible locations and be kept in good operating
condition. They must be in the normal travel path and be clearly marked by class
and type. Temperatures should accommodate flash points of combustibles.
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapors of a liquid can catch fire.
Class A Extinguishers
These are water-based and used on paper, cloth, wood, trash, and other
common fires. They use a cooling and soaking stream effective on Class A fires.
A numeric rating refers to the amount of water held and therefore, its capacity.
Class B Extinguishers
These are pressurized with non-flammable CO2 gas that reduces or smothers
oxygen. CO2 can be safely used on clothing, equipment, and valuable

documents. These devices are designed for flammable liquid fires, and grease,
gasoline, oil, paint thinner, hydraulic fluids, flammable cleaning solvents, and
other hydrocarbon fuels. CO2 is very cold and puts out Class A fires. A numeric
rating denotes capacity in terms of square feet.
Class C Extinguishers
These devices put out electrical fires which must be extinguished using non-
conductive extinguishing agents like carbon dioxide or a dry chemical. Only a
letter rating is used because there is no readily measurable quantity for Class C
fires. C indicates a non-conductive extinguishing agent.
Class D Extinguishers
These are used on flammable metals and are often metal specific. Metals like
magnesium, potassium, titanium, and sodium burn at high tempatures and emit
enough oxygen to fuel fire. Such metals react violently with water or other
chemicals. No picture designation is used and there is usually no numeric rating.
Alarms
In case of fire, the first step is to warn occupants and evacuate immediately.
Early fire warnings can be announced via strategically placed smoke alarms,
including ionization and photoelectric alarms.
Ionization smoke detectors activate more quickly in fast, flaming fires that
consume combustible materials rapidly and spread quickly.
Photoelectric smoke detectors act quicker on slow, smoldering fires. Their
detectors provide early detection of smoke when installed correctly.
Fire Sprinklers
Sprinklers give 24-hour protection by detecting and dousing fires before they
spread. Their design localizes fires as they react fast and independently.
Rescue and Evacuation
Employers must create detailed evacuation plans with employer-employee input.
Plan copies must be posted near all exits, stairways, extinguishing devices, and
at main traffic areas. Plans must show escape and exit routes, assembly points,
emergency call points, and list locations of all fire extinguishing equipment.
Injuries and First Aid
Most fire-related deaths (50-80 percent) are caused by smoke inhalation. Actual

flames and burns are second to smoke inhalation. The National Traumatic
Occupational Fatalities surveillance system recorded 1,587 fire and flame-related
occupational fatalities from the civilian workforce in the U.S. between 1980 and
1995. Of these, 433 resulted from 127 incidents involving two or more victims.
Smoke Inhalation
Smoke inhalation is second to burns in terms of fire injuries. Smoke contains
poison gases can can burn victims’ throats. Symptoms are breathing trouble,
coughing, drowsiness, and vomiting. To prevent smoke inhalation:
• Evacuate everyone from a smoke-filled room as quickly as possible
• Use a wet cloth to cover mouth and nostrils
• Rest after exposure, taking deep breaths, and do not re-enter until safe
Treatment of Minor and Electrical Burns
• Minor, second degree burns or less, must be flushed with running water
• Apply a clean, damp cloth over area to relieve pain; do not use ointment
• Seek medical attention if pain persists or if the burn worsens
• Electrical burns without visible signs, can still cause deep tissue damage
Prevention and Safety Practices
• All equipment and wiring must follow code; seal pipe joints if vessels carry
flammable gas or liquid
• Temporary buildings to have clear exists and no flammables stored
• Store combustibles under stable conditions as their flash points (lowest
temperature at which vapors can catch fire) range from 140° to 200°F
• No smoking; combustibles must not to be within 10 feet of structures;
driveways between storage should be at least 15 feet wide
• Greatest distance between extinguishers should not exceed 100 feet
When there is Indoor storage
• Allow safe distances between combustibles
• Use proper stacking that is never with 3 feet of sprinklers
• Have safe heating and lighting that is checked
• Have 24-inch clearance path for travel OR barricades
Emergency Planning
Emergency plans must be reviewed at least annually and all workers must be
given a copy. They must define escape routes, list prevention methods, and

describe evacuation procedures. Additionally, there must be regular inspections
and a plan to inform fire and rescue personnel. Specific regulations include:
• Employer must create an enforceable, company-wide fire protection plan
• Employer must provide all firefighting equipment and access at all times
• Firefighting equipment must be conspicuously located and maintained
• Get advice and input from a professional fire protection organization
Water Supply
Water must be made available at all times. To ensure this, maintain:
• A temporary or permanent water supply capable of providing sufficient
volume, duration, and pressure to equipment
• Properly tested underground equipment
Small Hose Lines
When small hose lines are used:
• At least a 2A-rated extinguisher is needed for each 3,000 square feet
• Travel distance between extinguishers must not exceed 100 feet
• At least one extinguisher, rated no less than 2A, must be on each floor
• At least one fire extinguisher should be located adjacent to a stairway
• Extinguishers and water drums subject to freezing must be protected
• Carbon tetrachloride or toxic vaporizing liquid extinguishers are prohibited
• Portable extinguishers must be inspected and serviced periodically
Case Study
The site manager was behind schedule and decided to start work immediately.
An underground water tank was installed the night before. The manager verified
that the correct number of small-hose dependent extinguishers was available and
that combustible materials were safely stored away from operations, so he was
sure everything was safe. At 3 p.m. a fire ignited and spread rapidly. All
extinguishers failed and two workers were badly burned before being evacuated.
Recommendations
• The underground tank was not pre-tested
• Employees were not aware of emergency evacuation routes
• Flammable gas had leaked from an un-inspected pipe joint

1. Which class of extinguishers is used on electrical fires that need a non-
conductive extinguishing agent such as carbon dioxide or a dry chemical?
A. Class A
B. Class AB
C. Class C
D. Class D
2. Although ______ is the main cause of fire-related deaths, it is second to burns
in terms of injuries.
A. Smoke inhalation
B. Electrocution from electrical fires
C. Third-degree burns
D. Smothering
3. ______ extinguishers are designed to fight fires that feed on flammable metals
like magnesium, potassium, titanium, and sodium, which burn at high
temperatures and give off enough oxygen to fuel combustion.
A. Class A
B. Class B
C. Class C
D. Class D
4. Carbon tetrachloride or other toxic vaporizing liquid extinguishers are:
A. Prohibited
B. Considered Class D
C. Used for the highest capacity
D. Cost effective
5. Which of the following supplies 24-hour protection and localizes fire damage?
A. A competent person onsite
B. 2A-rated equipment
C. Sprinklers
D. Proper stacking with adequate pathway access

NOTES:

Module 9:
MATERIALS HANDLING
This module reviews materials handling and storage hazards, as well as ways
such hazards can be reduced or eliminated.
Two Main Hazards
• Back and spinal injuries caused by bulkiness and weight of materials
• Bending, twisting, and turning are body movements that cause back and
spinal injuries
When workers move materials they must be aware of the following:
• Strains and sprains from improperly lifting large, heavy objects
• Fractures and bruises from being struck by falling materials
• Bruises caused by falling objects that have been improperly stacked
Methods of Prevention
When manually handling material, a worker must ask for help if a load is:
• Bulky to the extent that it cannot be grasped or lifted properly
• Bulky to the extent that he or she cannot see around or over it
• One that cannot be handled safely
Blocks
When placing blocks under raised loads, workers must ensure that the raised
loads are kept in a raised position until their hands have been removed from
beneath. The blocks must be large and sturdy enough to be able to support the
load. Block materials with cracks, splintered pieces, and rot must not be used.
Handles, Holders and Protective Equipment
All loads should be fitted with handles and holders to reduce chances of injuries
to fingers and hands. If loads are sharp and have rough edges, workers must
wear gloves. Workers should also wear steel-toed shoes if carrying heavy loads.
Load Weight and Mechanical Moving Equipment
Workers must never overload mechanical moving equipment. All types of
material handling equipment have maximum weight specifications which must be
followed. As such, the type of equipment used to move a load from one point to
another must be dictated by the specifications of the load itself.

Stored Materials
Workers must ensure that stored materials are not likely to create hazards. For
example, workers must ensure that storage spaces do not contain unapproved
flammable materials, cause explosions or tripping hazards, or easily harbor rats
and other pests. Plus, storage containers must have adequate capacity to handle
the volume of stored items,be accessible, and be maintained in good condition.
Stacking Lumber, Bricks and Masonry Blocks
If used lumber is stacked, workers must ensure that all nails have been removed
before stacking. that the lumber stacks are on level and solidly supported
bracing, and that they are stable and self-supporting.
Bags and Bundles
It is advisable that when bags and bundles are stacked, interlocking rows are
used. Bagged materials must be stacked by stepping back the layers and cross-
keying the bags at least every ten bags high. When workers remove bags from
the stack, they must start with the top layer and work their way down.
Drums, Barrels and Kegs
• Drums, barrels, and kegs must be stored symmetrically.
• However, if they are stored on their sides, the bottom tiers must be
blocked accordingly to prevent them from rolling.
• If barrels are stacked on end, planks must be placed between each tier.
• If the stack is over two tiers, the lowest tier must be secured on each side.
Materials Handling Equipment
Conveyors
The following risks are associated with using conveyors:
• Catching hands where the conveyor runs over support members.
• If the conveyor is overhead, workers can be struck by falling materials.
• A worker can become caught and pulled into the conveyor.
Cranes
Only qualified, competent persons should operate cranes. They must know lifting
specifications of all loads and the crane’s rated capacity. When using movable
cranes, operators must ensure that a boom angle indicator has been fitted. When

a crane has a telescopic boom, some means of determining boom length must
be present. Crane-specific load rating charts must be put in the operator’s cabin.
Cranes must be inspected often by competent persons. Critical parts like hooks
and operating mechanisms, and load-carrying components must be checked
daily to ensure that no deterioration or maladjustments have occurred.
Slings
Employers must ensure that slings are visually inspected before and during use.
Powered Industrial Trucks
Powered industrial trucks, except earth-moving or over-the-road hauling vehicles,
must meet the design and construction requirements of the American National
Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, Part II, ANSI b56.1-1969. New trucks
must have identifying marks indicating that they have been inspected.
Ergonomic Safety and Health Principles
Ergonomics teaches that jobs must be adapted to fit people, rather than forcing
people to fit jobs. The goal of ergonomics is to create conducive work
environments that fit workers’ needs and in turn, encourage better productivity.
Ergonomics seeks to change working conditions to make jobs as easy as
possible and reduce stressors that can cause trauma or injuries from repetitive
actions. Material storage and handling examples include reducing the weight of
objects lifted, using mechanical lifting aids, or improving accessibility to materials.
Fire Safety Precautions
Employees must note that flammable and combustible materials must be stored
according to their fire properties. For example, when storing flammable liquids,
employees must ensure that they are separated from other material by fire walls.
Combustibles must be stored in areas where smoking, open flames, and sparks
are prohibited. Some materials become dangerous when mixed, so employees
must know their reactive natures and appropriately separate them.
Aisles and Passageways
Safe clearance must be allowed in traffic areas for the mechanical movement of
materials, especially at loading docks, through doorways, and wherever turns
must be made. Allowing sufficient clearance prevents the possibility that workers
will get pinned down, a load will hit an obstruction, or a load will fall on a worker.

Training and Education
Employees must be trained to safely handle materials. They should learn:
• The dangers of handling heavy and bulky materials without proper training
• How to avoid unnecessary physical stress and strain
• Techniques to comfortably handle materials without physical strain
• Proper use of equipment
• How to recognize potential hazards and how to prevent or correct them
Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines
The four main elements of effective occupational safety and health planning are:
• Management commitment and employee involvement
• Worksite analysis
• Hazard prevention and control
• Safety and health training
Case Study
Relatively new, but used lumber has to be stacked in a warehouse. There is not
much room, so one of the workers suggests that it be stored in an aisle near the
back of the warehouse. While stacking the wood, several employees experience
cuts and after the job is finished, the foreman insists that the lumber be
immediately moved and restacked. Why?
Recommendations
• The cuts were caused by old nails that should have been removed before
stacking
• Workers did not wear protective PPE
• A stack, under NO circumstances can be placed in an aisle
• Clear aisles and passageways prevent hazards from falling objects

1. Often, handling heavy and bulky objects results in ______.
A. Accidents
B. Increased teamwork
C. Back and spinal injuries
D. More manpower needed
2. It is very important that efforts be made by ______to ensure that dangers from
improper handling are minimized, if not eliminated, from the workplace.
A. The employer
B. The worker
C. The safety manager
D. Both the employer and worker
3. What is the ideal way to store drums, barrels, and kegs?
A. Together
B. Symmetrically
C. In different storage areas
D. In cold conditions
4. Ergonomics includes changing ______ to make work as easy as possible and
reduce the stressors that can lead to trauma or injuries from repetitive actions.
A. Employees’ shifts
B. Workplace conditions
C. Tools
D. Temperature
5. Employees must always keep in mind that flammable and combustible
materials must be stored in accordance to______.
A. Company policy
B. The will of the employer
C. Location they will be most used
D. Their fire characteristics or properties

NOTES:

Module 10:
BASIC HAND AND POWER TOOLS
This module reviews OSHA’s role in the prevention and elimination of illnesses
and injuries caused by the improper use of hand and power tools.
The Five Safety Precautions
Hazards regarding hand and power tools entail falling, flying, abrasive and
splashing objects, or being exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or
gases. These hazards can be prevented by following five basic safety rules:
• Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.
• Use the right tool for the job.
• Examine each tool for damage before use.
• Operate according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Provide and use the proper protective equipment
In addition to safety precautions, basic tool safety calls for:
• Regular maintenance, including keeping tools sharp
• Using the right tool for the job
• Inspecting tools before use and keeping floors trip/slip hazard free
• Operating tools according to manufacturers’ instructions
• Using correct personal protective equipment (PPE) and guards
• NEVER USE:
o Wrenches when jaws are sprung
o Impact tools (chisels and wedges) when heads have mushroomed
o Tools with loose, cracked or splintered handles
o A screwdriver as a chisel
o Tools with taped handles – they may be hiding cracks
Power Tools
Power tools are very hazardous if used improperly. They are grouped by power
source, whether electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic or powder-actuated. To
be safe, always follow design limits, store in dry areas and use PPE. Remember:
• Don’t carry, lower, or hoist tools by their cords.
• Don’t yank cords or hoses to disconnect.
• Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.

Power tools must have constant pressure, positive On-Off or momentary On-Off
switches. Also, follow these workplace precautions:
• Disconnect tools when not in use, prior to service, and when changing.
• Keep uninvolved workers away from tools.
• Secure work with clamps or a vice to free both hands for use.
• Don’t hold the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool.
• Wear loose clothing and no jewelry.
• Remove damaged electric tools and tag them: “Do Not Use.”
Remember to never remove guards when tools are in use. Guards are used to:
• Guard exposed moving parts, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets,
spindles, flywheels, chains, or other moving parts
• Guard against flying chip and sparks
Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. They include nail guns, drills,
staplers, chippers, and sanders, and they most commonly cause injuries from
being hit by tool attachments or fasteners. Follow electric cords precautions, and:
• Muzzle safety devices for nail guns
• Air hoses must be fastened securely
Powder-Actuated Tools
Employees must be properly trained and tools must be tested daily for proper
loading to ensure safety devices are working. Use proper PPE and:
• Do not use in explosive or flammable environments
• Thoroughly inspect power-actuated tools before use.
• Do not load a tool unless it will be used immediately.
• Never leave a loaded tool unattended; keep hands clear of tool barrel.
• Never point a tool at anyone.
• Store unloaded tools in a locked box.
When Installing Jacks
To safely set up a jack, ensure that:
• Its base is on a firm, level surface and it is centered
• Manufacturer’s rated capacity is marked and not exceeded
• It is lubricated and inspected.
• Lift force is applied evenly

• The jack has a stop indicator
Mechanical power-transmission devices
These parts make up the mechanical system that transmits energy from a power
source to the tool. They include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods,
shafting, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears. OSHA requires all
employers to ensure that workers do not get injured by getting caught in rotating
parts, in-running nip points, pulleys or other such components.
Overhead Horizontal Belts and Chains
Overhead horizontal belts, with lower parts seven feet or less from the work
surface must be guarded on sides and bottom. Guards must run the entire belt
length belt and follow the pulley line to the ceiling or be carried to the nearest
wall. If belts are located in a way that makes this unfeasible, the guard must
completely enclose the top and bottom runs of belt and the face of pulleys.
Horizontal overhead belts over seven feet above the work surface must be
guarded for their entire length if over passageways or work places and traveling
1,800 feet or more per minute. They must be guarded for their length if center to
center distance between pulleys is over 10 feet, or if the belt is 8 inches or wider.
Overhead chain and link belt drives follow the same rules as overhead horizontal
belts and should be guarded in the same manner as belts.
Vertical and Inclined Belts
Vertical and inclined belts must be enclosed by guards made of expanded metal,
perforated or solid sheet metal, wire mesh on a frame of angle iron, or iron pipe.
Guardrails can be used to guard vertical and inclined belts. They must be 42
inches high, with midrails between top rails and floor. Posts cannot be over eight
feet apart; they must be permanent, strong, smooth, and free of protrusions.
All guards for inclined belts have to be arranged to create at least a seven foot or
2.128 meter clearance, between belt and floor at any point outside of guard.
Gears
All gears must be guarded by completely enclosing them with guardrails at least
seven feet or, 2.128 meters, high extending six inches or, 15.24 centimeters,
above the gear mesh point. Gears can also be guarded by band guards covering
gear faces and having flanges extended inward beyond the root of the teeth on
the exposed side or sides. If part of the train of gears guarded by band guards is

under six feet from the floor, disk guards or six-foot, entire enclosures are
required.
Pulleys
Pulleys seven feet or less from the floor or working platform must be guarded
with a sheet made of expanded metal, perforated or solid sheet metal, wire mesh
on a frame of angle iron, or iron pipe securely fastened to the floor or frame.
Pulleys serving as balance wheels, for example punch presses, where the point
of contact between belt and pulley is over six feet six inches from the floor or the
platform, can be guarded with disks covering the spokes.
Couplings
Shaft couplings must be constructed to prevent hazards from bolts, nuts,
setscrews or revolving surfaces. But, bolts, nuts and setscrews can be used if
covered with safety sleeves or where they are used parallel with the shafting and
are countersunk or else do not extend beyond the flange of the coupling.
Case Study
A 22-year-old carpenter’s apprentice was killed when he was struck in the head
by a nail fired from a powder-actuated nail gun. A nearby worker fired the gun
while attempting to anchor a plywood concrete form. Because the form was
hollow, the nail passed right through it like a bullet. It traveled seven feet before
striking the apprentice.
Recommendations
• The nail gun operator had never received training on how to use the tool,
and none of the employees including the apprentice was wearing PPE.
• Powder actuated nail guns should not be used to drive nails into easily
penetrated materials unless such material is backed by a substance that
will prevent the nail from passing through.
• Employees who operate powder or pressure-actuated tools must be
trained to avoid firing into easily penetrated materials (like plywood).

1. Overhead horizontal belts, with lower parts _______ from the work surface
must be guarded on sides and bottom.
A. Ten feet
B. Seven feet or less
C. Over seven feet
D. Less than three feet
2. Remember to ______ guards when tools are in use.
A. Clean
B. Never remove
C. Unplug
D. Remove
3. ______ tools are powered by compressed air. They include nail guns, staplers,
and drills, often cause injury from being hit by tool attachments or fasteners.
A. Power-actuated
B. Pneumatic
C. Hydraulic
D. The most dangerous
4. Overhead horizontal belts, with lower parts seven feet of less from the work
surface must be guarded on _______.
A. Sides only
B. Sides and bottom
C. Horizontal sides, bottom, and top
D. Bottom
5. Employees must be properly trained and tools must be tested ______ for
proper loading to ensure safety devices are working.
A. Daily
B. Weekly
C. Monthly
D. Yearly

NOTES:

Module 11:
WELDING AND CUTTING
This module reviews the two most common types of welding and cutting, related
dangers, and safety measures to minimize and prevent injuries.
Gas Welding and Cutting
Transporting, Moving and Storing Compressed Gas Cylinders
Precautions must be taken when transporting, moving, or storing compressed
gas cylinders used in welding and cutting. To minimize chances of injury:
• Valve protection caps must be in place and properly secured.
• Cylinders must not be hoisted or transported using magnets or choker
slings.
• Cylinders may only be hoisted if secured on a cradle, slingboard, or pallet.
• When moving cylinders ensure not to drop them or strike them violently.
• Move cylinders by tilting them and rolling them along bottom edges.
Placing Cylinders
Due to the flammable nature of the contents in a cylinder, they must be kept far
enough from the actual cutting operation. This ensures that hot slag or flames do
not reach them. If a distance is impractical, fire-resistant shields must be used.
Also, cylinders must not be allowed to become part of an electric circuit. Oxygen,
acetylene, or other fuel gas cylinders must not be taken into confined spaces.
Treatment of Cylinders
Cylinders, either full or empty, must never be used as rollers or support.
Damaged and defective cylinders are not to be used under any circumstances.
Gas mixing should not be attempted by anyone other than the gas supplier. Only
the owner of the cylinder, or any person authorized by him or her, shall be
allowed to refill the cylinder and no one will be allowed to use the cylinder for any
purpose other than that intended by the supplier.
Arc Welding and Cutting
Manual Electrode Holders
• A manual electrode holder must be capable of handling the maximum
rated current. Furthermore, only those manual electrodes that have been
specifically manufactured for arc welding and cutting are allowed.

• Any current-carrying parts coming into contact with the holders must be
fully insulated against the maximum voltage.
Welding Cables and Connectors
All arc welding and cutting cables must be totally insulated, and they must be:
• Flexible type
• Capable of handling maximum current requirements for the work
Cables that are free from repairs and splices for a minimum distance of 10 feet
from the cable end to the electrode holder may be used. If it is necessary to
connect lengths of cable to one another, only connectors that have been
insulated to a level equivalent to the cable should be used. If the connections are
made using cable lugs, workers must ensure that they are secure and that any
exposed metal parts of the lugs are properly insulated.
Fire Prevention
When at all possible, all objects that are to be welded or cut must be moved to
a safe location. If the object cannot be moved, then all fire hazards in the area
of the object must either be moved or shielded prior to welding or cutting. No
welding or cutting should be performed where there exists the possibility of
flammable paints or other compounds creating a hazard. Additionally:
• The work area must be equipped with suitable fire extinguishing equipment
that has been properly maintained and tested, and is ready for
instantaneous use.
• If during welding or cutting it is determined that conventional fire prevention
methods are not sufficient, additional personnel must be assigned to guard
against the possibility of fire.
• When welding or cutting is performed on walls, floors, or ceilings, the
penetration of sparks or heat may cause fire hazards in adjacent areas. As
such, precautions such as positioning properly rated shields, must be taken
to protect possibly affected areas.
• To eliminate the chance of gas escaping through leaks or improperly closed
valves, the gas supply to the torch should be closed off at some point
outside the enclosed space whenever the torch is not being used or will be
left unattended for a substantial period of time.
o Torch and hose must be removed from confined spaces at night.
• Drums, pails, and other containers that contain or have contained
flammable liquids must be properly securely unless the contents are being
removed or transferred.

o Empty containers must be moved to safe area far from hot works.
• Drums or other hollow containers that require welding or cutting must be
filled with water or, thoroughly cleaned, ventilated, and tested.
• Drums, containers, and hollow structures must be vented or otherwise
opened to release any heat or pressure build-up from welding or cutting.
Fire Prevention and Toxic Preservative Coatings
Objects to be welded, heated, or cut must be removed to a safe location or, if
they cannot be moved, all movable flammable materials should be removed from
the area. Objects must not be moved while being welded, heated, or cut.
In addition, if all fire hazards that are present in the area cannot be removed,
precautionary measures must be taken to confine the sparks, slag, and heat.
To avoid ignition of highly flammable hardened preservative coatings, the
workers should strip the area to be heated.
It is important for employees working with toxic preservative coatings to be
protected by respirators, even when working in the open air.
Ventilation and Protection
Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation must consist of either:
• General mechanical exhaust ventilation systems
o General ventilation must be sufficient to create the necessary
number of air changes required to maintain welding fumes and
smoke within safe limits for the activity undertaken (see
1926.353(d) for safe limit details).
• Local exhaust ventilation systems
o Must consist of freely moving hoods that can be placed by the
welder as close as is practicable to the work being performed. The
idea is to remove smoke and fumes at the source to keep the
breathing zone within safe limits.
o Contaminated air that has been exhausted from the working area
must be discharged into an open area or otherwise kept clear from
the source of intake air.
o All air replacing contaminated air that has been withdrawn must be
clean and breathable.
If general or local exhaust ventilation cannot be provided, employees working in
a confined space with the following metals must be fitted with air line respirators.

• Metals containing or coated with lead
• Cadmium-bearing or coated base metals
• Metals coated with mercury-bearing metals
Because of its high toxicity, any work involving beryllium base or filler metals
should be done with both air line respirators and local exhaust ventilation.
Case Study
Several 500-gallon barrels require welding to repair worn seams and valves. The
barrels are very heavy and bolted to cement foundations. What steps should the
welder take before starting the job?
Recommendations
• Ensure barrels are empty; if they need to be drained, avoid spilling liquids.
• Fill the vessels with water.
• Clear the area of combustibles including debris; if any combustibles cannot
be moved, then properly shield them from sparks, etc.
• Close valves on welding torch to stop leaking gas when not being used.
• Evaluate whether a local exhaust system in needed.
• Ensure that functioning fire extinguishers are at hand.

1. Precautions must be taken when transporting, moving, or storing compressed
gas cylinders used in welding and cutting. To reduce chances of injury ______
must not be hoisted or transported using magnets or choker slings.
A. Valve protection caps
B. Welding cables
C. Cylinders
D. Electrode holders
2. When moving cylinders, they can only be hoisted if secured on all of the
following EXCEPT:
A. Cradle
B. Crane
C. Slingboard
D. Pallet
3. A manual electrode holder must be capable of handling the______.
A. Minimum rated current
B. Force which the job demands
C. Maximum rated current
D. Median rated current
4. It is important for employees working with toxic preservative coatings to be
protected by______, even when working in the open air.
A. Respirators
B. Face guards
C. Goggles
D. Gloves
5. All arc welding and cutting cables must be ______ at all times.
A. Ready for use
B. In use
C. Accounted for
D. Completely insulated

NOTES:

Module 12:
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
This module reviews OSHA’s1926 Subpart K that regulates electrical work. It
reduces electrical hazards by requiring safe design and installation practices.
The Dangers
The following are the main types of electrical injuries:
• Direct – electrocution, electrical shock, burns and arc flash/blast
• Indirect – falls, back injuries and cuts to the hands
Shock Severity
The severity of the shock depends on:
• The path of current through the body
• The amount of current flowing through the body (amps)
• The duration of the shocking current through the body
Electrical Hazards and How to Control Them
Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of the following three factors:
1. Unsafe equipment and/or installation
2. Workplaces made unsafe by the environment
3. Unsafe work practices
Some general effective controls include:
• Guard live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more
• Close openings through which conductors enter
• Provide covers for all pull boxes, junction boxes and fittings
• Avoid overhead power lines which are usually NOT insulated
• Maintain distance; use PPE and non-conductive ladders near power lines
Controlling Inadequate Wiring Hazard
Here are some important points to consider when using wires:
• Wiring depends on operation, materials, electrical load, and environment
• Use fixed cords rather than flexible cords
• Use the correct extension cord

Flexible cords must be designed for hard or extra-hard usage. Ratings must be
indelibly marked about every 24” (NEC code Article 400.6) of the cord. Since
cords not rugged enough for construction conditions wear faster, the NEC and
OSHA have specified cord types for construction. This rule specifies cord types
for applications, such as portable tools, appliances, and temporary and portable
lights. Cords are marked HARD or EXTRA HARD SERVICE.
Controlling Defective Cords and Wires
When working with cords and wires, look for:
• Damaged insulation in wires, tools, or appliances
• Exposed insulation that can become energized if touched by a live wire
• Electric hand tools that are old, damaged, or misused
• Proper grounding
The following OSHA requirements apply to the use of cords and wires:
• Live wires should be insulated and checked before use.
• Only use cords that are three-wire type.
• Only cords marked for hard or extra-hard usage should be used.
• Only use cords, connection devices, and fittings with strain relief.
• Cords should be removed by pulling on the plugs, not on the cords.
• Unmarked or modified cords must be taken out of service immediately.
Grounding
Grounding creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse
unwanted current. Remember:
• Tools plugged into improperly grounded circuits can become energized.
• Properly ground power supply systems, and electrical circuits and devices.
• Frequently inspect to ensure that path to ground is continuous.
• Inspect electrical equipment before use.
• Don’t remove ground prongs from tools or extension cords.
• Ground exposed metal parts of equipment.
Control – Using a GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter)
A GFCI performs the following functions:
• Protects from shock
• Detects differences in current between the black and white wires
• Shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a second if a ground fault is detected

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