This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and evolution of GSM from 1G to future 5G networks. The key components of a GSM network are described, including the mobile equipment, subscriber identity module, base station system consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. Applications, advantages like worldwide connectivity, and disadvantages like limited range are highlighted. The presentation concludes with references and an acknowledgment.

2. Presented by:
Name:- Shuddha Satya Biswas
WBUT Roll no.:- 14800313070
Registration No.:- 131480110259
ECE department
FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)

3. Contents
TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Evolution of GSM
4. Architecture of GSM
5. GSM Network
6. Different Components of GSM
6.1 Mobile Switching
6.1.1 Mobile Equipment (ME)
6.1.2 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
6.2 Base Station System(BSS)
6.2.1 base transceiver station(BTS)
6.2.2 base station controller(BSC)
6.3 Mobile services switching center(MSC)
7. GSM Specifications
8. Applications, Advantages & Disadvantages of GSM
9. Future Aspects
10. References
11. Acknowledgement

4. Introduction
 GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication) is open,
Digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice
and Data Transfer.
 GSM basically uses circuit switched system and divides each
200 kHz signal into 8 25 kHz time slots and operates in 900
MHz,1800 MHz and 1.8GHz bands.
 The data transfer rates vary from 64kbps to 120kbps.
 It uses a narrow band transmission technique- basically
Time Division Multiplex Access.
 GSM supports data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbps,
allowing the transmission of basic data services such as SMS
(Short Message Service)

5. History
• 1982- First time GSM technology is created. That time it named as groupe Special Mobile(GSM)
• 1987- Initial MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) aside the drafting of technical specifications
was signed by network operators of 13 countries
• 1991- Validation and trials, of the radio interface and First system trials are demonstrated at the
Telecom 91 exhibition.
• 1992- Official commercial launch of GSM service in Europe. First Launch in Finland
• 1998- GSM MoU joins 3GPP (UMTS) GPRS Trials begins
• 2000- 480M GSM Network operators Worldwide, First GPRS Networks roll out

6. • (1G)First Generation- ‘80s
Evolution of GSM
Analog System- AMPS
Digital System- DAMPS
• (2G)Second Generation- late '80 - Digital- GSM (Global System
for Mobile Communication)
• (2.5G) Generation- Mid '90s -Digital- GPRS(General Pocket
Ratio System)
• (2.75G) Generation- 2000- Fully Digital- GPRS+EDGE (Enhance
Data for GSM Revolution)

8. Different Components of GSM
GSM
Mobile Switching Base Station System(BSS) Mobile services switching
center(MSC)
ME SIM
BTS BSC
EIRAuCVLRHLR

9. Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Frequency and Time Synchronization
• Voice encoding and transmission
• Voice encryption/decryption functions
• Power measurements of adjacent cells
• Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
• 160 character long SMS.
• International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)

10. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Portable Smart Card with memory (ROM-6KB to 16KB-A3/A8 algorithm, RAM- 128KB TO 256KB,
EEPROM- 3KB to 8KB )
Static Information
International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
Personal Identification Number (ICCID)
Authentication Key
Dynamic Information
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Phone memories, billing information
Ability to store Short Messages received

11. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Handles the radio interface to the mobile station
• Consists of one or more radio terminals for transmission and reception
• Each Radio terminal represents an RF Channel
• TRX and MS communicates over Um interface
• Received data transcoding
• Voice encryption/decryption
• Signal processing functions of the radio interface
• Uplink Radio channel power measurements

12. Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS
• External Interfaces
• ‘A’ interface towards the MSC
• Monitors and controls several BTSs
• Management of channels on the radio interface
• Alarm Handling from the external interfaces
• Switching from ‘Abis’ link to the ‘A’ link
• Interface to OMC for BSS Management

13. Mobile Services Switching Center(MSC)
• Performs call switching
• Interface of the cellular network to PSTN
• Routes calls between PLMN and PSTN
• Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to mobile user
• Inter-BSC Handover
• Paging
• Billing

14. Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Database that contains Subscriber parameters and location
information for all mobile subscribers currently located in the
geographical area controlled by that VLR
• Identity of Mobile Subscriber
• Copy of subscriber data from HLR
• Generates and allocates a Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
• Location Area Code
• Provides necessary data when mobile originates call

15. Home Location Register (HLR)
• Stores user data of all Subscribers related to the GMSC
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
• Users telephone number (MS ISDN)
• Subscription information and services
• VLR address
• Reference to Authentication center for key (Ki)
• Referred when call comes from public land network

16. Authentication Center (AuC)
• Stores Subscriber authentication data called Ki, a copy of
which is also stored in in the SIM card
• Generates security related parameters to authorize a
subscriber (SRES-Signed Response)
• Generates unique data pattern called Cipher key (Ki) for user
data encryption
• Provides triplets - RAND, SRES & Ki, to the HLR on request.

17. Equipment Identity Register(EIR)
• EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile
station equipment within the network, where each mobile
station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment
Identity(IMEI).
• EIR has three databases.
• White list - For all known, good IMEI’s
• Black list - For all bad or stolen handsets
• Grey list - For handsets/IMEI’s that are on observation

18. GSM Specifications
• Frequency band
Uplink 890 - 915 MHz
Downlink 935 - 960MHz
• Duplex Frequency Spacing 45MHz
• Carrier separation 200KHz
• Frequency Channels 124
• Time Slots /Frame(Full Rate) 8
• Voice Coder Bit Rate 13Kbps
• Modulation GMSK
• Air transmission rate 270.833333 Kbps
• Access method FDMA/TDMA
• Speech Coder RPE-LTP-LPC

19. Application
• Controlling and Monitoring
Roller Doors
Electric Gates
Motors Vending Machines
Air-Conditioners
Lights Power Outlets
Door Locks Arcade Gaming
Machines Reset
Computer Servers
• Remote Camera Monitoring
• GSM technology use in GPRS system.
• To fine the exact location and routing purpose.
• Voice call and SMS

20. Advantages & Disadvantages of GSM
Advantages
• It is more cost effective.
• GSM receivers are widely available- mobile
phones and GSM modems
• It has high data transfer speed.
• High capacity
• High transmission quality
• Worldwide connectivity
Disadvantages
• Many of the technology are patented and should
be license from QUALCOMM.
• · When customers using particular sites going up
and the range of he sites goes down.
• · Manufactures are not release IS-95 devices due to
the lack of the big market and it come in late in
market.
• · IS-95 is normally installed in small tower.
• · GSM has fixed max call sites range up to 35 km
that is very limited.

21. Future Aspects
3 Generation(3G)
widespread radio interface and W-CDMA
(Wide band CDMA)
Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
4 Generation(4G)
W-CDMA(Wide band CDMA)
with TD LTE and LTE FDD on
a LIVE 4G network
data rate: 2 Mbps to 135
Mbps
5 Generation(5G)
Etsy + 3GPP + IEEE 802.11ad.
data rate: 135mbps to 1-2 Gbps

22. References
www.Wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and
Optimization by Ajay R. Mishra
GSM Switching, Services, and Protocols by Joerg
Eberspaecher, Hans-Joerg Voegel, Christian Bettstetter
GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance: Evolution Towards
3G/UMTS by Timo Halonen, Javier Romero, Juan Meler

23. Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to Prof. Gargi Bhattacharya for the golden
opportunity she had given to me to perform on this
wonderful seminar presentation on “GSM
Technology”, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many
important things I am really thankful to her.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing and
gathering these much information within the limited
time frame