Management can be viewed as an art, science, or profession. As an art, management relies on theoretical knowledge and creativity in personalized application. As a science, management is based on systematic experimentation and principles with universal validity. As a profession, management involves a well-defined body of knowledge, restricted entry requirements, ethical standards, and service to others. Management consists of three levels - top, middle, and lower. The top level integrates activities, the middle level ensures policies and resources, and the lower level implements policies. The main functions of management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
6. Management as an Art
• Existence of
theoretical
knowledge
• Personalized
application
• Based on practice and
creativity
Management as a
Science
• Systematized body of
knowledge
• Principles based on
experimentation
• Universal validity
Management as a
Profession
• Well-defined body of
knowledge
• Restricted entry
• Professional
association
• Ethical code of
conduct
• Service motive
7. Top Level
• Consists of Chairperson,
CEO, Chief Operating
Officer or equivalent
and their team.
• They integrate and
coordinate the various
activities of the
business.
Middle Level
• Consists of divisional
heads, Supervisor and
Operations Manager etc.
• Main tasks are to follow
policies of the top
management, to ensure
the availability of
resources & to
coordinate all activities,
assign duties, etc.
Lower Level
• Consists of Foremen and
supervisors etc.
• Main task is ensure that
the policies are followed
as per directions,
maintain discipline
among the workers, etc.
8. Functions of Management:
•deciding in advance what to do in future and how to do it.
Planning
•to assign duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating resources required to carry out a specific plan.
Organizing
•finding the right people for the right job.
Staffing
•leading, influencing and motivating employees to perform the tasks assigned to them.
Directing
•monitoring the organizational performance towards the attainment of organizational goals.
Controlling
