to provide knowledge of psychiatric assessmeny to physiotherapy students

1. Psychiatry for physiotherapists
A. THANGAMANI RAMALINGAM
P T, M S C ( P S Y ) , M I A P

2. Psychiatric history
Identity
• marital status
• education
• occupation
• cultural
• spiritual identity

3. Present complaint
The date of onset and was the onset slow or sudden?
 Why and precisely how has the person presented at this
time?
 What precipitated the problem?
 The severity and its course and effect on work and
relationships
 physical effects on appetite, sleep and sexual drive.
 Previous episodes, including dates, treatments and
outcomes of similar episodes.
 The description of the problem - patient's insight into their
situation.
 Some patients may deny the existence of a problem and it
may be necessary to obtain a history of the illness from a
family member or close friend.


4. Personal history







Work history:
Marital history
relationship history with others (intimate or sexual relationships)
Family history: close family, including names, ages and their past and present mental
and physical health.
Illegal activities/violence: criminal record and any previous episodes of violence or
other acts of aggression.
Present social situation
Pre morbid personality
 Character traits.
 Confidence.
 Religious and moral beliefs.
 Ambitions and aspirations.
 Social relationships with family, friends, workmates.
 Alcohol and illicit drug misuse (past and present).
 Full current drug history (prescribed medications, self-prescribed, or recreational).

5. Mental state assessment
 Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
 Cognitive Impairment Screening
 Screening Depression
 Appearance and behaviour: appearance, motor
behaviour, attitude to situation and examiner.
 Speech: rate, volume, quantity of information; disturbance
in language or meaning.
 Mood and affect: mood
(eg depressed, euphoric, suspicious); affect (eg
restricted, flattened, inappropriate).

6.  Content of thought: delusions, suicidal thoughts, amount of
thought and rate of production, continuity of ideas.
 Perception: hallucinations, other perceptual disturbances
(derealisation; depersonalisation; heightened/dulled perception).
 Cognition: level of consciousness, memory
(immediate, recent, remote), orientation
(time, place, person), concentration: serial 7s, abstract thinking.
 Insight: extent of the individual's awareness of the problem
 Assessing suicidal attempts/intent

7. Physical examination and investigations
 To exclude physical (organic) causes for current mental
problems.
 Investigations
 eg blood tests for anaemia
 B12 deficiency
 TFTs or syphilis serology, may be required depending on
the presentation.

8. Clinical assessment
 Clinical cognitive assessment in those with suspected
dementia should include examination of attention and
concentration, orientation, short-term and long-term
memory, praxis, language and executive function.
 Formal neuropsychological testing should form part of
the assessment in cases of mild or questionable
dementia.

9. The General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
(GPCOG)
 The GPCOG –
It has been found to be reliable and superior to the
Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) and to the Mini Mental
State Examination (MMSE), in detecting dementia. The
two-stage method of administering the GPCOG had a
sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.86.Patient
interviews took less than four minutes to administer and
informant interviews less than two minutes.

10. The Mini Mental State Examination
 The MMSE was developed by psychiatrists and is highly regarded.
 The test takes only about 10 minutes, but is limited because it will




not detect subtle memory losses, particularly in well-educated
patients.
People from different cultural groups, or of low intelligence or
education, may score poorly .
The MMSE provides measures of orientation, registration
(immediate memory), short-term memory (but not long-term
memory) as well as language functioning.
Scores of 25-30 out of 30 are considered normal; NICE classify 2124 as mild, 10-20 as moderate and <10 as severe impairment
The MMSE may not be an appropriate assessment if the patient
has learning, linguistic/communication or other disabilities

11. The Six Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT)
 Developed in 1983, the 6CITbecause of recognition by
The Royal College of General Practitioners together with
new computerised versions, its usage is increasing.
 The 6CIT is a much newer test than the AMT
 Appear to be culturally and linguistically translatable with
good probability statistics
 more complex scoring system.

12. Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the
Elderly (IQCODE)
 When combined with cognitive tests, such as the
MMSE, the IQCODE provides a useful overview and hence
sensitivity and specificity as a screening test can be
improved.
 The questionnaire asks how the patient compares today
with ten years ago in various activities, eg remembering
birthdays and recalling conversations.

13. Abbreviated Mental Test
 The AMTis a quick to use screening test that was first
introduced in 1972 but is less widely used today.
 Developed by geriatricians,
 Best known test in general hospital usage
 Lacks validation in primary care and screening populations.
 Its disadvantages are the ability to be confounded by
intelligence, age, social class, sensitivity of hearing and history
of stroke.
 A four point AMT has been developed which should be easier
to administer than the original ten point version and may
obviate some of these problems.

14. Test Your Memory (TYM) Test
 This is a useful screening test, particularly where clinician









time is limited. The test involves:
Orientation.
Ability to copy a sentence.
Semantic knowledge.
Calculation.
Verbal fluency.
Similarities.
Naming.
Visuospatial abilities.
Recall of a copied sentence.

15. Initial screening in patients who may have
depression
 During the last month have you been feeling
down, depressed or hopeless?
 During the last month have you often been bothered by
having little interest or pleasure in doing things?
 If patients with a chronic physical illness answers 'yes' to either
question, the following three questions should be asked:
During the last month, have you often been bothered by:
 Feelings of worthlessness?
 Poor concentration?
 Thoughts of death

16. Assessing newly diagnosed patients
Three tools are recommended in the Quality and Outcomes
Framework (QOF) guidance.
 Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): this is a nine-item questionnaire which helps
both to diagnose depression and to assess severity. It is based directly on the diagnostic
criteria for major depressive disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Fourth
Edition (DSM-IV). It takes about three minutes to complete. Scores are categorised as
minimal (1-4), mild (5-9) , moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19) and severe
depression (20-27). It can be downloaded free from the internet.
 Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale: despite its name, this has been
validated for use in primary care. It is designed to assess both anxietyand depression. It
takes about 5 minutes to complete. The anxiety and depression scales each have seven
questions, and scores are categorised as normal (0-7), mild (8-10), moderate (11-14)
and severe (15-21).
 Beck Depression Inventory® - Second Edition (BDI-II): this also uses DSM-IV
criteria. it takes about five minutes to complete. It is an assessment of the severity of
depression and is graded as minimal (0-13), mild (14-19), moderate (20-28) and severe
(29-36). It consists of 21 items to assess the intensity of depression in clinical and
normal patients. Each item is a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity
about a particular symptom of depression. It is also not free but can be purchased from
the supplier's website.

17. SPECIFIC TOOLS for depression
 Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Reynolds' Child




Depression Scale (RCDS). Both of these can be used on
children aged over 7.
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
and Reynolds' Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS) are more
suitable for adolescents.
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) - a selfrating scale - is for puerperal depression.
The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is suitable for older
patients. Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES), Beck and
Zung depression assessment tools can also be used in the
elderly.
The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) is
suitable for patients with dementia.

18. The Modified Scale for
Suicidal Ideation
 The purpose of this scale is to assess the presence or
absence of suicide ideation and the degree of severity
of suicidal ideas.
 The time frame is from the point of interview and the
previous 48 hours.

19. SPIRITUALITY AND RESILIENCE
ASSESSMENT PACKET
 A.
Measuring a Resilient Worldview: The
IPPA
1. Control Dimension: Self Confidence During
Stress
2. Meaning Dimension: Life Purpose and
Satisfaction
3. Unifying Concept: Confidence in Life and Self
 B.
Measuring Internalized Spirituality: The
INSPIRIT
1. Religion and Spirituality as Overlapping
Concepts
2. Characteristics of Internalized
Spirituality

20. Perinatal and infants 0–2 years


Examples of Parenting—Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes
relevant measures
The Parenting Scale (Arnold et al. 1993)
Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Gibauld-Wallston &
Wandersmann 1978)
Parent Behaviour Checklist (Fox 1990)
Parenting Stress Index (Abidin 1990)
Abuse and Neglect
Child Abuse Potential Inventory (Milner 1986).
Child Development
Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (Brazelton 1973)
Denver Developmental Screening Test II (Frankenberg et al. 1990)
Griffiths Mental Development Scales (Griffiths 1954)
Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley 1993)
Depression (postnatal)
Edinburgh Depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagovsky 1987)
Family Functioning and Couple Relationship Satisfaction
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales III (Olson, Bell & Portner
1985)
Outcomes and indicators, measurement tools Dyadic Adjustment Scales (Spanier 1976) and abbreviated version
(Sharpley & Rogers 1984)
ENRICH Short Form (Fowers & Olson 1993) and databases 53
Family APGAR (Smilkstein 1978)
Structural Family Interaction Scale (Perosa, Hansen & Perosa 1981)
McMaster Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al. 1983)
Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos 1981)

21. Toddlers and preschoolers 2–4 years


Examples of Parenting—Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes
relevant measures The Parenting Scale (Arnold et al. 1993)

























Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Gibauld-Wallston &
Wandersmann 1978)
Parent Behaviour Checklist (Fox 1990)
Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (Gerard 1994)
Parenting Stress Index (Abidin 1990)
Abuse and Neglect
Child Abuse Potential Inventory (Milner 1986)
Child Development Screening Measures
Denver Developmental Screening Test-II (Frankenberg et al. 1990)
The Language Development Survey (Rescorla 1989)
Griffiths Mental Development Scales: Scale 2 (Griffiths 1954)
Family Functioning and Couple Relationship Satisfaction
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales III (Olson, Bell & Portner
1985)
Family APGAR (Smilkstein 1978)
Structural Family Interaction Scale (Perosa, Hansen & Perosa 1981)
McMaster Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al. 1983)
Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos 1981)
Dyadic Adjustment Scales (Spanier 1976) and abbreviated version
(Sharpley & Rogers 1984)
ENRICH Short Form (Fowers & Olson 1993)
Child Behaviour Problems and Disorders
The Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire (Behar 1977).
Preschool Behaviour Checklist (McGuire & Richman 1986)
Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach 1992)

22. Children 5–11 years
Conners Rating Scales—Revised (Conners 1997)
Examples of Parenting Skills, Knowledge and
Attitudes
relevant measures Parenting Sense of Competence
Scale (Gibauld-Wallston &
Wandersmann 1978)
Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (Gerard 1994)
Parenting Stress Index (Abidin 1990)
Parenting Skills Inventory (Nash & Morrison 1984)
The Parenting Scale (Arnold et al. 1993)
Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (Shelton, Frick & Wooton 1996)
Abuse and Neglect
Child Abuse Potential Inventory (Milner 1986)
Family Functioning and Couple Relationship Satisfaction
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales III (Olson, Bell & Portner
1985)
Family APGAR (Smilkstein 1978)
Structural Family Interaction Scale (Perosa, Hansen & Perosa 1981)
McMaster Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al. 1983)
Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos 1981)
Dyadic Adjustment Scales (Spanier 1976) and abbreviated version
(Sharpley & Rogers 1984)
ENRICH (Fowers & Olson 1993)
Child Mental Health/Behaviour Problems and Disorders
Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach 1991) Parent and Teacher
Report
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISCIV; Shaffer 1996)
Schedule for Affective Disorders and
Schizophrenia for School-Age
Children (K-SADS-IV-R; Ambrosini & Dixon, and KSADS-E,
Orvaschel, 1995)
Anxiety Interview Schedule for Children–
Parent/Child (ADIS-C;
Albano & Silverman 1996)
Ohio Youth Problems, Functioning and
Satisfaction Scales (Ogles,
Davis & Lunnen 1998)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
(Goodman 1997)
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children
and Adolescents
(HoNOSCA; Gowers et al. 1999a,b)
Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer
et al. 1983)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for
Children (Kiddie-PANSS;
Fields et al. 1994)

23. Disorder Specific Measures
Depression
Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs 1992)
Reynolds Child Depression Scale (Reynolds 1989)
Outcomes and indicators, measurement tools and databases
59
Anxiety
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds &
Richmond
1978; 1985)
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (Spence 1998)
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Spielberger 1973)
Self-esteem
Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventories (Battle 1992)
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories (Coopersmith 1982)
Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (Piers 1984)
Optimistic/Pessimistic Thinking Styles
Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire (Seligman et al.
1994)
Sense of connectedness to school and community
[available measures were not examined]
Mental health literacy
[available measures were not examined]
Acceptance and valuing of cultural diversity
[available measures were not examined]
Children’s Social Skills and Social Competence [not
examined in
audit]
Social Skills Questionnaires (Parent, Child, Teacher
Versions;
Spence 1995)
Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliot 1990)
Social Support and Social Networks
Survey of Children’s Social Support (Dubow & Ullman
1989)
Teacher behaviour, skills and attitudes re: mental
health and resilience
skill building
[available measures were not examined]
Social facilities and resources
[available measures were not examined]
Type and number of school and community activities
appropriate to
children and families
[available measures were not examined]
Level of bullying in schools
[available measures were not examined

24. Young people 12–17 years
Youth Mental Health and Emotional/Behaviour Problems
Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach 1991)Youth, Parent and
Teacher Report
Ohio Youth Functioning and Satisfaction Scales (Ogles, Davis &
Lunnen 1998)
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV; Shaffer, 1996)
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age
Children (K-SADS-IV-R; Ambrosini & Dixon, and K-SADS-E,
Orvaschel, 1995)
Anxiety Interview Schedule for Children-Parent/Child
(Albano & Silverman 1996)
Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Robins et al. 1988)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman 1997)
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents
(HoNOSCA; Gowers et al. 1999 a,b)
Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al. 1983)

25. 
Disorder Specific Measures
Depression
Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs 1992)
Reynold’s Adolescent Depression Scale (Reynolds 1987)
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck 1961) and BDI-2 (Beck et al.
1996)
Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff 1977)
Outcomes and indicators, measurement tools and databases 63
Anxiety
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds & Richmond
1978; 1985)
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Spielberger 1973)
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (Spence 1998)
Eating Disorders
Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (Maloney et al. 1988)
Eating Attitudes Test -26 (EAT-26; Garner et al. 1982)
Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)Garner, Olmsted & Polivy 1983)
and EDI-2, Garner 1991)
Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields 1984)
Drug and alcohol abuse
Personal Experiences Screening Questionnaire (Winters 1992)
Westminster Substance Use Questionnaire (Adelekan, Gowers &
Singh 1994)
Psychosis
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall & Gorham 1962)
Early Signs Scale (ESS; Birchwood et al. 1989)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Fiszbein &
Opler 1987)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Children (Kiddie-PANSS;
Fields et al. 1994)
Hopelessness, Suicidal Ideation
Hopelessness Scale for Children (Kazdin et al. 1983)
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (Beck, Kovaks & Weismann 1979)
Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation (Miller et al. 1986)
Suicide Probability Scale (Cull & Gill 1989)
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al. 1974)
Youth Quality of Life
Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale-Student (Cummins et al. 1994)
Perceived Life Satisfaction Scale (Smith et al. 1987)
Student Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner 1991)
Coping and Problem Solving
Adolescent Coping Scale (Frydenberg & Lewis 1993)
Coping Strategies Inventory (Tobin, Holroyd & Reynolds 1989)
Problem Solving Inventory (D’Zurilla, Nezu & Maydeu-Olivares
Self-Esteem and Self-image
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories (Coopersmith 1982)
Self Perception Profile (Harter 1988)
64 National Action Plan for Promotion, Prevention and Early
Intervention for Mental Health 2000
Children’s Social Skills and Social Competence [not examined
in
audit]
Social Skills Questionnaires (Parent, Child, Teacher Versions;
Spence 1995)
Social Skills Rating System (Gresham & Elliot 1990)
Optimistic/Pessimistic Thinking Styles
Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire (Seligman et al.
1994)
Sense of Connectedness to School and Community
Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins 1995)
Mental Health Literacy
[available measures were not examined]
Acceptance and Valuing of Cultural Diversity
Cultural Tolerance Scale (Gasser & Tan 1999)
Quick Discrimination Index (Ponterotto et al. 1995)
Motivation to Control Prejudice Scale (Dunton & Fazio 1997)
Social Support and Social Networks
Survey of Children’s Social Support (Dubow & Ullman 1989)
Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviours (Barrera 1981)
Social Facilities and Resources
[available measures were not examined]
Audit of type and number of school and community activities
appropriate to young people
Parenting skills and parenting stress among parents of
adolescents
Parenting Stress Index (Abidin 1990)
Parenting Skills Inventory (Nash & Morrison 1984)

26. Adults
Mental Health and Wellbeing
relevant measures General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 60; 30; 28; 12; Goldberg
1972, 1978)
Mental Health Inventory (MHI; Viet & Ware 1983)
Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36; Ware et al.
1993)
Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis & Spencer 1982)
Outcomes and indicators, measurement tools and databases 71
Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Robins et al.
1988)
Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins et al. 1981)
Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman & Covi
1973)
Life Skills Profile (LSP; Rosen, Hadzi-Pavlovic & Parker 1989)
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS; Wing, Curtis &
Beevor 1996)
Global Assessment Scale (GAS; Endicott, Spitzer & Fleiss 1976)
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAFS; American Psychiatric
Association 1994)

27. Disorder Specific Measures
Depression
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck 1961) and BDI-2 (Beck et al.
1996)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond 1995)
Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff 1977)
Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (Zung 1965)
Anxiety
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger 1983)
Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer 1988)
Eating Disorders
Eating Attitudes Test -26 (EAT-26; Garner et al. 1982)
Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) Garner, Olmsted & Polivy 1983)
and EDI-2 (Garner 1991)
Eating Disorder Examination-Self Report Questionnaire (Fairburn &
Beglin 1994)
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Saunders et al. 1993)
Alcohol Dependence Scale (Skinner & Allen 1982)
The Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST; Selzer,
Vinokur & van-Rooijen 1975).
Psychosis
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall & Gorham 1962)
Early Signs Scale (ESS; Birchwood et al. 1989)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Fiszbein &
Opler 1987)
Hopelessness, Suicidal Ideation
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (Beck, Kovaks & Weismann 1979)
Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation-MMSI (Miller et al. 1986)
Suicide Probability Scale (Cull & Gill 1989)
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al. 1974
Quality of Life
Quality of Life Questionnaire (Greenley, Greenberg & Brown 1997)
WHOBREF/WHOQOL-100 (The WHOQOL Group 1996,1998a,b)
Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale—Adult (Cummins 1993)
Quality of Life Index (Spitzer et al. 1981)
Quality of Couple Relationship
Dyadic Adjustment Scales (Spanier 1976) and abbreviated version
(Sharpley & Rogers 1984)
ENRICH Short Form (Fowers & Olson 1993)
Mental Health Literacy
[available measures were not examined]
Coping and Problem-solving Skills
Problem Solving Inventory (D’Zurilla, Nezu & Maydeu-Olivares
1997)
Ways of Coping (Folkman & Lazarus 1980)
Multidimensional Coping Inventory (Endler & Parker 1990)
Coping Scale for Adults (Frydenberg & Lewis 1997)
Social Support and Social Networks
Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviours (Barrera 1981)
Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (Hendlerson et al. 1980)
Social Support Questionnaire (Sarason et al. 1983)
Sense of Connectedness to Community (social connectedness)
Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins 1995)
Acceptance and Valuing Of Cultural Diversity
Cultural Tolerance Scale (Gasser & Tan 1999)
Quick Discrimination Index (Ponterotto et al. 1995)
Motivation to Control Prejudice Scale (Dunton & Fazio 1997)
Modern Racism Scale (McConahay 1983)
Intercultural Tolerance Scale (Mendleson et al. 1997)
Occupational Stress and Burnout Measures [not reviewed]
Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach, Jackson & Leiter 1996)
Occupational Stress Indicator (Cooper, Sloan & Williams 1988)

28. Older adults
Quality of Life, Wellbeing and Life Satisfaction
relevant measures Quality of Life Index (Spitzer et
al. 1981)
The Life Satisfaction Index A and Index B
(Neugarten, Havinghurst
& Tobin 1961)
The Life Satisfaction Index Z-13 item Version
(Wood, Wylie &
Sheafor 1969)
Lancashire Quality of Life scale (Lancashire Quality of
Life Scale,
Oliver 1992)
Mental Health and Wellbeing
Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36;
Ware et al.
1993)
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 60; 30; 28; 12;
Goldberg
1972, 1978)
Mental Health Inventory (MHI; Viet & Ware 1983)
Outcomes and indicators, measurement tools and
databases 75
Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis &
Spencer 1982)
Composite International Diagnostic Interview
(CIDI; Robins et al.
1988)
Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins et al.
1981)
Symptom Checklist—90 Revised (SCL-90;
Derogatis, Lipman &
Covi 1973)
Life Skills Profile (LSP; Rosen, Hadzi-Pavlovic &
Parker 1989)
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS;
Wing, Curtis &
Beevor 1996)
Global Assessment Scale (GAS; Endicott, Spitzer
& Fleiss 1976)
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAFS;
American Psychiatric
Association 1994)

29. 
Disorder Specific Measures
Depression
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck 1961) and BDI-2 (Beck et
al.
1996)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond 1995)
Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff
1977)
Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (Zung 1965)
Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage et al. 1983)
Anxiety
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger 1983)
Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al. 1988)
Eating Disorders
Eating Attitudes Test -26 (EAT-26; Garner et al. 1982)
Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)Garner, Olmsted & Polivy 1983)
and EDI-2 (Garner 1991)
Eating Disorder Examination—Self Report Questionnaire
(Fairburn &
Beglin 1994)
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Saunders et al. 1993)
Alcohol Dependence Scale (Skinner & Allen 1982)
Psychosis
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall & Gorham 1962)
Early Signs Scale (ESS; Birchwood et al. 1989)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Fiszbein &
Opler 1987)
Hopelessness, Suicidal Ideation
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (Beck, Kovaks &
Weismann 1979)
Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation—MMSI (Miller et al.
1986)
Suicide Probability Scale (Cull & Gill 1989)
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al. 1974)
Screening Measures for Cognitive Impairment in
Community Settings
[not reviewed in Appendix A]
Mini Mental Status Examination (Folstein, Folstein
& McHugh
1975)
Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen (Knopman et
al. 2000)
Measures of Stress Among Carers [not reviewed in
Appendix A]
Caregiver Strain Index (Robinson 1983)
Sense of Connectedness to Community (social
connectedness)
Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins 1995)

30. Outcomes and indicators,
measurement tools and databases
• National Action Plan for Promotion, Prevention and Early
Intervention for Mental Health 2000
•
NationalAction Plan for SuicidePrevention-Evaluation
Design Consultancy
• School of Psychology and Centre for Primary Health
Care,University of Queensland