1. Maintaining Healthy Landscapes
IPM/PHC

2. Integrated Pest Management
IPM
– an environmentally sensitive approach to
controlling pests that does not rely totally
on pesticides.
– Focus is on the pest rather than on the
plant.
– PROPER PLANT CARE IS PART OF IPM

3. Plant Health Care
PHC
– A holistic system that focuses more on
healthy landscapes rather than the pest.
– Coined by the International Society of
Arborists.

4. Pest Management
NO MATTER WHAT YOU CALL IT,
MAINTAINING A HEALTHY
LANDSCAPE REQUIRES MUCH
MORE THAN SPRAYING PESTS.

5. PHC
1. Know your plants
– Culture/Care/Siting
– Start right (soil
preparation)

6. Black plastic under rock
PHC
Study the landscape slkj
ecosystem
– How does the
Down spout
soil/site influence the
plant and/or pest?
Black plastic under rock

7. PHC
Determine key
problem
– Monitor, Scout
– Identify/Diagnose
Pest
• Insect, Disease,
Weed vs. Abiotic

8. PHC
Optimize plant
health
– What’s being done
wrong in the culture
of plant? Fertility,
water, etc.
– If pest is present, is it
primary or
secondary?

9. IPM
Step 0: Grow plant the right way
(assumption)
Step 1: Monitor, Scout
Step 2: Identify pest
Step 3: Manage pest using the
knowledge of
– why is pest present
– life cycle of pest

10. Pest Management (IPM)
Cultural control
Mechanical control (Physical control)
Biological control
Chemical control
– pesticide use
• used as a last resort IN CONJUCTION WITH
CULTURAL, MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
CONTROLS

11. Cultural Control (IPM)
Same as PHC steps of
– know your plants
– study landscape ecosystem
– optimize plant health

12. Cultural Control (IPM)
Sanitation - removal of insect infested,
diseased plant parts. Clean up plant
debris.
Modify the environment (so pest is not
favored, plant health is)

13. Cultural Control (IPM)
Modification of environment
– Induced competition
• ie encourage dense ground covers to reduce
weeds by competition
– Water management
• ie avoid over watering, avoid water on leaf
surface by watering
– Selective pruning/spacing
• to open up plantings and allow for more air
circulation

14. Mechanical Control (IPM)
Physically removing
a pest or infested
plant
– Washing off aphids
with a garden hose
– pulling a weed
Physical barriers
– using row covers,
screen, etc.

15. Biological Control (IPM)
Natural control
Predators
Parasites
Diseases
Bioantagonists

16. Biocontrol
Natural control
– Weather extremes
• freeze
• wind
• rain

17. Biocontrol
Predators (insect control)
– insects or spiders that require several prey
to complete their development
• Predatory beetles
• Lacewings
• Flies
• True bugs
• Wasps
• Spiders and mites

18. Biocontrol
Eggs
Examples of predators
– Ladybird beetles
Larva
Adult

19. Biocontrol
Eggs
Examples of predators
– Green lacewing
Adult
Larva

20. Biocontrol
– Hunting wasp
Examples of
predators
– Predatory stinkbug

21. Biocontrol
Parasites
– Require one host to complete
development.
– Adults lay eggs in or on host.

22. Biocontrol
– Aphid parasites
Examples of
parasites
– Wasps Adult
wasp
Aphid
mummy
Larva

23. Biocontrol
.
Parasitic nematodes
– Parasitic nematodesFigure
1: Life cycle of Steinernema
nematodes. 1, 2: invasion
and colonization of insect.
3,4: development within
insect. 5: exit from dead
insect and invasion of new
host. Drawing courtesy of
University of Illinois

24. Biocontrol
• Tree and shrub
Diseases insects
– BT (Bacillus • Tent caterpillars.
•
thuringiensis) for Fall webworm.
• Leafrollers.
insect control
• Red-humped
– Kurstaki strain caterpillar.
•
(Biobit, Dipel, MVP, Spiny elm
caterpillar.
Steward, Thuricide, • Western spruce
etc.): budworm.
• Pine budworm.
• Pine butterfly.

25. Biocontrol
Diseases
– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control
– Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Dipel, MVP,
Steward, Thuricide, etc.):
• Vegetable insects
• Cabbage worms (cabbage looper, imported
cabbageworm, diamondback moth, etc.).
• Tomato and tobacco hornworm.

26. Biocontrol
Diseases
– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control
– Israelensis strains (Vectobac, Skeetal,
Gnatrol, Bactimos, etc.)
• Mosquito.
• Black fly.
• Fungus gnats

27. Biocontrol
Diseases
– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control
– San diego/tenebrionis strains (Trident, M-
One, M-Trak, Foil, Novodor, etc.)
• Colorado potato beetle.
• Elm leaf beetle.
• Cottonwood leaf beetle.

28. Bioccontrol
Use of plant pathogens for weed
control??
– Potential is being explored
– Pathogens are harder to manipulate
– Don’t give high mortality rates

29. Biocontrol
Bioantagonists or biofungicides (plant
disease control)
4 mechanisms of action
– Direct competition
– Antibiosis
– Predation or parasitism
– Induced resistance

30. Biocontrol
– Trade names
Bioantagonists or
• Deny
biofungicides (plant
• Kodiak
disease control)
• MycoStop
– For soilborne • Root Shield/Plant
diseases Shield
– Are preventive • SoilGard
– Do not work well at
high pathogen levels

31. Chemical Control (IPM)
Pesticides
– Any chemical (natural or synthetic) that
mitigates (kills, controls) a pest (animal or
plant, etc)

32. Chemical Control (IPM)
Herbicide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable plants.
• Will kill any plant not just weeds

33. Chemical Control (IPM)
Insecticide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable insects.

34. Chemical Control (IPM)
Fungicide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable fungi.

35. Chemical Control (IPM)
Miticide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable mites.
Acaracide
– is a broader way to define this…..
• Kills spiders, ticks and mites

36. Chemical Control (IPM)
Bactericide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable bacteria.

37. Chemical Control (IPM)
Molluscicide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable pest mollusks.
• Slugs
• Snails

38. Chemical Control (IPM)
Nematicide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable pest nematodes.
• Slugs
• Snails

39. Chemical Control (IPM)
Rodenticide
– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable rodents.

40. Chemical Control (IPM)
Pesticides
– SO WHAT’’S THE BIG DEAL????