This document provides information about various herbs and supplements including ginkgo, garlic, coconut oil, barley, and cod liver oil. It describes the botanical classification, chemical constituents, uses, side effects, and preparation methods for each herb or supplement. The objectives are to understand the scientific names, pharmaceutical uses, drug interactions, and side effects of these natural remedies. Information covers their origins, cultivation methods, active compounds, and traditional applications in treating various health conditions.

1. HERBS AND
SUPPLEMENTS
GROUP 4
Orallo, Romella Sheikah B.
Cuarteros, Glenn
Capilot, Joefel
Lacio, Christine May
Hemoros, Kylah

3. Objectives:
• To know their families, scientific names, methods,
pharmaceutical use, their drug interactions and side effects of:
 GINKGO
 GARLIC
 COCONUT OIL
 BARLEY
 COD LIVER OIL

4. GINKGO
SHEIKAH

5. Scientific Classification
• Kingdom:
Plantae
• Division:
Ginkgophyta
• Class:
Ginkgopsida
• Order:
Ginkgoales
• Family:
Ginkgoacea
• Genus:
Ginkgo
• Species:
Gingko biloba

6. History of Cultivation
• Gingko has long been cultivated in China; some planted trees at
temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old
• The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in Japan
temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist
Engelbert Kaempfer
• Because of its status in Buddhism and Confucianism the gingko is also
widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some
naturalization has occurred, w/ ginkgo’s seeding into natural forest.
• Ginkgo are Male cultivar (cultivated species)
• The popular cultivar “Autumn Gold” is a clone of male plant

7. 27 Synonym Names of Ginkgo Based
On

8. NCBI Synonym Names of Ginko
biloba

9. Habitat
• It is native to China and Japan
• It is also cultivated ornamentally in many Temperate
Regions
• It is found under moist and moderately warm climate
• The earliest fossils were found in the Permian Period of
the Paleozoic era 270 million years ago
• Most diverse during the Jurassic Period

11. Plant Body
• Stem
• Straight (40m)
• Girth (13ft or 4m
wide)
• Bark is deeply
fissured, grayish to
grayish brown colour
• Woody branched
• Slow growing

12. Characteristics
• The leaves are Bilobed
• The leaf is glabrous, petiolate
and has entire margin

13. Male Vs. Female Morphology
Male Ginkgo Trees
• Also known as Dwarf Shoot
or Short Shoot
• Produce pollen in clusters of
pollen sacs that resemble
catkins 3 – 6 cm (abot 1 ¼ - 2
¼ ) long
Female Ginkgo Trees
• Also known as Female
Strobilus or Long Shoot
• Pairs of green ovules are
borne on female trees on
stalk 4 – 5 cm (1 ½ - 2) long
• Usually one ovule develops
in a seed

14. Male Microsporophyll

15. Female Microsporophyll

17. Leaf of Ginkgo
Male Shoot
• The petiole is short and
thicker
• Has strobilus
• Leaf is enfolded at the
base
• Shorter and thicker than
female
Female Shoot
• The petiole is long and thin
• Two ovules (one will be used)
• The leaf is broaden

19. Phytochemicals
Diterpene Lactones
• Ginkgolides A
• Ginkgolides B
• Ginkgolides C
• Ginkgolides J
• Ginkgolides M
Flavonoids
• About 40 flavonoids have been
isolated from the leaves
including:
1. GLYCOSIDESOF KAEMPFEROL,
2. QUERCETIN
3. ISORHAMNEIN DERIVATIVES
MAJOR CONSTITUENTS

21. Ginkgolides( A,B,C,J,M)

22. Kaempferol Quercetin

23. Clinical Uses
• Antiasthmatic
• Bronchodilator
• Treatment of chilblains
• Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
• Vertigo
• Headache
• Anxiety
• Apathy
• It’s leaf extract used as Dietary supplements
• It can enhance Cognitive function

25. Side Effects
• Blood circulation disorders and those taking anticoagulant such as
aspirin or warfin
• Increase of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, headache, dizziness, heart palpitation and restlessness
• Ginkgo should be used with caution when combined w/ other herbs
known to increase bleeding
• The effects of ginkgo on pregnant women may include increased
bleeding time and it should be avoided during lactation because of in
adequate safety evidence

27. GARLIC
ATE PAW

28. Scientific Classification
• Botanical Name:
Allium sativum linn.
• Family:
Liliaceae
• English Name:
Garlic
• Urdu Name:
Lassan
• Part Used:
Bulb
• Chemical Class:
Flavonoid
Glycosides
Alkaloids

29. Chemical Constituents
• Allicin (Yellowish Liquid)
• Aliin
• Mucilage
• Albumin
• Alpha – Glutamyl Pectides
• Volatile Oils
• Amino Acids as: Methionine, Lucine, Cysteine
• Vitamin C

30. USES
• Anti – cancer
• Flavouring Agent
• Treat Diabetes
• Prevent Atheroseclerosis
• For treating respiratory disease as bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis
• Expectorant
• Stimulant
• Hypertension
• Skin treatment in fungal infections

31. Dosage
For B.P extract 600 – 1200mg, 3.5 – 29mg weekly
For cancer prevention, For Fungal infections 0.4%
Toxicolog
yWeight loss, Increase liver spleen ratio, skin burns internal bleeding
Route of Administration
Oral
Topical
Solubility
Allicin is soluble in Alcohol & Ether

32. Side Effects
• Some people suffer from allergic reactions
• May cause severe burns if topically applied to skin
• FDA Study approves may cause GIT Discomfort, Diarhoeae
• In children cause diaper rashes, blister formation
• Dizziness
• Menstrual Irregularities

33. Drug Interaction
• Iso – niazids (Nydrazid) garlic reduce their absorption
• Nucleoside Revers Etranscritase Inhibitors (Nits breakdown in body
REIS) as anti aids garlic increase their breakdown in body so will
reduce their effectiveness
• Birth control pills contain estrogen garlic increase its breakdown in
body so reduce their effectiveness
• Cyclosporine action is so reduced if garlic is taken because it increase
its breakdown

34. Contraindications
• Possibly safe during pregnancy for short term use but can be unsafe
in medicinal amount
• Also unsafe for children in high dosage

35. BARLEY
joefel

36. • Botanical Source:
Hordeum vulgare
• Common Name:
Barley (English)
Javi (Punjabi)
Jao (Urdu)
• Family:
Poaceae
Gramineae

37. Origin & History
• Orginated in Asia or Europe
• Abyssinia and southern Tibet many kinds of barley grow
naturally without cultivation
• Cultivated barley originated from Aberg

38. Cultivation in Pakistan
• Barley planted on about 227000 ha
• Produced 158000 tons of grains
• Average yield 696 kg/ha
• Producing districts Bir, Bahawalnagar, Khuzdar, Chitral and
Thatta

39. Climat
e Temperate regions Climate
 Optimum temperature 15 – 20 C
 Low temperature for flowering
Soil
 Clay loam soils
 Less fertile soils
 Marginal lands

40. Uses
• High cholesterol
• Stomach cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis)
• Weight loss
• Bronchitis
• Diarrhoea
• Boils
• Increasing strength and energy

41. Side Effects
•Stomach upset
•Allergic Reaction
•Not barely eaten in high
amount of barley
during pregnancy

42. Land Preparation & Time of Sowing
Land Preparation
• 2 -3 Ploughing with planking
• To remove the stubbles use
rotavator or disc harrow
Time of Sowing
• Rainfed Areas
15 Oct – 10 Nov
• Irrigated Areas
1st Nove – 25 Nov.

43. Seed Rate & Method of Sowing
Seed Rate
• Rainfed Areas:
50 – 60 kg/ha
• Irrigated Areas:
70 – 80 kg/ha
Method of Sowing
• Drilled Method
• Broadcast

44. Irrigation & Fertilizer
Irrigation
• 2 – 4 irrigation
• 1st irrigation is after 12 – 18
days of Germination
• 2nd irrigation at Tillering
stage
• 3rd irrigation at Grain
development stage
Fertilizer
• 1 bag of DAP
• 1 bag of urea

45. Weeding & Spacing
Weeding
•Weed – free seeds
•Well – prepared seedbed
Spacing
•Rows 20 – 40cm
•Depth 4 – 7 cm

46. Insect, Pest, Disease & Cultivar
Disease & Insect
• Losoe smut
• Bunt attact
• Powdery mildew
• Army worms
• Aphid
Cultivar
• Tj – 70
• NWFP
• Frontier – 87
• Sindh
• Clipper
• Neelum

47. Harvesting
• Barley is ready to harvest before wheat
• Harvest at physiological maturity
• Harvest mid of March to end of April

48. Storage of Barley
Threshing
• Care should be taken during
threshing the grains so that
they do not break because
damaged grains get more
attack of insects during
storage
Moisture Contents
• Should not be more than
10% when storing

49. COCONUT OIL
GLENN

50. Thyroid condition
Energy
Boosting the immune system
• Side Effects:
High cholesterol
Increase levels of bad low –
density lipoprotein cholesterol
• Drug Interaction:
There are no known medication
interactions for coconut oil
• Botanical Origin:
Cocos nucifera
• Family:
Arecaceae
• Clinical Use:
Diabetes
Chronic Fatigue
Crohn’s Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Alzheimer’s Disease
Breast cancer

51. Preparation
• Step 1: Extract the flesh from the coconut. Once you have collected
the flesh from all the coconut, grated it
• Step 2: Extract the coconut milk from the flesh by squeezing it w/
your hands in a muslin cloth. Keep a bowl below the cloth to collect
the liquid.
• Step 3: Once the coconut milk has been extracted, sieve it using a
muslin cloth to remove any impurities

52. • Step 4: Place the coconut milk in brass vessel (known as Urli in
Malayalam) and put it on fire. Let it cook for 2 to 3 hours, but make
sure the heat is kept low.
• Step 5: Keep stirring it every now and then till the milk becomes
brownish in colour. However, be careful that it doesn’t burn as
coconut milk has a very delicate texture
• Step 6: Once the milk become concentrated, remove it from the fire
and let it cool down. Place the cooled thickened milk in a muslin cloth
and squeeze out the oil. Collect it in a bowl and then store it in a can
or plastic bottle
The homemade coconut oil can last for a year or at least 8 – 10
months. You should place it air right container and don’t leave it out in
the open else it can get contaminated and lost its qualities.

53. COD LIVER
OIL
KYLA

54. Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish
• Synonyms:
Oleum morrhi
• Botanical Source:
Gadus morrhua
• Family:
Gadidae
• Geographical Source:
They are prepared in Scotland, Iceland, Germany, Denmark and
Britain

55. Preparation
I. Liver are removed from the cod fish.
II. Live is cleaned thoroughly to make it free from fatty substances and
attached tissues like gall – bladder
III. The liver are heated in water at about 80 C
IV. The oil exhudes, floats on the top, and separated, washed and
water is removed
V. The dehydrated oil is cooled to separate stearin
VI. The suspended materials are removed centrifugation

57. Description
• Colour:
Pale yellow thin liquid
• Taste:
Slightly fishy
• Odor:
Fishy
It is freely soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon disulphide and
petroleum ether and slightly soluble in alcohol.

58. • Chemical Constituents:
I. It contains of Vit A and Vit D
II. The oil contains glyceryl ester of oleic, linoleic, gadoleic, myristic,
Palmitic and other acids
III. Cod liver oil also contains 7% eicosapaenoic acid and
docosahexanoic acid
• Chemical Test:
I. A solution of cod liver oil chloroform is treated with sulphuric acid.
A violet colour changing to purple or brown is formed due to
presence
II. Cod liver oil (1ml) dissolved in chloroform (10ml). Few drops of
saturated solution of antimony trichloride is added to the solution.
A blue coloration is formed due to presence of Vit A

59. • Uses:
1. The oil is used as a source of vitamins
2. As a nutritive
3. Treatment of Rickets and Tuberculosis
4. The application of cod liver oil ointment on wounds to speeds up the
healing process
5. Omega – 3 fatty acids in cod liver oil reduces the inflammation of the
cells
6. Cod liver oil cures the gastric ulcers and prevents the development of
duodenal ulcers
7. Reduces cholesterol level
• Storage:
The oil is sensitive to light and air. It should be stored in air tight,
completely filled, coloured containers.

60. Thank You!!!