2. Marine sedimentsMarine sediments
Eroded rock particles and fragmentsEroded rock particles and fragments
Transported to or produced in the oceanTransported to or produced in the ocean
Deposit by settling through water columnDeposit by settling through water column
Oceanographers decipher Earth historyOceanographers decipher Earth history
through studying sedimentsthrough studying sediments
S
3. Classification of marineClassification of marine
sedimentssediments
Classified by originClassified by origin
LithogenousLithogenous (derived from(derived from landland))
BiogenousBiogenous (derived from(derived from organismsorganisms))
HydrogenousHydrogenous also called authigenicalso called authigenic
(derived from(derived from waterwater))
CosmogenousCosmogenous (derived from(derived from outerouter
spacespace))
4. Lithogenous sedimentsLithogenous sediments
Eroded rock fragments from land (Eroded rock fragments from land (originorigin))
TransportedTransported from landfrom land byby
Water (e.g.,Water (e.g., riverriver transported sediment)transported sediment)
WindWind (e.g., windblown dust)(e.g., windblown dust)
IceIce (e.g., ice-rafted rocks)(e.g., ice-rafted rocks)
Gravity (e.g.,Gravity (e.g., turbidity currentsturbidity currents))
8. Lithogenous sedimentsLithogenous sediments
Most lithogenous sediments at continentalMost lithogenous sediments at continental
marginsmargins
Coarser sediments closer to shoreCoarser sediments closer to shore
Finer sediments farther from shoreFiner sediments farther from shore WHY?WHY?
Mainly mineral quartz (SiOMainly mineral quartz (SiO22))
9.
10. Smaller particles have a larger SA/Vol. ratio,
increasing the frictional drag (sinking rates) and
making small particles sink more slowly than large particles
11. Brazos River Meets the GulfBrazos River Meets the Gulf
of Mexicoof Mexico
FLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATION - THE JOINING- THE JOINING
TOGETHER OF ELECTRICALLYTOGETHER OF ELECTRICALLY
CHARGED CLAY PARTICLESCHARGED CLAY PARTICLES
WHICH SETTLE MORE RAPIDLYWHICH SETTLE MORE RAPIDLY
THAN INDIVIDUAL ONESTHAN INDIVIDUAL ONES
14. Distribution of sedimentsDistribution of sediments
NeriticNeritic
Shallow water depositsShallow water deposits
Close to landClose to land
Dominantly lithogenousDominantly lithogenous
Typically deposited quicklyTypically deposited quickly
PelagicPelagic
Deeper water depositsDeeper water deposits
Finer-grained sedimentsFiner-grained sediments
Deposited slowlyDeposited slowly
UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES WOULDUNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES WOULD
ALLOW YOU TO GENERATE THIS TABLEALLOW YOU TO GENERATE THIS TABLE
YOURSELVESYOURSELVES
16. Pelagic lithogenous sedimentsPelagic lithogenous sediments
Sources of fine material:Sources of fine material:
Volcanic ashVolcanic ash (volcanic eruptions)(volcanic eruptions)
Wind-blown dustWind-blown dust
Fine grained material transported byFine grained material transported by
deep ocean currentsdeep ocean currents
Abyssal clay (red clay)Abyssal clay (red clay)
Oxidized ironOxidized iron
Abundant if other sediments absentAbundant if other sediments absent
17. BiogenousBiogenous marine sedimentsmarine sediments
Hard remains of once-livingHard remains of once-living
organismsorganisms
Shells, bones, teethShells, bones, teeth
Macroscopic (large remains)Macroscopic (large remains)
Microscopic (small remains)Microscopic (small remains)
Tiny shells or testsTiny shells or tests settle throughsettle through
water columnwater column
Biogenic ooze (30% or more tests)Biogenic ooze (30% or more tests)
Mainly algae and protozoansMainly algae and protozoans
25. Distribution of biogenousDistribution of biogenous
sedimentssediments
Factors controlling distributionFactors controlling distribution
ProductivityProductivity
Destruction (dissolution)Destruction (dissolution)
26. Calcareous ooze and the CCDCalcareous ooze and the CCD
Warm, shallow ocean saturated withWarm, shallow ocean saturated with
calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate
Cool, deep ocean undersaturatedCool, deep ocean undersaturated
with calcium carbonatewith calcium carbonate
LysoclineLysocline--depth at which CaCO--depth at which CaCO33 beginsbegins
to dissolve rapidlyto dissolve rapidly
Calcite compensation depthCalcite compensation depth CCD--CCD--
depth where CaCOdepth where CaCO33 readily dissolvesreadily dissolves
27. Distribution of calcareous oozes inDistribution of calcareous oozes in
surface sediments of modern seafloorsurface sediments of modern seafloor
Why in these places?
28. Hydrogenous marine sedimentsHydrogenous marine sediments
Minerals precipitate directly fromMinerals precipitate directly from
seawaterseawater
Manganese nodulesManganese nodules
PhosphatesPhosphates
CarbonatesCarbonates
Metal sulfidesMetal sulfides
Small proportion of marine sedimentsSmall proportion of marine sediments
Distributed in diverse environmentsDistributed in diverse environments
29. Iron-Manganese nodulesIron-Manganese nodules
Fist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, andFist-sized lumps of manganese, iron, and
other metalsother metals
Very slow accumulation ratesVery slow accumulation rates
Fig. 4.15a
35. Mixtures of marine sedimentsMixtures of marine sediments
Usually mixture of different sedimentUsually mixture of different sediment
typestypes
For example, biogenic oozes canFor example, biogenic oozes can
contain up to 70% non-biogeniccontain up to 70% non-biogenic
componentscomponents
Typically one sediment typeTypically one sediment type
dominates in different areas of thedominates in different areas of the
sea floorsea floor
36. Distribution of neritic and pelagic marineDistribution of neritic and pelagic marine
sedimentssediments
Fig. 4.19