Aviation History & How an Aircraft flies

Welcome
2001Aviation FirstType of AircraftAircraft Parts/ cntlFlight TheoryHistoryIntroduction Indian Aviation
shankar11122@gmail.com

1
Aviation History
&
Introduction to Aeronautics
by: Shankar Narayan

AgendaAgenda
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Aviation HistoryAviation History
• How aircraft FliesHow aircraft Flies
• Aircraft Parts & ControlAircraft Parts & Control
SurfacesSurfaces
• Type of AircraftType of Aircraft
• Aviation FirstsAviation Firsts
• Indian AviationIndian Aviation

• In Education, Aviation is a discipline designed
to prepare professionals for employment in
flying , Research & Development and in the
aviation industry.
What is Aviation?
• AviationAviation refers to the operation ofrefers to the operation of heavier-heavier-
than-airthan-air flying machineflying machine
Introduction
*

what is “aero”? What iswhat is “aero”? What is
“nautics”?“nautics”?
• "Aero" is a Greek prefix signifying air."Aero" is a Greek prefix signifying air.
• ““Nautềs” in Greek – means sailorNautềs” in Greek – means sailor
Aeroplane, Aerodynanics, aerodrome (dromos- course),
aerobatics – spectacular flying for entertainment, aerobics (bios- life),
aeronautics, aerofoil, aerosol (sol- solution),
aerospace (earths atmosphere & outer space)
*

What is aeronautics?What is aeronautics?
• AeronauticsAeronautics is the mathematics andis the mathematics and
mechanics of flying objects, in particularmechanics of flying objects, in particular
airplanesairplanes
• In Education, AeronauticsIn Education, Aeronautics is the study of theis the study of the
science of flightscience of flight ....
• Branch of Aeronautics - AerodynamicsBranch of Aeronautics - Aerodynamics isis
the study of how air flows around the aircraft.the study of how air flows around the aircraft.
*

How did aeronauticsHow did aeronautics
begin?begin?
The basis of aeronauticsThe basis of aeronautics
stems from the work of :stems from the work of :
• Sir Isaac Newton in the 1600s.Sir Isaac Newton in the 1600s.
( Newton’s Laws of Motion)( Newton’s Laws of Motion)
• Daniel Bernoulli, in the 1700s.Daniel Bernoulli, in the 1700s.
( Bernoulli's Principle)( Bernoulli's Principle)
*

Inspiration from BirdsInspiration from Birds
3
Man’s inspiration to fly came from birds. Can be seen in early flying attempts
Human-kind’s dream to soar through the sky like a bird
Humanity's desire to fly probably dates back to the first time prehistoric man observed birds.
*

• Without understanding the aerodynamicWithout understanding the aerodynamic
principles of flight, humans would simply beprinciples of flight, humans would simply be
mimicking the actions of birds.mimicking the actions of birds.
• It was demonstrated through many spectacularIt was demonstrated through many spectacular
yet often disastrous attempts that pure imitationyet often disastrous attempts that pure imitation
would not enable humans to fly.would not enable humans to fly.
Need to Fly

HistoryHistory
World of AviationWorld of Aviation

Indian MythologyIndian Mythology
VedasVedas
MahabharataMahabharata
RamayanaRamayana
Jain textJain text
VaimanikaVaimanika
ShastraShastra
4
carving on Ellora caves Mention of Vimanas or flying objects in various
ancient Indian texts

Greek MythologyGreek Mythology
Daedalus & his son Icarus of
Greece imprisoned on island of
Crete by King Minos
- Daedalus makes wings of wax
& feathers
- They flew out of the island and
escaped.
Icarus flew too close to the sun;
wings melted, and Icarus fell to
his death in the ocean .
This exemplifies man's desire to fly.

History of FlightHistory of Flight
• In 1500 Leonardo da Vinci develops many ideasIn 1500 Leonardo da Vinci develops many ideas
and drawings on how a person might flyand drawings on how a person might fly

Hot Air BalloonHot Air Balloon
1783
Joseph & Jacques
Montgolfier invents
the Hot Air Balloon
First travelers were a sheep,
duck & a cockerel (domestic
cock). It climbed to a height of
about 6,000 feet and traveled
more than 1 mile.
First humans flew 9km
over Paris: Pilatre de Rozier,
a science teacher and Marquis
d’Arlandes, an infantry officer.
(November 21, 1783)
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*

Cayley’s Glider 1849Lilienthal’s Glider (1893)
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George Cayley: first to
experiment with Gliders in
mid 1800s. 1849:
Glider could carry human being, Lilienthal designed very efficient gliders; could carry
man for long distances. his results and methods were an inspiration to many other
pioneers, particularly the Wright Brothers
GlidersGliders
Otto Lilienthal
*

Picture of First FlightPicture of First Flight
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Wright Brothers flew the first manned, powered, controlled, heavier-than – air flight,Wright Brothers flew the first manned, powered, controlled, heavier-than – air flight,
Wright Flyer 1, after lots of research on gliders (1903)Wright Flyer 1, after lots of research on gliders (1903)
Wilbur & Orville Wright Picture of First Flight
*

First FlightFirst Flight
 Orville Wright flew the Wright Flyer 1 on 17-Dec-1903Orville Wright flew the Wright Flyer 1 on 17-Dec-1903
at 10:35am, Kitty Hawk beach, North Californiaat 10:35am, Kitty Hawk beach, North California
 First flight: 120 ft in 12 secsFirst flight: 120 ft in 12 secs
Aircraft
crashed after
the 4th
flight
by Wilbur
Wright: 853
ft in 59 secs
13
*
*

aircraft andaircraft and
airplaneairplane
• An aircraft is any machine capable ofAn aircraft is any machine capable of
atmospheric flight.atmospheric flight. ItIt refers to any flyingrefers to any flying
machine, that is supported by its ownmachine, that is supported by its own
ability to float or by the action of air on itsability to float or by the action of air on its
structures.structures.
• An airplane is a machine that is propelledAn airplane is a machine that is propelled
by an engine and uses fixed aerodynamicby an engine and uses fixed aerodynamic
surfaces (i.e. wings) to generate lift.surfaces (i.e. wings) to generate lift.
*

• Airplanes fly at subsonic, transonic, supersonicAirplanes fly at subsonic, transonic, supersonic
and hypersonic speeds.and hypersonic speeds.
• The suffix -sonic refers to the speed of sound,The suffix -sonic refers to the speed of sound,
which is dependent on altitude and atmosphericwhich is dependent on altitude and atmospheric
conditions (nominally 340 meters per second).conditions (nominally 340 meters per second).
• "Mach" is a term used to specify how many"Mach" is a term used to specify how many
times the speed of sound an aircraft is traveling.times the speed of sound an aircraft is traveling.
Regimes of FlightRegimes of Flight
Mach NumberMach Number
Mach No. = Object Speed ÷ Speed of Sound
*

Mach NumberMach Number
• Subsonic refers to all speeds less than Mach 1.Subsonic refers to all speeds less than Mach 1.
• Transonic refers to all speeds from approximately Mach .9Transonic refers to all speeds from approximately Mach .9
to Mach 1.5to Mach 1.5
• Supersonic refers to all speeds greater than Mach 1.Supersonic refers to all speeds greater than Mach 1.
• Hypersonic refers to all speeds greater than Mach 5.Hypersonic refers to all speeds greater than Mach 5.
• Note that an aircraft flying at hypersonic speeds can alsoNote that an aircraft flying at hypersonic speeds can also
be said to be flying at supersonic speeds.be said to be flying at supersonic speeds.
Mach No. = Object Speed ÷ Speed of Sound
*

How an Aeroplane Flies?
Fundamentals of flight

Forces on an aircraft in flightForces on an aircraft in flight
Weight
Lift
Thrust
Drag
16
*

What’s it take to create lift?What’s it take to create lift?
Air and motion.Air and motion.
How do we explain lift?
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s
Principle are used to explain lift.*

A Flying KiteA Flying Kite
Wind
For your kite to fly stationary in the sky the lift and drag must be equal and
opposite to the gravity and tension forces pulling it down

Newton’s Third Law states that for every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
An Example - Kite
Newton’s Third Law
*

Venturi TubeVenturi Tube
• Bernouli’s firstBernouli’s first
practical use ofpractical use of
his theoremhis theorem
Understanding a Venturi tube is essential
to understanding lift. As velocity in the
constriction increases, pressure must
decrease.

Hold two sheets of
paper together, as
shown here, and blow
between them. No
matter how hard you
blow, you cannot push
them more than a little
bit apart!
An Example to Demonstrate Bernoulli's Theorem

Bernoulli’s Theory in ActionBernoulli’s Theory in Action
Air speeds up in the constricted space between the car &
truck creating a low-pressure area. Higher pressure on the
other outside pushes them together.
A similar phenomena is observed when you travel on a bike and a truck
is speeding up in opposite direction

Another illustration to demonstrate Bernoulli's principle

Aerofoil - LiftAerofoil - Lift

Aerofoil - LiftAerofoil - Lift
Lift due to
Bernoulli's
principle

Angle of Attack - StallAngle of Attack - Stall
23
Angle of Attack is the angle an aerofoil makes with the airflow

Lift - Angle of Attack - StallLift - Angle of Attack - Stall
24
DEMO

Angle of Attack - StallAngle of Attack - Stall
Otto Lilienthal, one
of the early flight
pioneers, had
been killed
when his glider
stalled after being
hit by a gust of
wind

Aerofoil - DragAerofoil - Drag

Training & Development Institute,Training & Development Institute,
NasikNasik
20 kg
10 kg
½ kg

How can an airplane fly upside down?
As long as the wing is tilted into the oncoming airflow (relative wind) at a great
enough angle, the wing will produce lift
With no camber difference between top and bottom or even
with no curve at all in the wing, pressure difference can be
created by tilting the wing into the airflow – angle of attack.

Familiarization with AircraftFamiliarization with Aircraft
Star Board
PortNose
Tail
Landing Gear / UC
Wing
Flaps
Rudder
Elevators
Fuel - ATF
Pipeline color code: Blue – Oxygen, Grey& silver – Hydraulic, Yellow – Fuel, Black - Pneumatic
Cockpit
*
*
*
*

Parts of an AircraftParts of an Aircraft
Engines
WingFuselage
Tail
26
*

Control SurfacesControl Surfaces
AileronsElevators
Rudder
27

Pitch Around the Lateral AxisPitch Around the Lateral Axis

Elevators - PitchElevators - Pitch

Roll Around Longitudinal AxisRoll Around Longitudinal Axis

Ailerons - RollAilerons - Roll
29
*

Yaw Around the vertical AxisYaw Around the vertical Axis

Rudder - YawRudder - Yaw

Control in CockpitControl in Cockpit
The table below explains flow from pilot controls to control surface to motion.
control in cockpitcontrol in cockpit controlcontrol
surfacesurface
motionmotion
control stick (rightcontrol stick (right
and left)and left)
aileronsailerons rollroll
control stick (frontcontrol stick (front
and back)and back)
elevatorselevators pitchpitch
rudder pedalsrudder pedals rudderrudder yawyaw
Control stick
Rudder pedal

PowerplantPowerplant
Jet Engine
IC Engine
31

What is Propulsion?What is Propulsion?
• The science of propelling (pushing) anThe science of propelling (pushing) an
object forwardobject forward

NasikNasik
Jet EngineJet Engine

Types of Jet EngineTypes of Jet Engine
• Turbo jetTurbo jet
• Turbo propTurbo prop
• Turbo fanTurbo fan
• Turbo shaftTurbo shaft

Turbo JetTurbo Jet

Jet AircraftJet Aircraft

Turbofan EngineTurbofan Engine

Turbo FanTurbo Fan

Airline planeAirline plane

ENGINE AL-31FP LEFTENGINE AL-31FP LEFT
VIEWVIEW

Turbo PropTurbo Prop

Propeller AircraftPropeller Aircraft

Jet Engines at a glanceJet Engines at a glance

NasikNasik
InletsInlets

Turbo shaftTurbo shaft

HelicopterHelicopter

Oxygen
Fuel
Combustion
(Outer Space)
Thrust
Rocket EngineRocket Engine

RocketsRockets
Space craft

Aircraft StructureAircraft Structure

Aircraft CockpitAircraft Cockpit
Fighter
Aircraft
Transport
Aircraft

AviationAviation
FirstsFirsts

First Transatlantic FlightFirst Transatlantic Flight
Charles LindbergCharles Lindberg ; “Spirit of St. Louis” ; 20-May-1927; “Spirit of St. Louis” ; 20-May-1927
New YorkNew York
Paris
48

World’s FirstWorld’s First
AirmailAirmail
Henri PequetHenri Pequet
Allahabad to Naini ; 18-Feb-1911Allahabad to Naini ; 18-Feb-1911
49
*

First Supersonic FlightFirst Supersonic Flight
Chuck Yeager ; Bell X1 ; 14-Oct-1947

Non-stop round-the-world flightNon-stop round-the-world flight
VoyagerVoyager ; 14 to 23 Dec 1986; 14 to 23 Dec 1986
51
*

First Human Powered FlightFirst Human Powered Flight
Gossamer CondorGossamer Condor ; Pilot Bryan Allen ; 23-Aug-1977; Pilot Bryan Allen ; 23-Aug-1977
52

NasikNasik
Types of AircraftTypes of Aircraft 342001Aviation FirstType of AircraftAircraft Parts/ cntlFlight TheoryHistoryIntroduction Indian Aviation

Civil & Fighter AircraftCivil & Fighter Aircraft

Types of WingsTypes of Wings
Straight Wing Swept Wing
Forward Swept Wing Oblique Wing
36

Types of WingsTypes of Wings
Variable Sweep Wing Delta Wing
Biplane Triplane 37

Types of TailsTypes of Tails
T Tail Twin Fin
Horizontal Tailless Vertical Tailless
38

NasikNasik
Engine ArrangementEngine Arrangement
39

Air Traffic Control Tower & RunwayAir Traffic Control Tower & Runway

Functions of ATCFunctions of ATC
9393
 Air Traffic Control:Air Traffic Control:
 Efficiently manage traffic flowEfficiently manage traffic flow
 Provide flight information (weather,Provide flight information (weather,
facility)facility)
 Initiate search and rescue operationsInitiate search and rescue operations
Maintains legal separation among aircraft

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ATC BasicsATC Basics
 Airline flights are under positive control at all timesAirline flights are under positive control at all times
 Control is effected by voice via radioControl is effected by voice via radio
 Control is handed off from one controller/facility toControl is handed off from one controller/facility to
another as flight proceeds across boundariesanother as flight proceeds across boundaries
 controller directs pilot to speak to next facility on a different radiocontroller directs pilot to speak to next facility on a different radio
frequencyfrequency
 Communications include:Communications include:
 speed, heading, altitude instructions (vectors)speed, heading, altitude instructions (vectors)
 notification of other aircraftnotification of other aircraft
 which course or runway to expectwhich course or runway to expect
 contact next facility on new frequencycontact next facility on new frequency

Ground radar at ATCGround radar at ATC
9595

Instrument Landing System inInstrument Landing System in
ATCATC
9696

Typical RunwayTypical Runway
9797
Threshold = Starting point of runway
Heading= 320 degrees
Taxy Track
Direction
Touch down point

AerospaceAerospace
Education & CareersEducation & Careers
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Aerospace EducationAerospace Education
Degree in Aeronautical EngineeringDegree in Aeronautical Engineering
Associate Member of the AeronauticalAssociate Member of the Aeronautical
Society of IndiaSociety of India
Aircraft Maintenance EngineeringAircraft Maintenance Engineering
DGCA CertificatesDGCA Certificates

Aerospace CareersAerospace Careers
 Research & DevelopmentResearch & Development
DRDO, HAL, ISRODRDO, HAL, ISRO
 Production & OverhaulProduction & Overhaul
Hindustan Aeronautics LimitedHindustan Aeronautics Limited
 Civil AviationCivil Aviation
Airports Authority of IndiaAirports Authority of India
Indian Airlines, Air India, Jet Airways, etcIndian Airlines, Air India, Jet Airways, etc
 Military AviationMilitary Aviation
Indian Air Force, Navy & ArmyIndian Air Force, Navy & Army

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Email : shankar11122@gmail.com
Reach for the Skies

Presentation on Sonic BoomPresentation on Sonic Boom

What is Sonic Boom?What is Sonic Boom?

Sonic BoomSonic Boom

What is now proved
was once only
imagined.
William Blake
Thank you…
shankar11122@gmail.com

Aviation History & How an Aircraft flies

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