Etruscan and romans warfare, religion, settlement and monumental archaeology
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This is a powerpoint presentation on the topic Etruscans and Romans: Warfare, Religion, and Settlement & Monumental Archaeology. The reason these 3 more specific subtopics were the ones discussed in my powerpoint is because other topics such as Geography & Environment, History, Economy, Political Organization, and Technology & Trade were discussed by my groupmates. This was our group report.
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Etruscan and romans warfare, religion, settlement and monumental archaeology
- 1. Warfare Settlement & Monumental Archaeology Religion
- 5. • -more organized and resource-rich. • -adopted Greek military tactics and weapons. • -then improved on them. • Their outburst of energy lasted several centuries. Bit by bit they conquered others to the north, in the middle, and to the south. THE ETRUSCANS WERE
- 6. Etruscans excelled at adorning their shields with a convincingly ferocious- looking god. It was used to signal to the opponent that the gods were on the side of the Etruscans. Perhaps the God- On-Shield also served as psychological reinforcement for themselves.
- 7. ROMAN MILITARY STRATEGY AND TACTICS “War can only end in eventual victory”
- 8. • Great soldiers • Well-trained • All volunteers ROME: MILITARY ABILITY
- 9. ROME ADAPTS… Completely reorganizes army. Tactics during battle still not seen as important part of warfare. Cavalry still not seen as an offensive unit… and will not be for a while.
- 10. REALLY ADAPTS New Helmets! New Shields!
- 11. ROME STILL MISSING SOMETHING… Up until the Second Punic War, Rome had no generals that stood out from the crowd… Until…
- 12. THE SHIELD AND SWORD OF ROME Quintus Fabius Maximus (Cunctator) Roman politician and general Marcus Claudius Marcellus Five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader
- 13. MORE IMPORTANTLY THOUGH… Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus General in the Second Punic War
- 14. THE „CLASSIC‟ ROMAN LEGION • Came into being largely due to reforms of Caius Marius • Any citizen could be a soldier now, so long as he was fit and willing to fight • Soldiers prepared for any situation • Pensions! Marius‟ Mules
- 15. WAY THE „CLASSIC‟ LEGION OPERATED • With many wars under its belt the Roman Empire held dominance on the battlefield • Rome had tactics that only it had the resources to pull off
- 17. HOW COULD ROME LOSE? • Even an army of 400,000 could not keep these borders safe forever. • Remember cavalry? • The last competent general was Belsarius under Justinain.
- 18. AN EMPIRE SPLIT, AN ARMY REFORMED “My mother bore a general, not a warrior”
- 19. • Rome‟s economy declines. • Rome faces military upheaval. • Roman politics decay. • Bigger gap between the rich and poor. CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF ROME Rome splits into East and West
- 20. • Economic – Inflation – Disruption of Trade • Military – Threats from Northern European tribes – Decline of patriotism & loyalty among soldiers – Low funds for defense • Political – Division of the empire – Political office seen as a burden, not an honor • Social – Lack of confidence in the empire – Decline in interest of political affairs CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE DECLINE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE…
- 22. Etruscan Religion Z Polytheistic. Z Believed that the destiny of man was determined by the whims of the gods. Z Believed in prophecy and reading the signs of nature by augurs. Z Believed in predestination.
- 23. • Jupiter ( Zeus):king- ruled the sky – Central cella – 4 horse chariot on roof • Juno (Hera):goddess of marriage • Minerva (Athena):wisdom and warfare ETRUSCAN GODS: MADE OF TERRA COTTA
- 24. • rustic Italian cults • overlay of Greek religion • Etruscan influences • believed everything had a spirit ROMAN RELIGION
- 26. • Walls with protective gates and towers surrounded the cities • Arcuated Gateway: Anticipates the Roman use of the round arch ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
- 27. Reconstruction of an Etruscan Temple
- 31. Interior of an Etruscan Tomb
- 32. Sarcophagus of an Etruscan Couple
- 33. The Gate of Volterra: First known Archway in History!
- 34. • great skill • engineers and architects • roads, cities • concrete ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
- 35. ROME: AQUEDUCTS – structures, using the arch, that bring water into the city
- 37. CIRCUS MAXIMUS – The chariot races were held at this track, holding hundreds of thousands of people. The track was designed so that the emperor could watch from his palace.
- 38. PANTHEON - The place where Roman gods were worshipped…. The ceiling is in a dome shape, another significant development of the times.
- 39. THE COLOSSEUM
- 40. CATACOMBS