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1.
Engineering Mechanics: Statics
in SI Units, 12e 2 Force Vectors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2.
Chapter Objectives
• Parallelogram Law • Cartesian vector form • Dot product and angle between 2 vectors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
3.
Chapter Outline
1. Scalars and Vectors 2. Vector Operations 3. Vector Addition of Forces 4. Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces 5. Cartesian Vectors 6. Addition and Subtraction of Cartesian Vectors 7. Position Vectors 8. Force Vector Directed along a Line 9. Dot Product Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
4.
2.1 Scalars and
Vectors • Scalar – A quantity characterized by a positive or negative number – Indicated by letters in italic such as A e.g. Mass, volume and length Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
5.
2.1 Scalars and
Vectors • Vector – A quantity that has magnitude and direction e.g. Position, force and moment – Represent by a letter with an arrow over it, A – Magnitude is designated as A – In this subject, vector is presented as A and its magnitude (positive quantity) as A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
6.
2.2 Vector Operations
• Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar - Product of vector A and scalar a = aA - Magnitude = aA - Law of multiplication applies e.g. A/a = ( 1/a ) A, a≠0 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
7.
2.2 Vector Operations
• Vector Addition - Addition of two vectors A and B gives a resultant vector R by the parallelogram law - Result R can be found by triangle construction - Communicative e.g. R = A + B = B + A - Special case: Vectors A and B are collinear (both have the same line of action) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
8.
2.2 Vector Operations
• Vector Subtraction - Special case of addition e.g. R’ = A – B = A + ( - B ) - Rules of Vector Addition Applies Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
9.
2.3 Vector Addition
of Forces Finding a Resultant Force • Parallelogram law is carried out to find the resultant force • Resultant, FR = ( F1 + F2 ) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
10.
2.3 Vector Addition
of Forces Procedure for Analysis • Parallelogram Law – Make a sketch using the parallelogram law – 2 components forces add to form the resultant force – Resultant force is shown by the diagonal of the parallelogram – The components is shown by the sides of the parallelogram Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
11.
2.3 Vector Addition
of Forces Procedure for Analysis • Trigonometry – Redraw half portion of the parallelogram – Magnitude of the resultant force can be determined by the law of cosines – Direction if the resultant force can be determined by the law of sines – Magnitude of the two components can be determined by the law of sines Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
12.
Example 2.1
The screw eye is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
13.
Solution Parallelogram
Law Unknown: magnitude of FR and angle θ Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14.
Solution Trigonometry
Law of Cosines FR = (100 N ) 2 + (150 N ) 2 − 2(100 N )(150 N ) cos115 = 10000 + 22500 − 30000( − 0.4226) = 212.6 N = 213 N Law of Sines 150 N 212.6 N = sin θ sin 115 150 N sin θ = ( 0.9063) 212.6 N θ = 39.8 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
15.
Solution Trigonometry
Direction Φ of FR measured from the horizontal φ = 39.8 + 15 = 54.8 ∠φ Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
16.
2.4 Addition of
a System of Coplanar Forces • Scalar Notation – x and y axes are designated positive and negative – Components of forces expressed as algebraic scalars F = Fx + Fy Fx = F cos θ and Fy = F sin θ Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
17.
2.4 Addition of
a System of Coplanar Forces • Cartesian Vector Notation – Cartesian unit vectors i and j are used to designate the x and y directions – Unit vectors i and j have dimensionless magnitude of unity ( = 1 ) – Magnitude is always a positive quantity, represented by scalars Fx and Fy F = Fx i + Fy j Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
18.
2.4 Addition of
a System of Coplanar Forces • Coplanar Force Resultants To determine resultant of several coplanar forces: – Resolve force into x and y components – Addition of the respective components using scalar algebra – Resultant force is found using the parallelogram law – Cartesian vector notation: F1 = F1x i + F1 y j F2 = − F2 xi + F2 y j F3 = F3 x i − F3 y j Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
19.
2.4 Addition of
a System of Coplanar Forces • Coplanar Force Resultants – Vector resultant is therefore FR = F1 + F2 + F3 = ( FRx ) i + ( FRy ) j – If scalar notation are used FRx = F1x − F2 x + F3 x FRy = F1 y + F2 y − F3 y Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
20.
2.4 Addition of
a System of Coplanar Forces • Coplanar Force Resultants – In all cases we have FRx = ∑ Fx FRy = ∑ Fy * Take note of sign conventions – Magnitude of FR can be found by Pythagorean Theorem FRy FR = F + F 2 Rx 2 Ry and θ = tan -1 FRx Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.
Example 2.5
Determine x and y components of F1 and F2 acting on the boom. Express each force as a Cartesian vector. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
22.
Solution Scalar
Notation F1x = −200 sin 30 N = −100 N = 100 N ← F1 y = 200 cos 30 N = 173N = 173N ↑ Hence, from the slope triangle, we have 5 θ = tan −1 12 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
23.
Solution By
similar triangles we have 12 F2 x = 260 = 240 N 13 5 F2 y = 260 = 100 N 13 Scalar Notation: F = 240 N → 2x F2 y = −100 N = 100 N ↓ Cartesian Vector Notation: F1 = { − 100i + 173 j} N F2 = { 240i − 100 j} N Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
24.
Solution Scalar
Notation F1x = −200 sin 30 N = −100 N = 100 N ← F1 y = 200 cos 30 N = 173N = 173N ↑ Hence, from the slope triangle, we have: 5 −1 θ = tan 12 Cartesian Vector Notation F1 = { − 100i + 173 j} N F2 = { 240i − 100 j} N Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
25.
Example 2.6
The link is subjected to two forces F1 and F2. Determine the magnitude and orientation of the resultant force. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
26.
Solution I
Scalar Notation: FRx = ΣFx : FRx = 600 cos 30 N − 400 sin 45 N = 236.8 N → FRy = ΣFy : FRy = 600 sin 30 N + 400 cos 45 N = 582.8 N ↑ Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
27.
Solution I
Resultant Force FR = ( 236.8 N ) 2 + ( 582.8 N ) 2 = 629 N From vector addition, direction angle θ is 582.8 N θ = tan −1 236.8 N = 67.9 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
28.
Solution II
Cartesian Vector Notation F1 = { 600cos30°i + 600sin30°j } N F2 = { -400sin45°i + 400cos45°j } N Thus, FR = F1 + F2 = (600cos30ºN - 400sin45ºN)i + (600sin30ºN + 400cos45ºN)j = {236.8i + 582.8j}N The magnitude and direction of FR are determined in the same manner as 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd Copyright © before.
29.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Right-Handed Coordinate System A rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system is said to be right-handed provided: – Thumb of right hand points in the direction of the positive z axis – z-axis for the 2D problem would be perpendicular, directed out of the page. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
30.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Rectangular Components of a Vector – A vector A may have one, two or three rectangular components along the x, y and z axes, depending on orientation – By two successive application of the parallelogram law A = A’ + Az A’ = Ax + Ay – Combing the equations, A can be expressed as A = Ax + Ay + Az Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
31.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Unit Vector – Direction of A can be specified using a unit vector – Unit vector has a magnitude of 1 – If A is a vector having a magnitude of A ≠ 0, unit vector having the same direction as A is expressed by uA = A / A. So that A = A uA Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
32.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Cartesian Vector Representations – 3 components of A act in the positive i, j and k directions A = Axi + Ayj + AZk *Note the magnitude and direction of each components are separated, easing vector algebraic operations. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
33.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Magnitude of a Cartesian Vector – From the colored triangle, A = A'2 + Az2 – From the shaded triangle, A' = Ax + Ay 2 2 – Combining the equations gives magnitude of A A = Ax + Ay + Az2 2 2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
34.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Direction of a Cartesian Vector – Orientation of A is defined as the coordinate direction angles α, β and γ measured between the tail of A and the positive x, y and z axes – 0° ≤ α, β and γ ≤ 180 ° – The direction cosines of A is Ax Az cos α = cos γ = A A Ay cos β = A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
35.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Direction of a Cartesian Vector – Angles α, β and γ can be determined by the inverse cosines Given A = Axi + Ayj + AZk then, uA = A /A = (Ax/A)i + (Ay/A)j + (AZ/A)k where A = Ax2 + Ay + Az2 2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
36.
2.5 Cartesian Vectors
• Direction of a Cartesian Vector – uA can also be expressed as uA = cosαi + cosβj + cosγk – Since A = Ax2 + Ay + Az2 2 and uA = 1, we have cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1 2 2 2 – A as expressed in Cartesian vector form is A = AuA = Acosαi + Acosβj + Acosγk = Axi + Ayj + AZk Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
37.
2.6 Addition and
Subtraction of Cartesian Vectors • Concurrent Force Systems – Force resultant is the vector sum of all the forces in the system FR = ∑F = ∑Fxi + ∑Fyj + ∑Fzk Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
38.
Example 2.8
Express the force F as Cartesian vector. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
39.
Solution Since
two angles are specified, the third angle is found by cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1 cos 2 α + cos 2 60 + cos 2 45 = 1 cos α = 1 − (0.5) − (0.707 ) = ±0.5 2 2 Two possibilities exit, namely α = cos −1 (0.5) = 60 α = cos −1 ( − 0.5) = 120 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
40.
Solution By
inspection, α = 60º since Fx is in the +x direction Given F = 200N F = Fcosαi + Fcosβj + Fcosγk = (200cos60ºN)i + (200cos60ºN)j + (200cos45ºN)k = {100.0i + 100.0j + 141.4k}N Checking: F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2 = (100.0) 2 + (100.0 ) + (141.4 ) = 200 N 2 2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
41.
2.7 Position Vectors
• x,y,z Coordinates – Right-handed coordinate system – Positive z axis points upwards, measuring the height of an object or the altitude of a point – Points are measured relative to the origin, O. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
42.
2.7 Position Vectors
Position Vector – Position vector r is defined as a fixed vector which locates a point in space relative to another point. – E.g. r = xi + yj + zk Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
43.
2.7 Position Vectors
Position Vector – Vector addition gives rA + r = rB – Solving r = rB – rA = (xB – xA)i + (yB – yA)j + (zB –zA)k or r = (xB – xA)i + (yB – yA)j + (zB –zA)k Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
44.
2.7 Position Vectors
• Length and direction of cable AB can be found by measuring A and B using the x, y, z axes • Position vector r can be established • Magnitude r represent the length of cable • Angles, α, β and γ represent the direction of the cable • Unit vector, u = r/r Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
45.
Example 2.12
An elastic rubber band is attached to points A and B. Determine its length and its direction measured from A towards B. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
46.
Solution Position
vector r = [-2m – 1m]i + [2m – 0]j + [3m – (-3m)]k = {-3i + 2j + 6k}m Magnitude = length of the rubber band r= ( − 3) 2 + ( 2) + ( 6) = 7m 2 2 Unit vector in the director of r u = r /r = -3/7i + 2/7j + 6/7k Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
47.
Solution α
= cos-1(-3/7) = 115° β = cos-1(2/7) = 73.4° γ = cos-1(6/7) = 31.0° Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
48.
2.8 Force Vector
Directed along a Line • In 3D problems, direction of F is specified by 2 points, through which its line of action lies • F can be formulated as a Cartesian vector F = F u = F (r/r) • Note that F has units of forces (N) unlike r, with units of length (m) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
49.
2.8 Force Vector
Directed along a Line • Force F acting along the chain can be presented as a Cartesian vector by - Establish x, y, z axes - Form a position vector r along length of chain • Unit vector, u = r/r that defines the direction of both the chain and the force • We get F = Fu Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
50.
Example 2.13
The man pulls on the cord with a force of 350N. Represent this force acting on the support A, as a Cartesian vector and determine its direction. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
51.
Solution End
points of the cord are A (0m, 0m, 7.5m) and B (3m, -2m, 1.5m) r = (3m – 0m)i + (-2m – 0m)j + (1.5m – 7.5m)k = {3i – 2j – 6k}m Magnitude = length of cord AB r= ( 3m ) 2 + ( − 2m ) 2 + ( − 6m ) 2 = 7m Unit vector, u = r /r = 3/7i - 2/7j - 6/7k Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
52.
Solution Force
F has a magnitude of 350N, direction specified by u. F = Fu = 350N(3/7i - 2/7j - 6/7k) = {150i - 100j - 300k} N α = cos-1(3/7) = 64.6° β = cos-1(-2/7) = 107° γ = cos-1(-6/7) = 149° Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
53.
2.9 Dot Product
• Dot product of vectors A and B is written as A·B (Read A dot B) • Define the magnitudes of A and B and the angle between their tails A·B = AB cosθ where 0°≤ θ ≤180° • Referred to as scalar product of vectors as result is a scalar Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
54.
2.9 Dot Product
• Laws of Operation 1. Commutative law A·B = B·A 2. Multiplication by a scalar a(A·B) = (aA)·B = A·(aB) = (A·B)a 3. Distribution law A·(B + D) = (A·B) + (A·D) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
55.
2.9 Dot Product
• Cartesian Vector Formulation - Dot product of Cartesian unit vectors i·i = (1)(1)cos0° = 1 i·j = (1)(1)cos90° = 0 - Similarly i·i = 1 j·j = 1 k·k = 1 i·j = 0 i·k = 1j·k = 1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
56.
2.9 Dot Product
• Cartesian Vector Formulation – Dot product of 2 vectors A and B A·B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz • Applications – The angle formed between two vectors or intersecting lines. θ = cos-1 [(A·B)/(AB)] 0°≤ θ ≤180° – The components of a vector parallel and perpendicular to a line. Aa = A cos θ = A·u Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
57.
Example 2.17
The frame is subjected to a horizontal force F = {300j} N. Determine the components of this force parallel and perpendicular to the member AB. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
58.
Solution Since
r 2i + 6 j + 3k u B = B = rB ( 2 ) 2 + ( 6 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 0.286i + 0.857 j + 0.429k Thus FAB = F cosθ = F .u B = ( 300 j ) ⋅ ( 0.286i + 0.857 j + 0.429k ) = (0)(0.286) + (300)(0.857) + (0)(0.429) = 257.1N Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
59.
Solution Since
result is a positive scalar, FAB has the same sense of direction as uB. Express in Cartesian form FAB = FAB u AB = ( 257.1N ) ( 0.286i + 0.857 j + 0.429k ) = {73.5i + 220 j + 110k }N Perpendicular component F⊥ = F − FAB = 300 j − (73.5i + 220 j + 110k ) = {−73.5i + 80 j − 110k }N Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
60.
Solution Magnitude
can be determined from F┴ or from Pythagorean Theorem, 2 2 F⊥ = F − FAB = ( 300 N ) 2 − ( 257.1N ) 2 = 155 N Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
61.
QUIZ 1. Which one
of the following is a scalar quantity? A) Force B) Position C) Mass D) Velocity 2. For vector addition, you have to use ______ law. A) Newton’s Second B) the arithmetic C) Pascal’s D) the parallelogram Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
62.
QUIZ 3. Can you
resolve a 2-D vector along two directions, which are not at 90° to each other? A) Yes, but not uniquely. B) No. C) Yes, uniquely. 4. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along three directions (say at 0, 60, and 120°)? A) Yes, but not uniquely. B) No. C) Yes, uniquely. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
63.
QUIZ 5. Resolve F
along x and y axes and write it in vector form. F = { ___________ } N y A) 80 cos (30°) i – 80 sin (30°) j x B) 80 sin (30°) i + 80 cos (30°) j 30° C) 80 sin (30°) i – 80 cos (30°) j F = 80 N D) 80 cos (30°) i + 80 sin (30°) j 6. Determine the magnitude of the resultant (F1 + F2) force in N when F1={ 10i + 20j }N and F2={ 20i + 20j } N. A) 30 N B) 40 N C) 50 N D) 60 N E) 70 N Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
64.
QUIZ 7. Vector algebra,
as we are going to use it, is based on a ___________ coordinate system. A) Euclidean B) Left-handed C) Greek D) Right-handed E) Egyptian 8. The symbols α, β, and γ designate the __________ of a 3-D Cartesian vector. A) Unit vectors B) Coordinate direction angles C) Greek societies D) X, Y and Z components Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
65.
QUIZ 9. What is
not true about an unit vector, uA ? A) It is dimensionless. B) Its magnitude is one. C) It always points in the direction of positive X- axis. D) It always points in the direction of vector A. 10. If F = {10 i + 10 j + 10 k} N and G = {20 i + 20 j + 20 k } N, then F + G = { ____ } N A) 10 i + 10 j + 10 k B) 30 i + 20 j + 30 k C) – 10 i – 10 j – 10 k D) 30 i + 30 j + 30 k Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
66.
QUIZ 11. A position
vector, rPQ, is obtained by A) Coordinates of Q minus coordinates of P B) Coordinates of P minus coordinates of Q C) Coordinates of Q minus coordinates of the origin D) Coordinates of the origin minus coordinates of P 12. A force of magnitude F, directed along a unit vector U, is given by F = ______ . A) F (U) B) U / F C) F / U D) F + U E) F – U Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
67.
QUIZ 13. P and
Q are two points in a 3-D space. How are the position vectors rPQ and rQP related? A) rPQ = rQP B) rPQ = - rQP C) rPQ = 1/rQP D) rPQ = 2 rQP 14. If F and r are force vector and position vectors, respectively, in SI units, what are the units of the expression (r * (F / F)) ? A) Newton B) Dimensionless C) Meter D) Newton - Meter E) The expression is algebraically illegal. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
68.
QUIZ 15. Two points
in 3 – D space have coordinates of P (1, 2, 3) and Q (4, 5, 6) meters. The position vector rQP is given by A) {3 i + 3 j + 3 k} m B) {– 3 i – 3 j – 3 k} m C) {5 i + 7 j + 9 k} m D) {– 3 i + 3 j + 3 k} m E) {4 i + 5 j + 6 k} m 16. Force vector, F, directed along a line PQ is given by A) (F/ F) rPQ B) rPQ/rPQ C) F(rPQ/rPQ) D) F(rPQ/rPQ) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
69.
QUIZ 17. The dot
product of two vectors P and Q is defined as A) P Q cos θ B) P Q sin θ P C) P Q tan θ D) P Q sec θ θ Q 18. The dot product of two vectors results in a _________ quantity. A) Scalar B) Vector C) Complex D) Zero Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
70.
QUIZ 19. If a
dot product of two non-zero vectors is 0, then the two vectors must be _____________ to each other. A) Parallel (pointing in the same direction) B) Parallel (pointing in the opposite direction) C) Perpendicular D) Cannot be determined. 20. If a dot product of two non-zero vectors equals -1, then the vectors must be ________ to each other. A) Parallel (pointing in the same direction) B) Parallel (pointing in the opposite direction) C) Perpendicular D) Cannot be determined. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
71.
QUIZ 1. The dot
product can be used to find all of the following except ____ . A) sum of two vectors B) angle between two vectors C) component of a vector parallel to another line D) component of a vector perpendicular to another line 2. Find the dot product of the two vectors P and Q. P = {5 i + 2 j + 3 k} m Q = {-2 i + 5 j + 4 k} m A) -12 m B) 12 m C) 12 m2 D) -12 m2 E) 10 m2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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