3. Facts, statistics used for reference or
analysis.
Numbers, characters, symbols, imagesetc.,
which can be processed by a computer.
Data must be interpreted, by a human or
machine, to derivemeaning
So data ismeaningless
4. Yes,Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86
111192,111234
None of the above data sets have any
meaning until they are given a CONTEXT
and PROCESSED into a useable form
5. ALPHANUMERIC DATA(COMBINATION OF
NUMBERSAND LETTERS)
TEXT DATA(SENTENCES &PARAGRAPHS USED IN
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION)
IMAGE DATA(GRAPHICS, SHAPES, FIGURES ETC)
AUDIO (HUMAN VOICE &OTHERSOUNDS)
6. Data that has been processed within a
context to give it meaning.
"Information is data that has been
processed”
"Information is interpreted data"
Information is meaningful
7. Data need t o be turned into
meaningful information and
presented in its most useful fo r m a t
For example: What does the number
29061996 mean?
Is it:
A birthday? (29th June1996)
A bank account number?
A club membership number?
A telephone number?
Without processing or more information this
data is meaningless.
9. The colour red is data as it has no meaning.
What information we attach to the red
colour isinformation
For example:
On a traffic light it means STOP.
In a football match a red card means that the player has
been suspended.
In certain places the red colour may mean a danger zone.
EXAMPLE2
10. INPUT
DATA
DATAIS
PROCESSED
OUTPUT
INFORMATION
DATA
Is put in
USING INPUT DEVICES
e.g. KEYBOARD
INFORMATION
Is produced
ON OUTPUTDEVICES
e.g. MONITOR
Data is
meaningless
Information is
meaningful
Process can be:
Manipulation of
data. E.g.arithmetic
operations,
comparing, sorting,
searching
11. IN SIMPLE TERMS WE CAN SAYTHAT:
DATAIS RAW FACTSAND FIGURES &
DATAIS MEANINGLESS
WHILE
INFORMATION IS DATATHAT HAS BEEN PROCESSED
INFORMATION IS MEANINGFUL
12. BASIS FOR COMPARISON DATA INFORMATION
Meaning Data means raw facts
gathered about someone or
something, which is bare
and random.
Facts, concerning a
particular event or subject,
which are refined by
processing is called
information.
What is it? It is just text and numbers. It is refined data.
Based on Records and Observations Analysis
Form Unorganized Organized
Useful May or may not be useful. Always
Specific No Yes
Dependency Does not depend on
information.
Without data, information
cannot be processed.
13. MANUAL DATA PROCESSING
• In manual data processing, most tasks are
done manually with a pen and a paper. For
example in a busy office, incoming tasks
(input) are stacked in the “tray” (output).
• The processing of each task involves a person
using the brain in order to respond to queries.
• The processed information from the out tray is
then distributed to the people who need it or
stored in a file cabinet.
14. Electronic data processing
• For a long time, scientists have researched on how to
develop machine or devices that would stimulate some
form of human intelligence during data and
information processing.
• This was made possible to some extent with the
development of electronic programmable devices such
as computers.
• The advent of microprocessor technology has greatly
enhanced data processing efficiency and capability.
Some of the micro processor controlled devices include
computers, cellular(mobile) phones, calculators, fuel
pumps, modern television sets, washing machines etc
15. Differences b/w MDP and EDP
• Manual files can be transported through physical means.
• computer files are transferred electronically.
• Computer files are difficult to destroy;
• manual files are easy to destroy.
• Manual files are easily accessible;
• computer files are not.
• Large amount of information can be stored and transferred
in a computer file.
• it is difficult to store hefty amount of information manually.
• Manual files are not convenient to carry.
• computers files are convenient to carry.
16. Advantages Of Electronic Data
Processing
• Electronic Data Processing (EDP) is the digital management of
databases, typically stored on a shared server and allow
simultaneous access to all parties. There are several distinct
advantages to employing EDP:
• Speed. Information stored and managed via EDP can be retrieved
almost instantly on a well-maintained internal network or even the
Internet.
• Efficient. Summary documents and related materials such as
invoices, reports, and statements can be automatically and quickly
generated via EDP.
• Economic. Once an Electronic Data Processing system is created
and implemented, over time it reduced the costs of managing data
by a significant margin.
• Reduced Labor. Duplication of effort and repeated entries due to
mistakes in manual data entry are reduced or eliminated by EDP.
17. Elements Of Electronic Data
Processing
• A well-designed and implemented EDP system in a data
processing company will generally be composed of four
basic elements:
• Hardware: The servers and desktops or terminals used to
enter and store data.
• Software: Spreadsheets, custom applications, databases,
and other pieces of code used to manage and collect the
data.
• Procedure: A coherent and agreed-upon system for
entering and manipulating data, designed to eliminate
duplication of entry and data corruption.
• Personnel: The staff trained to work with the EDP, ranging
from the entire work force to a select group.
18. EDP Cycle
• In its simplest form, EDP goes through a three-
stage cycle:
• Input: The data is collected by the system, via
keyboarding, file upload, or other workflow.
• Processing: The data is manipulated in some way,
usually automated. This can include translation,
formula or code application, or encryption.
• Output: The data is then output in
transformation, either as part of a report or as a
translated and modified form.
19. EDP Equipment
• In the broadest sense, any equipment used to
input, process, output, or display the data can be
considered EDP Equipment. This would include:
• Desktop, laptop, tablet computers, terminals or
dedicated data input equipment.
• Network equipment, wired or wireless, used to
transmit data.
• Servers used to store data.
• Projectors, printers, and any other device used to
output processed data.
20. Example of EDP
• One of the most common examples of EDP in
the modern age is warehouse stock
monitoring and logistics. As orders come in,
the data is input into the system and
processed, transformed into a picking order
and transmitted to the warehouse. The stock
is picked from the shelves (manually or via
automated system) and the item is deducted
from the database to reflect the new reality in
the warehouse itself.
21. Information Technology
• It refers to anything related to computing technology, such
as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the
people that work with these technologies.
• Many companies now have IT departments for managing
the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their
businesses.
• IT jobs include computer programming, network
administration, computer engineering, Web development,
technical support, and many other related occupations.
Since we live in the "information age," information
technology has become a part of our everyday lives. That
means the term "IT," already highly overused, is here to
stay.
22. Key Elements of IT
• Hardware
• Hardware is the most obvious part of a
computer-based information system.
Hardware refers to the computers themselves,
along with any and all peripherals, including
servers, routers, monitors, printers and
storage devices. A CBIS may use a single
computer or thousands.
23. Key Elements of IT
• Software
• Without software, the hardware wouldn't be
very useful. Software,
• the second element of a CBIS, is what tells the
hardware how to function.
• It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and
carries out instructions.
• Everything you do using a computer is done by
the software.
24. Key Elements of IT
• Data
• Data, or information, is the third element of a
CBIS.
• Just as hardware cannot function without
software, software cannot function without data.
This is the information part of an information
system, and whether that is statistical data, sets
of instructions, lists of names or even graphics
and animations, it is all key to a CBIS.
25. Key Elements of IT
• Procedures
• It is commonly said that "procedures are to
people what software is to hardware."
• The fourth element of CBIS, procedures are the
rules, descriptions and instructions for how
things are done. In computer-based information
systems, procedures are frequently covered in
instruction or user manuals that describe how to
use the hardware, software and data.
26. Key Elements of IT
• People
• People are the most often overlooked and
most important part of a computer-based
information system.
• It is people who design and operate the
software, input the data, build the hardware
and keep it running, write the procedures and
it is ultimately people who determine the
success or failure of a CBIS.
27. Key Elements of IT
• Communication
• Communication is left out of some lists of CBIS
elements, but for a CBIS that involves more than one
piece of hardware to function, communication or
connectivity is a necessity.
• This is, in part, because parts of it are covered under
hardware.
• The components that allow one computer to
communicate with another are hardware and are
controlled by software.
• If communication between people is included in this
element, though, it is an important element.
28. Traditional File Systems
• The traditional filing system (TFS) is a method
of storing and arranging computer files and
the information in the file (data). Basically it
organizes these files into a database for the
storage, organization, manipulation, and
retrieval by the computer's operating system.
29. Traditional File Systems
• (DBMS) consists of software that operates
databases, providing storage, access, security,
backup and other facilities. This system can be
categorized according to the database model and
the type of computer that they support such as a
server cluster or a mobile phone, the query
language(s) that access the database, such as SQL
or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as
maximum scale or maximum speed or others.
Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these
categories, e.g., supporting multiple query
languages.
30. Advantages Traditional File Systems
• Control of data redundancy
Although the database approach does not
remove redundancy completely, it controls the
amount of redundancy in the database.
• Data consistency
By removing or controlling redundancy, the
database approach reduces the risk of
inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of
the idea are kept consistent.
31. • Sharing of data
Database belongs to the entire organization and
can be shared by all authorized users.
• Improved data integrity
Database integrity provides the validity and
consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually
expressed in terms of constraints, which are
consistency rules that the database is not
permitted to violate.
32. • Improved security
Provides protection of data from unauthorized
users. It will require user names and passwords to
identify user type and their access right in the
operation including retrieval, insertion, updating
and deletion.
• Increased concurrency
Database can manage concurrent data access
effectively. It ensures no interference between
users that would not result any loss of information
or loss of integrity.
33. Disadvantages of traditional file based
system
• No need of external storage
• Provides less security.
• No need of a highly technical person to handle
the database.
• Redundancy is more.
• Processing speed is high as compared to DBMS
• Less integrity.
• High complexity in updating of database.
34. What is a Computer?
• An electronic device that you can use to
manipulate, store, retrieve and process data.
37. Software
• A term that is used in contrast to hardware;
everything in the computer that is not
hardware is software.
• Software allows you to:
– Process words
– Calculate numbers
– Send an e-mail
– Browse the Internet
– And many more…
38. Input
• A collection of raw data from the outside
world that is put into the computer.
• Example: The payroll clerk collects workers'
timecards so she knows how many hours each
person worked and then types the hours from
the timecards into a spreadsheet.
39. Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Digital Camera
• Bar code reader
• Graphic tablets
• And many more…
40. Processing
• Manipulating data
– Bold, italicize, underline, double space in a word
processor
– Enter formulas and calculate totals in a
spreadsheet
– Edit a picture
41. Storage
• The place where data is held when it is not needed for
processing
• Storage Devices are computer components capable of
storing digital data
• Examples of Storage Devices:
– Floppy Disk (almost obsolete)
– Hard Drive
– CD, DVD
– Flash Drive
42. Output
• The results of processed data
• Examples of output:
– A printed paper
– A presentation
– Audio
– Video
• Data is entered through various forms (input) into a
computer, the data is manipulated (processing), and
then information is presented to a human (output).
44. Peripherals
• Peripheral Devices
• Any hardware device connected to the
computer that expands the computer’s input,
output and storage capabilities
45.
46. Input and Output Devices
• As you continue, you will
review several different
input and output devices.
• You need to be able to
identify each device, tell
if it is an input or output
device and indicate what
the devices are used for.
47. Keyboard
• The most commonly used input device
• It is made up of :
– Alphabetic Keys
– Numeric Keys
– Function Keys
– Command Keys
• Connected to the computer through a
USB connection or wirelessly
48. Mouse
• A hand-operated input device that controls
the cursor on the screen as you move it
around on a desktop
• Older = ball style mouse
• Newer = “optical” technology
• Turn over your mouse. Do you see a red light?
If you do, then you are using an optical
mouse.
49. Touchpad
• An input device used to move the cursor on a
laptop computer
• As you slide your finger over the surface,
sensors underneath detect the movement,
direction and speed
• Useful when carrying a mouse is not practical
50. Trackball
• A pointing device that works like a mouse turned
upside down; the ball in on top of the device
• Advantages:
• TrackBall is stationary so it does not require much
space.
• You can place a trackball on any type of surface,
including your lap.
51. Joystick
• Joysticks are input devices, similar to a mouse,
that allow you to move the cursor in any
direction
• Joysticks were originally used by pilots as part
of an airplane's controls. Technology
developed to let gamers experience a more
realistic game environment
52. Microphone
• A microphone is used to input sound
• The sound is detected by the microphone and
an electronic signal is transmitted to the
computer
• Special hardware is used to convert the analog
data (sound) into digital data so it an be
stored and manipulated on the computer.
53. Scanner
• Scanners are used to convert images or text
on paper into a digital image format (.bmp, .gif, .jpeg)
• Scanners with optical character recognition
can convert text on paper into text that can be
edited in a word processor
54. Web Cam
• Web cam is short for ‘web camera’
• It is an input device that captures a video or
image of the scene in front of it
• Some are built into the computer (i.e. Laptop),
others are connected via USB cable
• Used for chatting online, security and tourism
(i.e. view your favorite animal at the zoo
online)
55. Graphics Tablet
• Graphics tables are used by graphics designers
and illustrators to input data
• Create accurate drawings on a screen that
could not be produced with a mouse or stylus
• Usually consists of a tablet that you draw on
and a pen that has pressure sensitive tips
allowing the artist to draw heavier and lighter
lines
56. Biometric Devices
• AKA—Access Control Devices
• Uses a body feature of a person seeking access to identify
and authorize that person
– Fingerprint scanner
– Iris scan
– Access card (can be scanned like a credit card or contain a radio
frequency transmitter used to identify the card holder)
• Britain and Germany have included a microchip in their
passport. The microchip contains electronic data unique to
each user
57. Monitor
• Most commonly used output device
• The picture on a monitor is made up of tiny
colored dots called pixels
• The quality and detail of the picture depends
on the number of pixels that the monitor can
display
58. Ink Jet Printer
• An output device that produces a hard copy by
spraying ink on paper
• Relatively cheap to buy
• Can print it both black and white or color
• Limitations:
– Slow
– Not designed for high-volume printing
– Ink cartridges are expensive
59. Laser Jet Printer
• A output device that prints similar to a photo
copy machine
• Uses powdered ink called ‘toner’ to fuse onto
the paper by heat and pressure
• Black and white versions are relatively cheap
to purchase
• Capable of quick high-volume printing
60. Speakers
• Most computers have a small internal speaker
that produces beeping sounds when you make
an error
• Computers can be fitted with a sound card
which enables sound (audio) to be output
through external speakers
61. Digital Camera
• An input device that takes photographs and
stores them as digital files on a computer
62. Projector
• A device which connects to a computer and is
used to project the output from the computer
onto a wall or screen.
63. Touch Screen
• The only device that serves as both
an input and output device
• You view the options available to you
on the screen (output) and then use
your finger to touch the option you
have chosen (input)
64. Plotter
• A large document printer which is able to
draw high quality images on very large pieces
of paper (example: 3 feet wide by 10 feet
long)
• Used by:
– Engineers
– Architects
– Map makers
Fingerprint scanner is a common biometric device on personal computers. Can be used in place of a login and password to gain access to computer files or folders. Prints stored on the computer. If the print matches, access to the computer is granted.
