Enviar pesquisa
Carregar
Chapter06 fm circuits
•
Transferir como PPT, PDF
•
8 gostaram
•
8,125 visualizações
S
Sikander Ghunio
Seguir
Tecnologia
Negócios
Denunciar
Compartilhar
Denunciar
Compartilhar
1 de 38
Baixar agora
Recomendados
Chapter05 fundamentals of FM
Chapter05 fundamentals of FM
AbdulAziz Ahmed Siyad
Chapter04
Chapter04
bhagavanprasad
Chapter03 am
Chapter03 am
Sikander Ghunio
Chapter03
Chapter03
bhagavanprasad
Frequency modulation and its application
Frequency modulation and its application
Darshil Shah
3. the-wireless-channel-2
3. the-wireless-channel-2
Naga Sirisha
Chapter08 radio transmitters
Chapter08 radio transmitters
Sikander Ghunio
Chapter04. am modulators
Chapter04. am modulators
Sikander Ghunio
Recomendados
Chapter05 fundamentals of FM
Chapter05 fundamentals of FM
AbdulAziz Ahmed Siyad
Chapter04
Chapter04
bhagavanprasad
Chapter03 am
Chapter03 am
Sikander Ghunio
Chapter03
Chapter03
bhagavanprasad
Frequency modulation and its application
Frequency modulation and its application
Darshil Shah
3. the-wireless-channel-2
3. the-wireless-channel-2
Naga Sirisha
Chapter08 radio transmitters
Chapter08 radio transmitters
Sikander Ghunio
Chapter04. am modulators
Chapter04. am modulators
Sikander Ghunio
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
wafaa_A7
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
DANISHAMIN950
Angle modulation .pptx
Angle modulation .pptx
swatihalunde
Principles Of Electronic Communication System
Principles Of Electronic Communication System
Sagar Kumar
Chapter02 fund of es.
Chapter02 fund of es.
Sikander Ghunio
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation
gopi789
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation
Muhammad Uzair Rasheed
Radio Frequency and Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
Radio Frequency and Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
ayesha zaheer
Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
FellowBuddy.com
Chapter01
Chapter01
bhagavanprasad
Fm transmitter and receivers
Fm transmitter and receivers
Yogesh Bhargawa
Link budget
Link budget
aibad ahmed
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Bhanwar Singh Meena
Comparison of BER performances of 64-PSK and 64-QAM in AWGN channels
Comparison of BER performances of 64-PSK and 64-QAM in AWGN channels
Berk Soysal
Chapter01 int to telecom
Chapter01 int to telecom
Sikander Ghunio
Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication
Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication
Sahar Foroughi
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
Arti Parab Academics
Introduction To Wireless Fading Channels
Introduction To Wireless Fading Channels
Nitin Jain
microwave communication
microwave communication
ATTO RATHORE
M ary psk modulation
M ary psk modulation
Ahmed Diaa
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
Hattori Sidek
DUA-II (Sindhi)
DUA-II (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Mais procurados
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
wafaa_A7
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
DANISHAMIN950
Angle modulation .pptx
Angle modulation .pptx
swatihalunde
Principles Of Electronic Communication System
Principles Of Electronic Communication System
Sagar Kumar
Chapter02 fund of es.
Chapter02 fund of es.
Sikander Ghunio
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation
gopi789
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation
Muhammad Uzair Rasheed
Radio Frequency and Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
Radio Frequency and Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
ayesha zaheer
Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
FellowBuddy.com
Chapter01
Chapter01
bhagavanprasad
Fm transmitter and receivers
Fm transmitter and receivers
Yogesh Bhargawa
Link budget
Link budget
aibad ahmed
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Bhanwar Singh Meena
Comparison of BER performances of 64-PSK and 64-QAM in AWGN channels
Comparison of BER performances of 64-PSK and 64-QAM in AWGN channels
Berk Soysal
Chapter01 int to telecom
Chapter01 int to telecom
Sikander Ghunio
Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication
Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication
Sahar Foroughi
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
Arti Parab Academics
Introduction To Wireless Fading Channels
Introduction To Wireless Fading Channels
Nitin Jain
microwave communication
microwave communication
ATTO RATHORE
M ary psk modulation
M ary psk modulation
Ahmed Diaa
Mais procurados
(20)
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
Angle modulation .pptx
Angle modulation .pptx
Principles Of Electronic Communication System
Principles Of Electronic Communication System
Chapter02 fund of es.
Chapter02 fund of es.
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation
Radio Frequency and Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
Radio Frequency and Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers
Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
Microwave Engineering Lecture Notes
Chapter01
Chapter01
Fm transmitter and receivers
Fm transmitter and receivers
Link budget
Link budget
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Comparison of BER performances of 64-PSK and 64-QAM in AWGN channels
Comparison of BER performances of 64-PSK and 64-QAM in AWGN channels
Chapter01 int to telecom
Chapter01 int to telecom
Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication
Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
electronics and telecommunications: Amplitude modulation
Introduction To Wireless Fading Channels
Introduction To Wireless Fading Channels
microwave communication
microwave communication
M ary psk modulation
M ary psk modulation
Destaque
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
Hattori Sidek
DUA-II (Sindhi)
DUA-II (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
Fm
Fm
Dipika Korday
Amplitude Modulation ppt
Amplitude Modulation ppt
Priyanka Mathur
Warp Drive: Frequency Modulation (FM) of Electromagnetic Light
Warp Drive: Frequency Modulation (FM) of Electromagnetic Light
Norman Imperial
Moduladores de fm
Moduladores de fm
abulr5307
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for PULA)
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for PULA)
Sarah Krystelle
Chapter07 digital comm tech
Chapter07 digital comm tech
Sikander Ghunio
Ref ch01 louis-frenzel
Ref ch01 louis-frenzel
Sarah Krystelle
Principles of communication engineering
Principles of communication engineering
Lochan Neupane
Basic radio training v2
Basic radio training v2
Jeremy Jernigan
RF Module Design - [Chapter 8] Phase-Locked Loops
RF Module Design - [Chapter 8] Phase-Locked Loops
Simen Li
(S.C.E.T) Appliction of pll fm demodulation fsk demodulation
(S.C.E.T) Appliction of pll fm demodulation fsk demodulation
Chirag vasava
Types of AM Receiver
Types of AM Receiver
Waqar Ahmed
Superheterodyne receiver
Superheterodyne receiver
Mustahid Ali
Radio receivers
Radio receivers
ahsanbari
Superhetrodyne receiver
Superhetrodyne receiver
lrsst
Chapter 5 fm receivers
Chapter 5 fm receivers
mkazree
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation
Akanksha_Seth
Frequency Modulation In Data Transmission
Frequency Modulation In Data Transmission
Bise Mond
Destaque
(20)
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
DUA-II (Sindhi)
DUA-II (Sindhi)
Fm
Fm
Amplitude Modulation ppt
Amplitude Modulation ppt
Warp Drive: Frequency Modulation (FM) of Electromagnetic Light
Warp Drive: Frequency Modulation (FM) of Electromagnetic Light
Moduladores de fm
Moduladores de fm
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for PULA)
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for PULA)
Chapter07 digital comm tech
Chapter07 digital comm tech
Ref ch01 louis-frenzel
Ref ch01 louis-frenzel
Principles of communication engineering
Principles of communication engineering
Basic radio training v2
Basic radio training v2
RF Module Design - [Chapter 8] Phase-Locked Loops
RF Module Design - [Chapter 8] Phase-Locked Loops
(S.C.E.T) Appliction of pll fm demodulation fsk demodulation
(S.C.E.T) Appliction of pll fm demodulation fsk demodulation
Types of AM Receiver
Types of AM Receiver
Superheterodyne receiver
Superheterodyne receiver
Radio receivers
Radio receivers
Superhetrodyne receiver
Superhetrodyne receiver
Chapter 5 fm receivers
Chapter 5 fm receivers
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation
Frequency Modulation In Data Transmission
Frequency Modulation In Data Transmission
Semelhante a Chapter06 fm circuits
Chapter06
Chapter06
bhagavanprasad
Chapter08
Chapter08
bhagavanprasad
Modulators
Modulators
Muhamamd Awaissaleem
WEEK-10-AM-MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR.pdf
WEEK-10-AM-MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR.pdf
RyanJhesTolentino1
DYNAMICS OF AN OSCILLATOR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUT
DYNAMICS OF AN OSCILLATOR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUT
IRJET Journal
Photosensor circuits including a regulated power supply
Photosensor circuits including a regulated power supply
Sherry Huang
Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based DC/AC Inverter
Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based DC/AC Inverter
Firas Mohammed Ali Al-Raie
2 twofold mode series echoing dc dc converter for ample load
2 twofold mode series echoing dc dc converter for ample load
chelliah paramasivan
grid sub-station training Report
grid sub-station training Report
ravi kant
Overview of Soft-Switching DC-DC Converters
Overview of Soft-Switching DC-DC Converters
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems
[IJET V2I5P12] Authors: Mr. Harikrishnan U, Dr. Bos Mathew Jos, Mr.Thomas P R...
[IJET V2I5P12] Authors: Mr. Harikrishnan U, Dr. Bos Mathew Jos, Mr.Thomas P R...
IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques
Untitled document.PDF
Untitled document.PDF
AshishRana497089
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 2Mark Materials
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 2Mark Materials
Santhosh Kumar
24 547-558
24 547-558
idescitation
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement by Harmonic Reduction using Compact Desi...
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement by Harmonic Reduction using Compact Desi...
IRJET Journal
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Dr.Raja R
Simulation of H6 full bridge Inverter for grid connected PV system using SPWM...
Simulation of H6 full bridge Inverter for grid connected PV system using SPWM...
IRJET Journal
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
IRJET Journal
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
IRJET Journal
Two Quadrant chopper
Two Quadrant chopper
Ashish Kashyap
Semelhante a Chapter06 fm circuits
(20)
Chapter06
Chapter06
Chapter08
Chapter08
Modulators
Modulators
WEEK-10-AM-MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR.pdf
WEEK-10-AM-MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR.pdf
DYNAMICS OF AN OSCILLATOR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUT
DYNAMICS OF AN OSCILLATOR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUT
Photosensor circuits including a regulated power supply
Photosensor circuits including a regulated power supply
Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based DC/AC Inverter
Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based DC/AC Inverter
2 twofold mode series echoing dc dc converter for ample load
2 twofold mode series echoing dc dc converter for ample load
grid sub-station training Report
grid sub-station training Report
Overview of Soft-Switching DC-DC Converters
Overview of Soft-Switching DC-DC Converters
[IJET V2I5P12] Authors: Mr. Harikrishnan U, Dr. Bos Mathew Jos, Mr.Thomas P R...
[IJET V2I5P12] Authors: Mr. Harikrishnan U, Dr. Bos Mathew Jos, Mr.Thomas P R...
Untitled document.PDF
Untitled document.PDF
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 2Mark Materials
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 2Mark Materials
24 547-558
24 547-558
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement by Harmonic Reduction using Compact Desi...
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement by Harmonic Reduction using Compact Desi...
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Unit-III Waveform Generator
Simulation of H6 full bridge Inverter for grid connected PV system using SPWM...
Simulation of H6 full bridge Inverter for grid connected PV system using SPWM...
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...
Two Quadrant chopper
Two Quadrant chopper
Mais de Sikander Ghunio
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDUI)
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDUI)
Sikander Ghunio
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
Sikander Ghunio
93 AL DHUA (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
93 AL DHUA (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
Sikander Ghunio
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
Sikander Ghunio
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDU)
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDU)
Sikander Ghunio
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
Sikander Ghunio
91 SURAH SHAMS (1 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
91 SURAH SHAMS (1 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
Sikander Ghunio
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI)
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI)
Sikander Ghunio
102 surah al takasar (Sindhi)
102 surah al takasar (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
101 surah al qareat (Sindhi)
101 surah al qareat (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
100 surah al aadyat (Sindhi)
100 surah al aadyat (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
99 surah zil zalha (Sindhi)
99 surah zil zalha (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
98 surah bayanah (Sindhi)
98 surah bayanah (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
96 Surah alaq (Sindhi)
96 Surah alaq (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
95 surah teen (Sindhi)
95 surah teen (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
93 surah Al dhuha (Sindhi)
93 surah Al dhuha (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
92 surah lail (Sinhi)
92 surah lail (Sinhi)
Sikander Ghunio
91 surah al shams (Sindhi)
91 surah al shams (Sindhi)
Sikander Ghunio
87 surh aala(sinhi)
87 surh aala(sinhi)
Sikander Ghunio
01 surah fateh
01 surah fateh
Sikander Ghunio
Mais de Sikander Ghunio
(20)
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDUI)
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDUI)
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
93 AL DHUA (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
93 AL DHUA (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDU)
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDU)
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
91 SURAH SHAMS (2 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
91 SURAH SHAMS (1 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
91 SURAH SHAMS (1 of 2) (TAFSEER USMANI) (SINDHI)
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI)
01 SURAH FATEH (TAFSEER USMANI)
102 surah al takasar (Sindhi)
102 surah al takasar (Sindhi)
101 surah al qareat (Sindhi)
101 surah al qareat (Sindhi)
100 surah al aadyat (Sindhi)
100 surah al aadyat (Sindhi)
99 surah zil zalha (Sindhi)
99 surah zil zalha (Sindhi)
98 surah bayanah (Sindhi)
98 surah bayanah (Sindhi)
96 Surah alaq (Sindhi)
96 Surah alaq (Sindhi)
95 surah teen (Sindhi)
95 surah teen (Sindhi)
93 surah Al dhuha (Sindhi)
93 surah Al dhuha (Sindhi)
92 surah lail (Sinhi)
92 surah lail (Sinhi)
91 surah al shams (Sindhi)
91 surah al shams (Sindhi)
87 surh aala(sinhi)
87 surh aala(sinhi)
01 surah fateh
01 surah fateh
Último
Powerful Google developer tools for immediate impact! (2023-24 C)
Powerful Google developer tools for immediate impact! (2023-24 C)
wesley chun
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
DianaGray10
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
Gabriella Davis
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Workshop - Best of Both Worlds_ Combine KG and Vector search for enhanced R...
Workshop - Best of Both Worlds_ Combine KG and Vector search for enhanced R...
Neo4j
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
ThousandEyes
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
sammart93
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
apidays
A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?
A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?
Igalia
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Anna Loughnan Colquhoun
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Roshan Dwivedi
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Joaquim Jorge
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MIND CTI
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
?#DUbAI#??##{{(☎️+971_581248768%)**%*]'#abortion pills for sale in dubai@
HTML Injection Attacks: Impact and Mitigation Strategies
HTML Injection Attacks: Impact and Mitigation Strategies
Boston Institute of Analytics
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Radu Cotescu
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
apidays
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
Andrey Devyatkin
Último
(20)
Powerful Google developer tools for immediate impact! (2023-24 C)
Powerful Google developer tools for immediate impact! (2023-24 C)
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
A Domino Admins Adventures (Engage 2024)
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Workshop - Best of Both Worlds_ Combine KG and Vector search for enhanced R...
Workshop - Best of Both Worlds_ Combine KG and Vector search for enhanced R...
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?
A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Top 5 Benefits OF Using Muvi Live Paywall For Live Streams
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
Artificial Intelligence: Facts and Myths
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
HTML Injection Attacks: Impact and Mitigation Strategies
HTML Injection Attacks: Impact and Mitigation Strategies
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
Chapter06 fm circuits
1.
1 Principles of Electronic Communication
Systems Third Edition Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
2.
2 Chapter 6 FM Circuits ©
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
3.
3 Topics Covered in
Chapter 6 6-1: Frequency Modulators 6-2: Phase Modulators 6-3: Frequency Demodulators © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
4.
4 6-1: Frequency Modulators
There are many circuits used to produce FM and PM signals. There are two types of frequency modulator circuits: direct circuits and phase modulation circuits. A frequency modulator is a circuit that varies carrier frequency in accordance with the modulating signal. The carrier is generated by LC or crystal oscillator circuits. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
5.
5 6-1: Frequency Modulators
In LC oscillators, the carrier frequency can be changed by varying either the inductance or capacitance. The idea is to find a circuit or component that converts a modulating voltage to a corresponding change in capacitance or inductance. In crystal oscillators, the frequency is fixed by the crystal. A varactor is a variable capacitance diode used to change oscillator frequencies. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
6.
6 6-1: Frequency Modulators Varactor
Operation A junction diode is created when P- and N-type semiconductors are formed during the manufacturing process. A depletion region, where there are no free carriers, holes, or electrons, is formed in the process. This region acts like a thin insulator that prevents current from flowing through the device. A forward bias will cause the diode to conduct. A reverse bias will prevent current flow. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
7.
7 6-1: Frequency Modulators Varactor
Operation A reverse-biased diode acts like a small capacitor. The P- and N-type materials act as the two plates of the capacitor. The depletion region acts as the dielectric material. The width of the depletion layer determines the width of the dielectric and, therefore the amount of capacitance. All diodes exhibit variable capacitance. Varactors are designed to optimize this characteristic. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
8.
8 6-1: Frequency Modulators Figure
6-2: Schematic symbols of a varactor diode. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
9.
9 6-1: Frequency Modulators Figure
6-4: A direct-frequency-modulated carrier oscillator using a varactor diode. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.
10 6-1: Frequency Modulators Varactor
Modulator In Figure 6-4, the capacitance of varactor diode D1 and L1 form the parallel tuned circuit of the oscillator. The value of C1 is made very large so its reactance is very low. C1 connects the tuned circuit to the oscillator and blocks the dc bias on the base of Q1 from being shorted to ground through L1. The values of L1 and D1 fix the center carrier frequency. The modulating signal varies the effective voltage applied to D1 and its capacitance varies. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
11.
11 6-1: Frequency Modulators Varactor
Modulator Most LC oscillators are not stable enough to provide a carrier signal. The frequency of LC oscillators will vary with temperature changes, variations in circuit voltage, and other factors. As a result, crystal oscillators are normally used to set carrier frequency. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
12.
12 6-1: Frequency Modulators Frequency-Modulating
a Crystal Oscillator Crystal oscillators provide highly accurate carrier frequencies and their stability is superior to LC oscillators. The frequency of a crystal oscillator can be varied by changing the value of capacitance in series or parallel with the crystal. By making the series capacitance a varactor diode, frequency modulation can be achieved. The modulating signal is applied to the varactor diode which changes the oscillator frequency. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
13.
13 6-1: Frequency Modulators Figure
6-5: Frequency modulation of a crystal oscillator with a VVC. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
14.
14 6-1: Frequency Modulators Frequency-Modulating
a Crystal Oscillator Varactors are made with a wide range of capacitance values, most units having a nominal capacitance in the 1- to 200-pF range. A frequency multiplier circuit is one whose output frequency is some integer multiple of the input frequency. A frequency multiplier that multiplies a frequency by two is called a doubler. A frequency multiplier that multiplies a frequency by three is called a tripler. Frequency multipliers can also be cascaded. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
15.
15 6-1: Frequency Modulators Figure
6-6: How frequency multipliers increase carrier frequency and deviation. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
16.
16 6-1: Frequency Modulators Voltage-Controlled
Oscillators Oscillators whose frequencies are controlled by an external input voltage are generally referred to as voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Voltage-controlled crystal oscillators are generally referred to as VXOs. VCOs are primarily used in FM. VCOs are also used in voltage-to-frequency conversion applications. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
17.
17 6-1: Frequency Modulators Reactance
Modulator A reactance modulator is a circuit that uses a transistor amplifier that acts like either a variable capacitor or an inductor. When the circuit is connected across the tuned circuit of an oscillator, the oscillator frequency can be varied by applying the modulating signal to the amplifier. Reactance modulators can produce frequency deviation over a wide range. Reactance modulators are highly linear, so distortion is minimal. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
18.
18 6-1: Frequency Modulators Figure
6-10: A reactance modulator. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
19.
19 6-2: Phase Modulators
Most modern FM transmitters use some form of phase modulation (PM) to produce indirect FM. In PM the carrier oscillator can be optimized for frequency accuracy and stability. Crystal oscillators or crystal-controlled frequency synthesizers can be used to set the carrier frequency accurately and maintain stability. The output of the carrier oscillator is fed to a phase modulator where the phase shift is made to vary in accordance with the modulating signal. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
20.
20 6-2: Phase Modulators
Simple phase shifters do not produce a linear response over a large range of phase shift. To compensate for this, restrict the total allowable phase shift to maximize linearity. Multipliers must also be used to achieve the desired deviation. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
21.
21 6-2: Phase Modulators Figure
6-11: RC phase-shifter basics. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
22.
22 6-2: Phase Modulators Varactor
Phase Modulators A simple phase-shift circuit can be used as a phase modulator if the resistance or capacitance can be made to vary with the modulating signal. A varactor can be used to vary capacitance and achieve phase shift modulation. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
23.
23 6-2: Phase Modulators Figure
6-12: A varactor phase modulator. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
24.
24 6-2: Phase Modulators Transistor
Phase Modulator A transistor can be used as a variable resistor to create a phase modulator. A standard common emitter class A amplifier biased into the linear region is used in PM. The transistor from collector to ground acts like a resistor. The transistor’s resistance forms part of the phase shifting circuit. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
25.
25 6-2: Phase Modulators Figure
6-13: A transistor phase shifter. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
26.
26 6-2: Phase Modulators Tuned-Circuit
Phase Modulators Most phase modulators are capable of producing a small amount of phase shift. The limited phase shift, therefore, produces a limited frequency shift. Phase and frequency shift can be increased by using a parallel tuned circuit. At resonance, a parallel resonant circuit acts like a large resistor. Off resonance, the circuit acts inductively or capacitively and produces a phase shift. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
27.
27 6-2: Phase Modulators Tuned-Circuit
Phase Modulators Phase modulators are easy to implement, but they have two main disadvantages. 1. The amount of phase shift they produce and the resulting frequency deviation are relatively low. 2. All the phase-shift circuits produce amplitude variations as well as phase changes. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
28.
28 6-3: Frequency Demodulators
Any circuit that will convert a frequency variation in the carrier back into a proportional voltage variation can be used to demodulate or detect FM signals. Circuits used to recover the original modulating signal from an FM transmission are called: Demodulators Detectors Discriminators © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
29.
29 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Slope
Detector The slope detector makes use of a tuned circuit and a diode detector to convert frequency variations into voltage variations. The main difficulty with slope detectors lies in tuning them. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
30.
30 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Figure
6-16: Slope detector operation. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
31.
31 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Pulse-Averaging
Discriminators A pulse-averaging discriminator uses a zero crossing detector, a one shot multivibrator and a low-pass filter in order to recover the original modulating signal. The pulse-averaging discriminator is a very high-quality frequency demodulator. Originally this discriminator was limited to expensive telemetry and industrial control applications. With availability of low-cost ICs, this discriminator is used in many electronic products. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
32.
32 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Figure
6-17: Pulse-averaging discriminator. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
33.
33 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Quadrature
Detector The quadrature detector is probably the single most widely used FM demodulator. The quadrature detector is primarily used in TV demodulation. This detector is used in some FM radio stations. The quadrature detector uses a phase-shift circuit to produce a phase shift of 90 degrees at the unmodulated carrier frequency. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
34.
34 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Figure
6-19: A quadrature FM detector. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
35.
35 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Phase-Locked
Loops A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a frequency- or phase- sensitive feedback control circuit used in frequency demodulation, frequency synthesizers, and various filtering and signal-detection applications. PLLs have three basic elements. They are: Phase detector Low-pass filter Voltage-controlled oscillator © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
36.
36 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Figure
6-21: Block diagram of a PLL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
37.
37 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Phase-Locked
Loops The primary job of the phase detector is to compare the two input signals and generate an output signal that, when filtered, will control the VCO. If there is a phase or frequency difference between the FM input and VCO signals, the phase detector output varies in proportion to the difference. The filtered output adjusts the VCO frequency in an attempt to correct for the original frequency or phase difference. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
38.
38 6-3: Frequency Demodulators Phase-Locked
Loops This dc control voltage, called the error signal, is also the feedback in this circuit. When no input signal is applied, the phase detector and low-pass filter outputs are zero. The VCO then operates at what is called the freerunning frequency, its normal operating frequency as determined by internal frequency-determining components. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Baixar agora