2. Anesthesia
• From Greek anaisthesis means ”not sensation”
• Listed in Bailey´s English Dictionary 1721.
• When the effect of ether was discovered
”anesthesia” used as a name for the new
phenomenon.
3. Basic Principles of Anesthesia
• Anesthesia defined as No Sensation
• Analgesia defined as No Pain
6. Patient Safety
• Patient risk and safety are concerns
during surgery and anesthesia .
• Data from a number of studies of
death caused by anesthesia indicate
a death rate ranging from 1 per
20,000-35,000.
7. Preoperative preparation patient evaluation
• Anaesthesiologist:
• reviews the patient´s chart,
– evaluate the laboratory data and diagnostic studies
such as electrocardiogram and chest x-ray,
– verify the surgical procedure,
– examins the patient,
– discuss the options for anesthesia and the
attendant risks and
– ordered premedication if appropriate
8. Types of anesthesia care
General Anesthesia
• Reversible, unconscious state is
characterised by amnesia (sleep, hypnosis
or basal narcosis), analgesia (freedom from
pain) depression of reflexes, muscle
relaxation
• Put to sleep
9. Types of anesthesia care
Regional Anesthesia
• A local anesthetic is injected to block or
ansthetize a nerve or nerve fibers
• Implies a major nerve block administered by
an anesthesiologist (such as spinal,
epidural, caudal, or major peripheral block)
10. Types of anesthesia care
monitered anesthesia care
• Infiltration of the surgical site with a local
anesthesia is performed by the surgeon
• The anasthesiologist may supplement
the local anesthesia with intravenous
drugs that provide systemic analgesia
and sedation and depress the response
of the patient´s autonomic nervous
system
11. Types of anesthesia care
local anesthesia
• Employed for minor procedures in which the
surgical site is infiltrated with a local anesthetic
such as lidocaine or bupivacaine
• A perioperative nurse usually monitors the
patient´s vital signs
• May inject intravenous sedatives or analgesic
drugs
12. Conscious Sedation
• Used for short, minor procedures
• Used in the O.R. and outlying areas
– (ER, GI Lab, Radiology , etc)
• Patient is monitored by a nurse and receives
sedation sufficient to cause a depressed level of
consciousness, but not enough to interfere with
patient’s ability to maintain their airway
13. The Awake Patient
• Patients undergoing surgery with regional or local
anesthesia, even if sedated, may be aware of
conversation and activity in room
• Limit any discussion of patient’s medical condition
and prognosis
• Avoid discussion of other patients & limit
unnecessary conversation-- a sedated patient can
easily misinterpret conversation they overhear
14. Ways of giving anesthesia
Local anesthesia:
• Localized temporary loss of sensation :
• - Injection (Subcutaneous, subdermal)
• - Spray.
• - Drops.
General anesthesia
• total loss of sensation (unconsciousness):
• - Orally
• - Intravenous Injection.
• - Rectally
• - Inhalation
15. Ways of giving anesthesia
Local anesthesia:
• Localized temporary loss of sensation :
• - Intravenous Injection.
• - Spray.
• - Drops.
General anesthesia
• total loss of sensation (unconsciousness):
• - Orally
• - Intravenous Injection.
• - Rectally
• - Inhalation
16. Preparation and patient care during
and after anesthesia:
• 1. Greet the patient by name and give him/her
some words of comfort and reassurance.
• 2. Check carefully the patient's identity.
• 3. Check that the patient has been prepared.
• 4. Make the patient as comfortable as possible.
• 5.be quiet, don’t laugh don’t whistle, don’t sing.
• 6.If the patient wishes to talk, reply gently, briefly
and reassuringly.
• 7.One person at least must always remain with
the patient inside the room, never leave him/her
alone
17. Preparation and patient care during
and after anesthesia:
• 1. Greet the patient by name and give him/her some
words of comfort and reassurance.
• 2. Check carefully the patient's identity.
• 3. Check that the patient has been prepared.
• 4. Make the patient as comfortable as possible.
• 5. be quiet, don’t laugh don’t whistle, don’t sing.
• 6. If the patient wishes to talk, reply gently, briefly and
reassuringly.
• 7. One person at least must always remain with the
patient inside the room, never leave him/her alone
18. Radiographer's duties during and
after anesthesia
During Anesthesia:
-Assist with any intravenous injection.
-Handle to the anesthetist any instruments, drugs or
apparatus needed.
-Under anesthetist direction, adjust the flow of a
transfusion , oxygen, or check the pulse or blood
pressure of the patient.
19. Radiographer's duties during and
after anesthesia
After Anesthesia:
1. Never leave the patient alone.
2. Keep the airway patent by placing
the patient in left semi-prone or in supine position and turn the head
to one side.
3. Record pulse, respiration and blood pressure.
4. Note any change in the patient's condition e.g. pallor, Cyanosis,
respiratory difficulty and reports such-changes immediately to -the
doctor.
5. Guard patient from injury.
6. N.P.O. (Nil Pass Orally) until patient becomes fully consciousness.
20. Radiographer's duties during and
after anesthesia
During Anesthesia:
-Assist with any intravenous injection.
-Handle to the anesthetist any instruments, drugs or apparatus needed.
-Under anesthetist direction, adjust the flow of a transfusion , oxygen, or check the
pulse or blood pressure of the patient.
After Anesthesia:
1. Never leave the patient alone.
2. Keep the airway patent by placing
the patient in left semi-prone or in supine position and turn the head to one side.
3. Record pulse, respiration and blood pressure.
4. Note any change in the patient's condition e.g. pallor, Cyanosis, respiratory difficulty
and reports such-changes immediately to -the doctor.
5. Guard patient from injury.
6. N.P.O. (Nil Pass Orally) until patient becomes fully consciousness.
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