1. Fields
of
Chemistry
in
HIV/AIDS
Ildiko Sebyll Onbasi!
Vienna University of Technology!
sebyllonbasi@yahoo.com !
ECTNA International Open Contest !
for students and young chemists,2013!

2. 
Introduc:on

3. Introduc:on
THE
SCIENTIFIC
DISCIPLINE
OF
CHEMISTRY
PROSPECTS
OF
ADAPTATION
WITH
THE
REVOLUTIONARY
TECHNICAL
TOOLS.
THESE
WIDESPREAD
DEVELOPMENTS
AND
UTILIZATION
HAS
A
SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT
IN
OUR
SOCIETY.
IT
CAN
BE
MEASURED
FROM
THE
INDUSTRIAL
LEVEL
TILL
THE
PUBLIC
HEALTH.
THIS
FACTS
LEAD
US
TO
CONSIDER
THE
IMPORTANCE
AND
THE
BEAUTY
OF
THIS
COLLABORATIVE
SCIENCE,
WHICH
IS
THE
CRUCIAL
CONTRIBUTOR
FOR
IMPROVING
THE
QUALITY
OF
LIFE.

4. LETTER
TO
CHEMISTS…
CHEMISTS
ARE
OBSERVER,
WHO
LOOK
AT
THE
ATOMS,
MOLECULES
AND
ANALYZE
HOW
DO
THEY
INTERACT.
WE
HAVE
THE
TOOLS
AND
THE
THEORY
TO
UNDERSTAND
THE
COMPLEXITY
OF
NATURE.
THE
RESEARCH
GIVES
THE
DIRECTION
TO
UNDERSTAND
THINGS
AND
DESIGN
AT
A
MOLECULAR
LEVEL.
CHEMISTS
CAN
MANIPULATE/CREATE
MOLECULES
AND
FUNCTIONS
THAT
MIGHT
HAVE
A
GREAT
CONSEQUENCE.

5. AREAS
OF
CHEMISTRY
IN
AIDS
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY

Nutri:ve
elements
of
metals
and
non-­‐metals,
e.g.
Mg,
Ca,
Fe
and
Zn,
Se
&
I
play
an
important
role
to
manage
HIV
disease.
Most
reac:ons
in
pa:ents
result
in
produc:on
of
free
radicals
(ozone
reac:ons)
that
are
oncogenic
predisposing
to
cancer.
Popula:ons
in
areas
where
soils
are
rich
in
selenium
have
low
HIV
prevalence
(West
Africans).

Chemical
reac:ons,
An:gen
and
an:bodies
in
HIV
infec:on.
The
responsible
forces
for
ag/ab
interac:ons
are
weak
chemical
bonds
(Van
der
Waals).

Chemical
bonding
in
HIV
(binding
of
gp0
and
the
CD
receptors
of
target
cells).
The
binding
of
an:gen
and
an:body
in
HIV
involves
weak
forces
and
may
result
in
precipita:on
reac:ons.
The
forces
governing
interac:ons
during
HIV
tes:ng
(Enzyme
Linked
Immunosorbent
Assays)
are
weak
Van
der
Waals
interac:ons.

6. 
Lace
energy:
A
HIV/AIDS
pa:ents
need
a
lot
of
energy.

opportunis:c
infec:ons
in
HIV
disease.
HIV
screening
as
a
measure
of
determining
purity
i.e.
Absence
of
HIV.




Irreversible
reac:ons
analogous
to
HIV
infec:on.
The
nature
of
co-­‐
receptors
on
the
CD
determines
the
suscep:bility
to
HIV.
Africans
compared
to
other
races.
Healthy
individual
+
Infected
Individualè
HIV
infected
(Irreversible).
The
rates
of
reac:ons
are
analogous
to
disease
progression
in
HIV
infec:on.
The
higher
the
viral
load,
the
higher
the
risk
of
MTCT,
HIV
infec:on
and
progression
to
AIDS.

7. PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY




Risk
factors
in
HIV
infec:on:
mul:ple
sexual
partners,
drug
and
substance
abuse,
poverty,
malnutri:on,
pregnancy
are
analogous
to
rate
limi:ng
factors
of
reac:ons.
Factors
that
decelerate
the
rate
of
HIV
progression
to
AIDS:
An:retroviral
drugs,
Vitamin
A,
elec:ve
caesarean
sec:on,
healthy
ea:ng
habits.
Catalysis:
bioorganic
enzymes
that
facilitate
replica:on
of
the
HIV.
Catalysts
are
analogous
to
factors
that
enhance
progression
of
HIV
to
AIDS
such
as
malnutri:on,
mul:ple
sexual
partners,
drug
and
substance
abuse,
pregnancy,
steroid
therapy
etc.
ARV
(An:
Retro
Viral)
acts
as
inhibitors
of
HIV
replica:on.
The
role
of
ARV
as
targets
of
drug
ac:on
by
inhibi:ng
the
HIV
life
cycle.
The
role
of
ARV’s
in
Post
Exposure
Prophylaxis
(PEP)
following
accidental
contact
with
HIV
infected
fluids.
Mul:ple
infec:ons
from
mul:ple
sexual
partners
are
analogous
to
second
and
third
order
reac:ons.

8.  HIV
affects
the
entropy
of
the
body
by
disrup:ng
body
processes
by
causing
generalized
immunosuppression.
The
higher
the
viral
load,
the
higher
the
degree
of
entropy.
 The
irreversibility
cells
by
HIV.
 Weak
acids
and
bases
analogous
to
different
strains
of
HIV.
Some
are
more
virulent
than
others.
 Chromatographic
techniques
in
HIV
diagnosis.
 Protec:ve
mechanisms
of
HIV
with
emphasis
of
cellular
immune
responses
which
could
be
measured
in
a
recall
prolifera:ve
responses
by
use
of
radionucleids
(T).
 Comparison
between
radioac:ve
decay
with
decline
of
CD
cells
following
HIV
infec:on.
 The
analogy
between
nuclear
fusion
and
the
fusion
of
HIV
and
the
target
cell
should
be
used
to
describe
the
target
cell
of
HIV
and
the
role
of
ARV
in
blocking
fusion.
 Compare
half
life
of
radioisotopes
and
the
half
life
of
the
T
cell.
The
role
of
radioisotopes
in
HIV
diagnosis,
effects
of
ARV’s
and
HIV
pathogenesis
and
complete
destruc:on
of
infected
host.

9. SPECTROSCOPIC
METHODS
OF
ANALYSIS

Use
of
spectroscopic
methods
in
HIV
tes:ng.Direct
and
indirect
ELISA.

The
basis
of
HIV
tes:ng,
benefits
for
posi:ve
and
nega:ve
persons
and
the
barriers
that
hinder
tes:ng.
The
role
of
HIV
tes:ng
in
mi:ga:ng
the
spread
of
HIV.
The
use
of
Indirect
Immunofluorescent
Assay
(IFA)
as
a
confirmatory
test
for
HIV.

The
use
of
fluorescence
to
determine
drug
ac:on
on
selected
organs.
The
role,
mode
of
ac:on,
side
effects
and
barriers
hindering
ARV
usage
among
PLWAs.

X-­‐ray
crystallography
in
analysis
of
the
composi:on
of
drugs
and
screening
of
opportunis:c
infec:ons
(ARV).

10. KINETICS
AND
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
 HIV
concentra:on
in
body
fluids
(Viral
load)
influences
the
efficiency
of
fluids
in
HIV
transmission.
 Factors
increasing
the
risk
of
HIV
infec:on.
Also
influencing
progression
from
HIV
to
full-­‐blown
AIDS
as
analogy.
Applica:ons
of
electromo:ve
force
in
HIV
tes:ng.
Benefits
of
HIV
tes:ng.
COORDINATION
CHEMISTRY
 Mul:-­‐dentate
and
chela:ng
proper:es
of
protein
(e.g.
in
HIV).
 The
charge
transfer
in
chromophores
(S,
P,
N,
O
etc
in
proteins).
 Haemoglobin
as
a
metallo-­‐protein
complex:
role
in
uptake
and
distribu:on
of
oxygen
in
human
body.
 The
role
of
iron
in
HIV
disease
Important

11. SURFACE
AND
COLLOID
CHEMISTRY
 The
more
the
HIV
par:cles
adsorbed
on
the
cell
the
more
the
destruc:on
of
the
CD
cells.
 HIV
only
binds
on
CD
selec:vely;
colloidal
nature
of
protein
separa:on
in
electrophoresis.
 Chromatographic
techniques
in
separa:on
of
HIV
proteins.
The
role
of
HIV
proteins
in
HIV
replica:on.

12. ADVANCED
ORGANOMETALLIC
AND
SOLID
STATE
CHEMISTRY
 Catalysts
in
drug
synthesis
(ARVs/ART).
Solid
state
behaviour
of
ARVs.
Applica:on
of
organometallic
chemistry
in
synthesis
of
ARVs
 Organometallic
laces
for
rapid
HIV
tes:ng.
 Zeigler-­‐Naga
catalysis
in
polymerisa:on
alkenes
for
making
polythene
(condoms).
HIV
preven:on
and
protec:on.

13. SECONDARY
METABOLITES
AND
BIOMOLECULES
 Biosynthesis
of
RNA
the
role
of
reverse
transcriptase
in
HIV
replica:on.
 RT
as
a
target
for
chemotherapeu:c
agack.
ARV
drugs,
mode
of
ac:on,
limita:ons
in
use.
 Viruses
as
ae:ological
agents
of
disease:
The
example
of
HIV.

14. ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY
 The
epidemic
is
related
to
global
issues
like
poverty,
water
pollu:on
and
water
waste
treatment
.
 Cleanliness
of
water
is
analogous
to
HIV
free
body.
Contaminated
water
is
analogous
to
a
body
infected
by
HIV
.
Rela:onship
between
malaria
and
HIV
infec:on.
 Importance
of
pure
drinking
water
in
HIV
infected
persons.
Water
harves:ng
and
storage.

15. BIOCHEMICAL
ANALYSIS
 Solvent
extrac:on
of
RNA
from
viruses
for
HIV
characteriza:on.
HIV
the
ae:ological
agent
for
AIDS.
 Enzyma:c
analysis
methods.
The
role
of
enzyme
based
assays
for
HIV
diagnosis.
Immunoassays
in
determina:on
of
immune
effectors
(an:bodies).
 The
role
of
blood
and
other
fluids
in
transmission
of
HIV.
Methods
of
contac:ng
infected
blood
(blood
transfusion,
sharing
of
sharp
objects,
intravenous
drug
users,
cultural
prac:ces,
accidental
contact
among
researchers,
health
care
givers,
TbA’s
etc).
 The
role
of
radioimmunoassay
in
determining
IgG
levels
in
HIV
infected.
 Proper:es
and
func:ons
of
an:bodies.
An:bodies
as
therapeu:c
agents
in
HIV
infec:on,
Monoclonal
an:bodies
as
diagnos:c
agents.

16. GLOBAL
PERSPECTIVE

17. HIGHLIGHT
ON
AUSTRIA

The
XVIII
Interna:onal
AIDS
Conference
2010
was
in
Vienna.

Life
Ball
AIDS
charity
event
in
Vienna
(May,
2013).

AIDS
Day
in
2011,
Mogo
:
Geng
To
Zero
(Minister
for
Health
Alois
Stöger).

Austrian
HIV
Cohort
Study
(AHIVCOS)
has
gained
approval
of
the
ethical
commigees
for
the
majority
of
the
HIV
treatment
centers
(AKH
Vienna,
Ogo-­‐Wagner-­‐
Hospital
Vienna,
AKH
Linz,
LKH
Innsbruck
and
LKH
Graz
West,
LKH
Salzburg
and
LKH
Klagenfurt)

The
report
proves
that:
Austrians
living
with
HIV
and
AIDS
can
rely
on
their
health
care
system.

the
Austrian
social
insurance
system
accepts
the
incurring
costs
almost
fully.

Tests
and
therapies
are
largely
free
of
cost.

In
Austria,
as
opposed
to
other
countries,
HIV
is
not
a
mandatorily
no:fiable
disease.
This
has
not
proven
to
be
a
disadvantage,
since
our
health
and
welfare
systems
are
well
equipped
to
handle
any
chronic
disease.
Nonetheless,
the
significance
of
HIV
and
AIDS
should
not
be
minimized.

18. HIV
-­‐
THE
TREATMENT
GAP
IN
LOW-­‐
AND
MIDDLE-­‐INCOME
COUNTRIES

19. SUMMARY
OF
HIV/
AIDS
TARGETS

Drug
Strategies
to
Target
HIV

Enzyme-­‐Targe:ng
Drugs
to
Fight
HIV

HIV
Agacks
Helper
T
Cells

Research
indicates
importance
of
individuals
knowledge,
community
and
peer
approaches
tailored
to
specific
modes
of
transmission
and
links
between
HIV
tes:ng/care

Global
solidarity
and
shared
responsibility
(preven:on).

People
make
the
difference:
individuals,
scien:sts
,
caregivers,
leaders
etc.

Demonstrate
the
importance
of
con:nued
HIV

Investments
to
broader
health
and
development
goals

Innova:ons
in
Science,
hope
and
need
(therapeu:c
advances
,HIV
vaccine),
microbicides

More
research
is
needed
to
improve
the
available
treatments,
making
them
more
tolerable
to
pa:ents
and
more
accessible.

To
succe
figh:ng
epidemics
it’s
also
important
to
develop
the
basic
sustainable
life
standards
in
countries
with
high
poverty
rate

Basic
access
for
health-­‐care,
pure
water

In
June
2011,
52
countries
had
implemented
one
of
more
elements
of
the
WHO’S
HIV
drug
resistance
preven:on
and
assessment
strategy,
and
27
laboratories
had
become
members
of
the
WHO
HIV
drug
resistance
laboratory
network.
(Par:cipated
from
Austria
:
Fabienne
Hariga,
office
UN
Austria)

The
WHO
Global
health
sector
strategy
on
HIV/AIDS,
2011–2015
guides
the
health
sector
response
to
HIV
epidemics
in
order
to
achieve
universal
access
to
HIV
preven:on,
diagnosis,
treatment,
care
and
support

20. Elements
of
the
AIDS
response
h#p://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/images/
infographics/2011/20110607_ElementsAIDSresponse_en.pdf

21. “
We
all
want
to
change
the
world
,,
The
Beatles
Showing impact:
HIV treatment saves lives
The number of people dying from AIDS-related causes
began to decline in the mid-2000s because of scaled
up antiretroviral therapy and the steady decline in HIV
incidence since the peak of the epidemic in 1997.
In 2011, this decline continued, with evidence showing that
the drop in the number of people dying from AIDS-related
causes is accelerating in several countries.
673 413413
Source: UNAIDS 2012 Global Report
39%
Germany
18
13
28 %
28%
Croatia
Croatia
508
373
27%
Bahamas
6,678
4,862
27%
3,208
49
Mexico
1,646
%
10,884
9,925
5,825
4,323
46% 61%
Haiti
Jamaica
6,157
Dominican Republic
36
Guinea
12,717
47
243
60%
56%
Guyana
675
294
Suriname
6,722
55
3,029
% 2,196
Peru
1,592
299
%
Paraguay
46,684
AIDS-related deaths
46,684
22,800
49%
30
19,788
19,788
6,614 4,630
4,630
15,337
Ghana
22,800
51%
(2005 - 2011)
Country
26%
Djibouti
Ethiopia
23,147
49%
Thailand
6,232
1,449
77%
Cambodia
Benin
%
880
2,759
Côte d’Ivoire
21,803
1,184
53,831
53%
Central African
Central African
Republic
Republic
30%
6,353
68%
70,685
133,503
Kenya
11,904
31,282
56 %
56%
61,691
54%
Rwanda
Congo
12,825 5,184
5,184
60
%
2,113
131,704
37
5,787
51%
83,528
%
1,134
46%
Papua New Guinea
United Republic
of Tanzania
Burundi
4,208
71%
Botswana
147,876
Namibia
Namibia
370,874
AIDS-related deaths in 2011
Percentage of decline in
Liberia
113,825
14,542
14,542
399
25
AIDS-related deaths in 2005
30% 51%
45,146
Eritrea
Zambia
Zambia
28%
Bolivia
2,331
1,402
34%
10,278
10,278
31%
31%
%
5,451
3,353
2,121
Chad
Chad
14,982
6,758
Burkina Faso
Barbados
12,034
25%%
25
Mali
4,028
35%
26
28%
600
15,967
15,967
6,553
34%
1,696
270,190
27 %
27%
76,589
43,858
43%
Malawi
58,339
61%
Zimbabwe
South Africa
South Africa
9,914
21,714
36
13,986
%
6,813
31%
Swaziland
Lesotho
18
UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2012
Thank
you!
Results
19