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2021年十項關鍵心臟健康的飲食要點
根據發表在《歐洲心臟雜誌質量護理臨床結果(European Heart Journal -
Quality Care Clinical Outcomes)》上的一項研究則指出:
全球三分之二以上的心臟病相關死亡和食物選擇息息相關,
通過更好的飲食選擇或可避免遭受心血管疾病威脅。
美國心臟協會(AHA)睽違15年,2021年11月2日
在《循環(Circulation)》發表了最新心血管健康飲食指南。
重點著重均衡、整體,甚至也將環保、碳足跡考量在內。
並列出10項關鍵飲食準則,讓民眾更輕易能依循,找出適合自己的護心飲食。
2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health:
A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, Sacks FM, Thorndike AN, Van Horn L, Wylie-Rosett J; American Heart Association Council on
Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Clinical
Cardiology; and Stroke Council.
2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Nov 2:CIR0000000000001031. doi:
10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34724806.
美國心臟協會日前公布了一份報告,列出十項關鍵心臟健康的飲食要點。
報告說這十項要點是科學證據的歸納,並不明列特定食物的養份與心臟的關連,
卻在尊重各族群文化的飲食習慣之下,讓大家在各種年紀都能遵守,
增進心臟的健康,減少心臟疾病與中風。
這十項要點也對環境友善,也是心臟協會首次把環保列入考量。
這篇刊載在「循環」(Circulation) 期刊的 16 頁報告說:
心血管疾病的發展始於胎兒及幼兒,健康食物需盡早開始,然後維持一生。
這份以食物為基礎的清單,是為吸取充份營養而設計的,來維持心臟的健康與生活的幸福,
環繞在個人的喜好、倫理、宗教的習俗,同時適應生命每一階段。
不同的研究有地中海類型、高血壓類型等食物要點,但以上十項經三組同類美國成年人的實驗,
高堅持度較低堅持度遵守的人,減少 14% 至 28% 心血管疾病死亡率。
報告對這十項要點都有進一步的說明,以全穀類食物為例:
經過觀察的研究與臨床實驗的一致結果,每天吃全穀類食物較不常吃的人,
對一般心臟病、冠狀心臟病、中風、新陳代謝症候群、心臟代謝等都有正面的效應。
因為全穀含有未經破壞的澱粉質胚乳、菌類、糠、以及豐富的纖維,利於排便通腸,
研究也證實全穀食物替代精緻穀類食物,可以降低冠心病的風險。
凡有 51% 或更高全穀製作的食物,都算全穀類食物,對心臟健康同樣有效。
報告對這十項要點都有進一步的說明,以喜好吃魚與海產的人:
心臟協會恭喜你,你有好的福氣,因為會降低心血管疾病的風險。
研究報告說,每週吃兩到三次以魚為主的正餐,較少吃魚的人,會降低所有心臟病致死的機率,
包括心血管、冠心病、心肌梗塞、中風、心臟衰竭等症狀。
這是因為魚類的 Omega-3 脂肪酸,
以及魚與海產在餐中替代了紅肉、加工肉、與全脂乳製品等動物蛋白的效果。
炸魚好吃,抱歉,油炸的魚與海鮮就不算數,魚餐的最大效益在替代飽和油。
加工的食物難以避免,但最好不吃,
要吃的話也僅吃微加工的食物,避免超加工的食物。
NOVA 加工食物分類系統把加工食物分成四類:
第一類是未加工或微加工,把可食用的動、植物部分加入食物。
第二類是烹飪加工,把第一類碾碎、攪拌、精製。
第三類是把前兩類加糖、鹽、油。
第四類是超加工食物,把食物再加人工色、味、防腐劑,來增加美觀並保持長久,
但對健康有不良影響,除了增體重、使肥胖,還讓心臟代謝失調,導致心血管疾病,
第二類糖尿病,增加所有心臟原因的死亡率。
這份報告是心臟協會第一次把健康飲食與環境關連,
這就在第 4 項要點的節制紅肉與加工肉類的消費。
紅肉對心臟的不良影響是多面因素的結合,
飽和脂肪、血基質鐵、左旋肉鹼腸道菌群、卵磷脂等。
紅肉來自牛羊豬類的畜牧,不但需要廣大土地與大量水資源來維持,
而體內排放的沼氣,更是嚴重的溫室氣體,較二氧化碳更不容易處理。
而飼料的種植又經常砍伐林地,所種植的又是單一化作物,破壞了生物多樣化的平衡。
所以節制吃肉,對環境的保護、地球的暖化,有莫大效益。
這份報告也是第一次提出社會性挑戰,讓心臟健康的飲食受阻,
或不容易維持心臟健康的飲食,像是網路上的誤導甚至假新聞,
中小學乃至醫學院對營養教育的缺欠。
糧食與營養的不安全,也就是失衡,是另一重要原因,
估計美國 2020 年有 3,700 萬人,無法穩定的取得安全與有營養的食物。
結構化的種族主義與鄰里隔離,使得有些多樣族群的社區食物市場不足,
代之以速食餐飲,而不健康飲食的廣告,更對象化的充斥這些社區。
所以這份報告呼籲,需用公共健康的行動與政策,來正視這些挑戰。
2012年11月2日,美國心臟協會(American Heart Association,AHA)
發表了《2021年改善心血管健康的飲食指南》。
該科學共識提出低質量飲食與心血管疾病的高發病率和高死亡率有著密切聯繫。
《2021年改善心血管健康飲食指南》中提到十大要點,內容如下:
值得注意的是,新發表的有益心臟健康飲食
並不意味著必須徹底改變飲食或限制自己吃不特別喜歡的「好」食物,
而是要找到一種適合自己、自己喜歡且又有益心臟健康的模式。
Alice Hinda Lichtenstein
美國心臟協會科學聲明編寫委員會主席、心血管營養團隊主任
愛麗絲.李奇登斯坦(Alice Lichtenstein)表示:
可以透過新的指南,設計出一種符合個人喜好、生活方式和文化習慣的飲食模式,
「新指南強調飲食模式,而不是個別食物或營養素,健康飲食不僅關乎你吃什麼,也關乎你不吃什麼,
如果你多吃水果、蔬菜和全穀類,可能就會少吃其他對心臟不健康的食物。」
「新發表的指南其實和以往臨床會提供給民眾的飲食建議差不多,
沒有特別強調某些食物特別好或是不好,並不是說要讓民眾狂吃某些護心食物,
而是給民眾10個大原則,讓民眾能夠依循這樣的原則來選擇飲食,均衡攝取,」
1.調整攝入和消耗的能量,保持健康的體重。
1.Adjust Energy Intake and Expenditure to Achieve and Maintain a Healthy Body Weight
在整個生命過程中,保持健康體重,對於降低心血管疾病風險有著重要作用。
健康的飲食模式,配合每周至少150min的中等强度體力活動,
有助於優化能量平衡。
然而,每日能量需求以及熱量平衡狀况因人而異,
受到年齡、體力活動程度、性別、體型等多因素影響。
隨著年齡的增長,成年人的能量需要量每十年减少70-100卡路里。
此外,量變引起質變。
即使是健康食品,過量攝入也會引起體重的增加,對人體産生一定的危害。
因此,長期遵循健康飲食指導,維持能量“收支”平衡,
有益於患者控制體重,降低心血管疾病風險。
2. 多攝入多種類的蔬菜和水果。
2.Eat Plenty of Fruits and Vegetables, Choose a Wide Variety
大量研究數據證實,富含水果和蔬菜的飲食模式(白土豆除外)
對心血管具有保護作用,可有效降低患心血管疾病風險。
深色水果和蔬菜,如桃子、綠葉菠菜等,往往營養素密度高於淺色蔬果。
和果汁/榨汁相比,直接吃蔬果可以攝入更多的膳食纖維,
所以儘量選擇直接吃水果而非喝果汁。
同時,不同水果蔬菜的營養素、植物化學物含量不同,營養價值不同,
因此在日常飲食中要多品種地選擇蔬果,
增加飲食種類的豐富性,平衡膳食。
3. 首選全穀物的食物及製品。
3.Choose Foods Made Mostly With Whole Grains Rather Than Refined Grains
全穀物食品,是指含51%及以上全穀物的産品。
該類食品富含澱粉胚乳、麩皮、胚芽,是膳食纖維的優質來源。
有臨床試驗證據顯示,相比於少吃全穀類食物的人群,
經常攝入全穀物及其製品可以有效降低心血管疾病風險,如冠心病、中風、
代謝綜合征等。全穀物對於排便和腸道菌群,而有著有益影響。
4. 選擇健康來源的蛋白質。
4. Choose Healthy Sources of Protein Mostly Protein From Plants (Legumes and Nuts)
主要選擇來自植物的蛋白質(豆類和堅果)
Mostly Protein From Plants (Legumes and Nuts)
日常飲食以植物蛋白爲主,如豆類及豆製品是優質植物蛋白,
同時也是優質膳食纖維來源,可以作爲優選。
大豆(包括毛豆和豆腐)、其他豆類、扁豆、鷹嘴豆和豌豆是常見的豆類。
這些植物性食物不僅富含蛋白質,而且還是纖維的良好來源。
最近一項比較豆類攝入量高低的系統審查得出結論,
較高的攝入量與較低的 CVD 風險相關。
Viguiliouk E, Glenn AJ, Nishi SK, Chiavaroli L, Seider M, Khan T, Bonaccio M, Iacoviello L, Mejia SB, Jenkins DJA, et al. Associations between
dietary pulses alone or with other legumes and cardiometabolic disease outcomes:
an umbrella review and updated systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl 4):S308–S319.
doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz113
高豆類攝入可以有效降低心血管疾病的患病風險。
同時,高堅果類食物的攝入也可以有效降低冠心病、中風的發病率。
較高的堅果攝入量與較低的 CVD、CHD 和中風死亡率和發病率相關。
傳統上,
植物性飲食模式的中心是用植物性全食物(如豆類和堅果)及其製成的產品取代動物源性食物。
增加魚類及海産品攝入量
Regular Intake of Fish and Seafood
含有魚類和海產的飲食模式始終與較低的 CVD 風險相關。
一篇對前瞻性研究的系統綜述研究顯示:
每周2-3份魚類及海産品食物的攝入有助於降低
全因死亡率、心血管疾病、冠心病、心肌梗塞、中風、心力衰竭的風險。
其中,起主要作用的是ω-3脂肪酸。
Zhang B, Xiong K, Cai J, Ma A. Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 29;12(8):2278. doi:
10.3390/nu12082278. PMID: 32751304; PMCID: PMC7468748.
這一發現歸因於當魚和海鮮替代其他動物蛋白來源(例如紅肉和加工肉類或全脂乳製品)時,
omega-3 脂肪酸含量和替代效應。
因此,每周至少吃兩次魚,少油炸多清蒸,儘量用海産品代替高飽和脂肪肉類,
對於改善心血管疾病有重要作用。
盡量選擇低脂或脫脂乳制品
Low-Fat or Fat-Free Dairy Products Instead of Full Fat Dairy Products
根據前瞻性隊列研究、系統評價和薈萃分析的一致證據,
2020 年膳食指南諮詢委員會得出結論:
包括低脂乳製品在內的膳食模式和低全因死亡率、心血管疾病、超重肥胖風險有著密切關聯。
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2020. Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Secretary of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC.
低脂或脫脂乳品也是DASH飲食(高血壓防治計劃飲食)的重要組成部分。
得舒飲食(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH).
一項芬蘭長達40年的觀察性研究結果顯示:
改變膳食結構,包括將全脂乳品換成低脂或脫脂,將黃油換成植物油,
可有效降低血膽固醇含量,對心血管有保護作用 。
Jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, Peltonen M, Borodulin K, Männistö S, Jula A, Salomaa V, Harald K, Puska P, Vartiainen E. Primary prevention and risk factor reduction in coronary
heart disease mortality among working aged men and women in eastern Finland over 40 years: population based observational study. BMJ. 2016;352:i721. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i721
據估計,此次試驗中有一半益處來源於血清膽固醇降低,其他飲食改變包括
增加水果、蔬菜和魚,减少糖和鹽,將肥肉換爲瘦肉,可有效降低心血管疾病死亡率。
男性患者中冠心病死亡率降低情况
女性患者中冠心病死亡率降低情况
總之,用脫脂和低脂乳製品以及其他不飽和脂肪來源代替全脂乳製品
會使飲食模式的組成向更高的不飽和脂肪與飽和脂肪的比例轉變,這與更好的心血管健康有關。
如果需要肉類或家禽,請選擇瘦肉並避免加工形式
If Meat or Poultry Are Desired, Choose Lean Cuts and Avoid Processed Forms
飲食中高紅肉的攝入,不僅會增加心血管疾病的發病率及死亡率,
還對BMI和腰圍的增加有直接影響,主要與紅肉中所含的飽和脂肪、血紅素鐵,
以及腸道微生物對左旋肉碱和磷脂醯膽鹼的代謝有關。
幾項系統評價和薈萃分析記錄了紅肉攝入量與 CVD 發病率和死亡率之間的直接關聯,
儘管關聯程度不如加工肉類強。
Wang X, Lin X, Ouyang YY, Liu J, Zhao G, Pan A, Hu FB. Red and processed meat consumption and mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort
studies. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:893–905. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015002062
Kwok CS, Gulati M, Michos ED, Potts J, Wu P, Watson L, Loke YK, Mallen C, Mamas MA. Dietary components and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause
mortality: a review of evidence from meta-analyses. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:1415–1429. doi: 10.1177/2047487319843667
Bechthold A, Boeing H, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, De Henauw S, Michels N, Devleesschauwer B, Schlesinger S, et al. Food groups and risk of
coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59:1071–
1090. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1392288
基於大型隊列研究的替代分析發現:
用未加工的家禽、魚、堅果和豆類等替代食品
替代紅肉和加工肉類與降低總死亡率和 CVD 死亡率相關。
Zheng Y, Li Y, Satija A, Pan A, Sotos-Prieto M, Rimm E, Willett WC, Hu FB. Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US
women and men: two prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2019 Jun 12;365:l2110. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2110. PMID: 31189526; PMCID: PMC6559336.
“加工肉類” (“processed meats”)一詞包括
通過煙熏、醃製、鹽漬或添加化學防腐劑保存的肉類、家禽或海鮮產品。
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2020. Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Secretary of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC.
常見的“加工肉類”包括:
培根、香腸、熱狗、熟食肉(如火雞、火腿)、意大利辣香腸和意大利臘腸。
用於製作這些食物的成分包括鈉和亞硝酸鹽。
用於製作這些“加工肉類”食物的成分包括鈉和亞硝酸鹽。
sodium
nitrite
許多加工肉類的鹽分、飽和脂肪、膽固醇、血紅素鐵、
多環芳烴和雜環胺(取決於加熱方法)的含量也很高。
對於健康有不利影響。 因此,愛吃肉的人可以首選未精加工的精瘦白肉。
使用液態植物油來代替熱帶油、動物油和部分氫化脂肪
Use Liquid Plant Oils Rather Than Tropical Oils (Coconut, Palm, and Palm Kernel), Animal Fats (Butter and
Lard), and Partially Hydrogenated Fats
強有力的科學證據證明了膳食不飽和脂肪(多不飽和脂肪和單不飽和脂肪)對心血管的益處,
特別是當它們取代飽和脂肪和反式脂肪時。
2017年7月,美國心臟協會 (American Heart Association, AHA)的一篇文章
Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory
From the American Heart Association 指出:
飽和脂肪會增加低密度脂肪蛋白(LDL),而LDL是導致動脈粥樣硬化的主要原因。
因此,降低飽和脂肪的攝入,改用不飽和脂肪,尤其是多不飽和脂肪,可降低心血管疾病風險。
Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, et al; American Heart Association. Dietary fats and
cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136:e1–e23. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510
不飽和脂肪(Unsaturated fatty acid),
包括單不飽和脂肪(Monounsaturated fat)和
多不飽和脂肪(Polyunsaturated fat)兩種。
兩大類不飽和脂肪酸之間的差異可能部分與兩種主要食物來源有關。
兩大類不飽和脂肪酸之間的差異可能部分與兩種主要食物來源有關。
多不飽和脂肪酸主要來源於植物油,
如大豆、玉米、紅花籽、葵花籽、
核桃、亞麻籽油等
兩大類不飽和脂肪酸之間的差異可能部分與兩種主要食物來源有關。
而單不飽和脂肪酸來自動物脂肪和
部分植物油,如芥花、橄欖油、
大部分堅果、花生等。
2020 年7月發表於“ BMC Cardiovascular Disorders”上的文章(Efficacy of
more intensive lipid-lowering therapy on cardiovascular diseases:a
systematic review and meta-analysis.)表示:
Hsu HY, Lin CJ, Lee YS, Wu TH, Chien KL. Efficacy of more intensive lipid-lowering therapy on cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc
Disord. 2020;20:334. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01567-1
降低 LDL 膽固醇濃度的飲食和藥物可減少動脈粥樣硬化的進展,
並始終與 CVD 風險顯著降低相關,與 LDL 膽固醇降低的程度成正比。
高脂肪含量的魚類是ω-3脂肪酸的一個良好來源。
為了實現健康的飲食模式,飽和脂肪和反式脂肪(動物脂肪和乳製品脂肪,以及部分氫化脂肪)
應該用非熱帶液體植物油代替。
選擇低/未加工食物而非精加工食物
Choose Minimally Processed Foods Instead of Ultra-Processed Foods
食品加工,對於食品的可獲得性和營養特性同時有著好和不好的雙面影響。
儘管缺乏公認的標准定義,
但經常被稱為「超加工食品」(也稱為工業食品加工、高度加工)的食品類別。
目前最常用的分類系統是2009年巴西聖保羅大學所推廣的NOVA。
(The NOVA Food Classification System)
在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 :
(1) 未加工或最低限度加工(植物和動物的可食用部分);
在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 :
(2) 加工食品配料(通過壓榨、精煉、研磨或碾磨從最低限度加工食品中提取的食品配料);
在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 :
(3) 加工食品(前兩組中添加了鹽、糖或脂肪的食物);
在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 :
(4) 超加工食品(前一類食品,除了加入鹽、甜味劑或脂肪,還包括人工色素、香料和防腐劑,
可促進貨架穩定性、保持質地和增加適口性)。
在世界範圍內,精加工食品製造和銷售急劇增長,預計到 2024 還會進一步增加。
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac J-C, Jaime P, Martins AP, Canella D, Louzada M, Parra D. NOVA.
The star shines bright. Food classification. Public health. World Nutr. 2016;7
許多超加工食品的消費令人擔憂,因為它們與不良健康結果相關,包括超重和肥胖、
心臟代謝紊亂(2 型糖尿病、心血管疾病)和全因死亡率。
Costa de Miranda R, Rauber F, Levy RB. Impact of ultra-processed food consumption on metabolic health.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2021;32:24–37. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000728
Zhang Z, Jackson SL, Martinez E, Gillespie C, Yang Q. Association be tween ultraprocessed food intake and
cardiovascular health in US adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES 2011–2016. Am J Clin Nutr.
2021;113:428–436. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa276
Elizabeth L, Machado P, Zinöcker M, Baker P, Lawrence M. Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a
narrative review. Nutrients. 2020;12:1955. doi: 10.3390/nu12071955
2019 年7月發表於“ Cell Metab”上的文章(Ultra-Processed Diets Cause
Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized
Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake)表示:
Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, Chen KY, Chung ST, Costa E, Courville A, Darcey V, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain:
an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metab. 2019;30:67–77.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008
在一項為期 4 週的隨意食物攝入隨機對照試驗中,
大量攝入超加工食品與能量攝入過多和短期體重增加有關。
最近的前瞻性研究還發現,與低攝入量相比,
高攝入超加工食品與更高的 2 型糖尿病、 CVD、和全因死亡率風險相關。
Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Debras C, Druesne-Pecollo N, Chazelas E, Deschasaux M, Hercberg S, Galan P, et al.
Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among participants of the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. JAMA Intern Med.
2020;180:283–291. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942
Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, Andrianasolo RM, Chazelas E, Deschasaux M, Hercberg S, Galan P, et al. Ultra-
processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé). BMJ. 2019;365:l1451. doi:
10.1136/bmj.l1451
Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, De Curtis A, Persichillo M, Sofi F, Cerletti C, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L. Ultra-
processed food consumption is associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Moli-sani Study. Am J Clin Nutr.
2021;113:446–455. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa299
因此,降低膳食中加工食品的含量對健康有益。
减少每日含糖飲料和食品的攝入
Minimize Intake of Beverages and Foods With Added Sugars
添加糖是指在製備或加工過程中添加到食品或飲料中的任何糖。
常見的添加醣類型包括葡萄糖、右旋糖、蔗糖、玉米糖漿、蜂蜜、楓糖漿和濃縮果汁。
Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). Nutrition and supplement facts labels: questions and answers related to the
compliance date, added sugars, and declaration of quantitative amounts of vitamins and minerals: guidance for industry. Accessed October 12, 2021.
添加糖一直與 2 型糖尿病、冠心病和超重的風險升高有關。
Lichtenstein AH. Last nail in the coffin for sugar-sweetened beverages. Circulation. 2019;139:2126–2128. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.
119.040245
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk.
Circulation. 2010;121:1356–1364. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 109.876185
Laclaustra M, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillon P, Banegas JR, Graciani A, Garcia-Esquinas E, Ordovas J, Lopez-Garcia E. Prospective association between
added sugars and frailty in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107:772–779. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy028
Hoare E, Varsamis P, Owen N, Dunstan DW, Jennings GL, Kingwell BA. Sugar- and intense-sweetened drinks in Australia: a systematic review on
cardiometabolic risk. Nutrients. 2017;9:1075. doi: 10.3390/nu9101075
根據 2020 年膳食指南諮詢委員會的建議:
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2020. Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Secretary of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC.
有強有力的證據支持在人類的整個生命週期中
都要盡量減少添加糖攝入量的建議。
使用低能量甜味劑代替飲料中的添加糖
已被提議作為減少添加糖和能量攝入的一種手段。
但對於甜味劑的使用一直存在爭議,
臨床試驗關於甜味劑對於體重影響所得到的結果也並不一致。
總之,限制每日膳食中添加糖的含量,减少對甜食的渴望,對於控制體重有著重要意義。
烹飪和購買食物時儘量少鹽或無鹽
Choose and Prepare Foods With Little or No Salt
2006 年2月發表於“ Hypertension”上的文章(Dietary Approaches to
Prevent and Treat Hypertension)表示:
Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM; American Heart Association. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement
from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296–308. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6
一般而言,鹽(氯化鈉)攝入量與血壓之間存在直接的正相關關係。
2019 年 “ Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. ”
書中 表示:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Press;
2019. doi: 10.17226/25353
在隨機試驗中,降低鈉攝入量可以降低非高血壓和高血壓個體的血壓,
包括那些接受抗高血壓藥物治療的個體,從而改善高血壓的預防和控制。
在觀察性研究中,鈉攝入量減少與收縮壓隨年齡增長緩慢上升有關 ,
並且在一些研究中,與心血管疾病風險降低有關。
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Press;
2019. doi: 10.17226/25353
Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative
Research Group. BMJ. 1988;297:319–328. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6644.319
一般而言,減少鈉鹽對黑人、中老年人和高血壓患者的血壓影響往往更大。
Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM; American Heart Association. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a
scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296–308. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6
DASH 飲食和減少鈉的組合比單獨的任何一種方法都要好。
Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, et al; DASHSodium Collaborative
Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative
Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3–10. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101
2017 年5月發表於“ Circulation”上的文章(Sources of sodium in US
adults from 3 geographic regions.)表示:
Harnack LJ, Cogswell ME, Shikany JM, Gardner CD, Gillespie C, Loria CM, Zhou X, Yuan K, Steffen LM. Sources of sodium in US adults from 3 geographic regions. Circulation.
2017;135:1775–1783. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024446
在美國,膳食鈉的主要來源是加工食品、戶外準備的食品、包裝食品和餐廳食品,
它們合計佔膳食鈉總量的近四分之三。
因此,通過公共衛生方法來降低加工食品中的鈉含量是目前最有效的策略,
同時用鉀鹽(potassium-enriched salts)代替常規鹽也是未來的發展方向。
能不喝酒就不喝酒,非要喝酒儘量少喝
If You Do Not Drink Alcohol, Do Not Start; If You Choose to Drink Alcohol, Limit Intake
酒精攝入對於心血管健康的影響較爲複雜,會受到多因素影響,
如飲酒量、酒的類型、年齡、性別,以及心血管疾病結局類型有關。
對於某些結果,這種關係是直接的,即隨著酒精攝入量的增加,
出血性中風和心房顫動的風險也會增加。
世界衛生組織World Health Organization.
Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.表示:
World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603
對於 CHD 和缺血性中風,飲酒與疾病發展存在J型或U型相關,
即每日飲酒1-2杯引起疾病的風險最小,不飲酒和過量飲酒均會增加風險。
世界衛生組織World Health Organization.
Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.表示:
World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603
鑒於目前試驗的不足和研究結果的不確定性,AHA暫不支持適當飲酒來改善心血管健康。
世界衛生組織World Health Organization.
Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.表示:
World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274603
根據 2020 年膳食指南諮詢委員會的建議:
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2020. Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Secretary of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC.
2020 年膳食指南諮詢委員會最近得出的結論是,
飲酒者每天的飲酒量不應超過 1 杯,並且不應過度飲酒。
2020 年至 2025 年美國人飲食指南繼續建議
女性每天不超過 1 杯酒精飲料,男性每天不超過 2 杯。
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, Franklin B, Kris-Etherton P, Harris WS, Howard B, et al; American Heart Association
Nutrition Committee. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation.
2006;114:82–96. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158
無論食物來源,都要堅持上述方針
Adhere to This Guidance Regardless of Wherever Food Is Prepared or Consumed
該膳食指南適用於所有食品和飲料,
因此無論在哪裏購買、消費以及自己烹飪、製作食物,均要遵循以上九點。
堅持選擇健康食物,遵循理想飲食模式,無論對於心血管疾病的改善,
還是貫穿一生的身體健康,均有著很大的好處。
2021 11月2日,美國心臟協會(American Heart Association,AHA)
發表了《2021年改善心血管健康的飲食指南》
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, Sacks FM, Thorndike AN, Van Horn L, Wylie-Rosett J; American Heart Association Council on
Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Clinical
Cardiology; and Stroke Council.
2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Nov 2:CIR0000000000001031. doi:
10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34724806.

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Notas do Editor

  1. 2021年 美國心臟協會發表最新飲食指南、揭十項關鍵心臟健康的飲食要點 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health
  2. Alice Hinda Lichtenstein is an American professor and researcher in nutrition and heart disease. In 2006, Shape magazine named Lichtenstein one of ten "Women Who Shaped the World".[1] In 2019, Tamar Haspel called her a "grande dame of nutrition."[2]
  3. 全因死亡率、心血管疾病、冠心病、心肌梗塞、中風和心力衰竭
  4. 低脂乳製品和低全因死亡率、心血管疾病、超重肥胖風險有著密切關聯。
  5. 得舒飲食(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH).
  6. 得舒飲食(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH).
  7. 得舒飲食(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH).
  8. 加工肉類包括烟熏、腌制、鹽漬或添加其他化學防腐劑的經過加工的肉類、家禽以及海産品。
  9. Common examples include bacon, sausage, hot dogs, deli meat (eg, turkey, ham), pepperoni, and salami. Ingredients used to make these foods include sodium and nitrites.
  10. Common examples include bacon, sausage, hot dogs, deli meat (eg, turkey, ham), pepperoni, and salami. Ingredients used to make these foods include sodium and nitrites.
  11. Many processed meats are high in salt, saturated fat, cholesterol, heme iron, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic amines (depending on the heat ing method), as well. 這類食物中,鹽、飽和脂肪、膽固醇、多環芳烴、雜環胺等的含量極高,對于健康有不利影響。 因此,愛吃肉的人可以首選未精加工的精瘦白肉。
  12. 5: Use Liquid Plant Oils Rather Than Tropical Oils (Coconut, Palm, and Palm Kernel), Animal Fats (Butter and Lard), and Partially Hydrogenated Fats
  13. 多不飽和脂肪的主要膳食來源包括植物油,如大豆、玉米、紅花和向日葵油、核桃和亞麻籽。
  14. 單不飽和脂肪的主要植物來源包括菜籽油、橄欖油和堅果;高油酸紅花油和葵花油;還有花生和大多數堅果和它們的黃油。
  15. 所以,爲了滿足健康需求,用液態植物油來代替飽和脂肪和反式脂肪好處很大。
  16. Feature 6: Choose Minimally Processed Foods Instead of Ultra-Processed Foods
  17. The category of foods termed ultra-processed (also known as industrial food processing, highly processed) is frequently used, despite the lack of an accepted, standard definition.
  18. 在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 (1) 未加工或最低限度加工(植物和動物的可食用部分); (2) 加工食品配料(通過壓榨、精煉、研磨或碾磨從最低限度加工食品中提取的食品配料); (3) 加工食品(前兩組中添加了鹽、糖或脂肪的食物); (4) 超加工食品(前一類食品,不包含鹽、甜味劑或脂肪,包括人工色素、香料和防腐劑,可促進貨架穩定性、保持質地和增加適口性)。 In the NOVA system, foods are grouped into (1) unprocessed or minimally processed (edible parts of plants and animals); (2) processed culinary ingredients (food ingredients derived from a minimally processed food by pressing, refining, grinding, or milling); (3) processed foods (foods from either of the 2 previous groups that have added salt, sugar, or fats); and (4) ultra-processed foods (foods from the previous group that go beyond the incorporation of salt, sweeteners, or fat to include artificial colors and flavors and preservatives that promote shelf stability, preserve texture, and increase palatability).
  19. 在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 (1) 未加工或最低限度加工(植物和動物的可食用部分); (2) 加工食品配料(通過壓榨、精煉、研磨或碾磨從最低限度加工食品中提取的食品配料); (3) 加工食品(前兩組中添加了鹽、糖或脂肪的食物); (4) 超加工食品(前一類食品,不包含鹽、甜味劑或脂肪,包括人工色素、香料和防腐劑,可促進貨架穩定性、保持質地和增加適口性)。 In the NOVA system, foods are grouped into (1) unprocessed or minimally processed (edible parts of plants and animals); (2) processed culinary ingredients (food ingredients derived from a minimally processed food by pressing, refining, grinding, or milling); (3) processed foods (foods from either of the 2 previous groups that have added salt, sugar, or fats); and (4) ultra-processed foods (foods from the previous group that go beyond the incorporation of salt, sweeteners, or fat to include artificial colors and flavors and preservatives that promote shelf stability, preserve texture, and increase palatability).
  20. 在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 (1) 未加工或最低限度加工(植物和動物的可食用部分); (2) 加工食品配料(通過壓榨、精煉、研磨或碾磨從最低限度加工食品中提取的食品配料); (3) 加工食品(前兩組中添加了鹽、糖或脂肪的食物); (4) 超加工食品(前一類食品,不包含鹽、甜味劑或脂肪,包括人工色素、香料和防腐劑,可促進貨架穩定性、保持質地和增加適口性)。 In the NOVA system, foods are grouped into (1) unprocessed or minimally processed (edible parts of plants and animals); (2) processed culinary ingredients (food ingredients derived from a minimally processed food by pressing, refining, grinding, or milling); (3) processed foods (foods from either of the 2 previous groups that have added salt, sugar, or fats); and (4) ultra-processed foods (foods from the previous group that go beyond the incorporation of salt, sweeteners, or fat to include artificial colors and flavors and preservatives that promote shelf stability, preserve texture, and increase palatability).
  21. 在 NOVA 系統中,食品分為 (1) 未加工或最低限度加工(植物和動物的可食用部分); (2) 加工食品配料(通過壓榨、精煉、研磨或碾磨從最低限度加工食品中提取的食品配料); (3) 加工食品(前兩組中添加了鹽、糖或脂肪的食物); (4) 超加工食品(前一類食品,不包含鹽、甜味劑或脂肪,包括人工色素、香料和防腐劑,可促進貨架穩定性、保持質地和增加適口性)。 In the NOVA system, foods are grouped into (1) unprocessed or minimally processed (edible parts of plants and animals); (2) processed culinary ingredients (food ingredients derived from a minimally processed food by pressing, refining, grinding, or milling); (3) processed foods (foods from either of the 2 previous groups that have added salt, sugar, or fats); and (4) ultra-processed foods (foods from the previous group that go beyond the incorporation of salt, sweeteners, or fat to include artificial colors and flavors and preservatives that promote shelf stability, preserve texture, and increase palatability).
  22. 在世界範圍內,精加工食品製造和銷售急劇增長,預計會增長到2024年。 加工食品的銷售額在全球範圍內急劇增加,預計到 2024.43 還會進一步增加
  23. 一項爲期4周的短期試驗表明,過量攝入精加工食品和短期體重增加有關。
  24. 因此,降低膳食中加工食品的含量對健康有益。 A general principle is to emphasize unprocessed or minimally processed foods.
  25. Feature 7: Minimize Intake of Beverages and Foods With Added Sugars
  26. Added sugars refer to any sugars added to a food or beverage during preparation or processing.
  27. Common types of added sugar include glucose, dextrose, sucrose, corn syrup, honey, maple syrup, and concentrated fruit juice. 常見的添加糖包括葡萄糖、蔗糖、右旋糖、玉米糖漿、蜂蜜、楓糖和濃縮果汁。
  28. Added sugars have consistently been associated with elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, CHD, and excess body weight.
  29. There is strong evidence to support a recommendation to minimize the intake of added sugars across the life span, as recommended by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2020年美國飲食指南顧問委員會建議,在人類的整個生命周期內,都要儘量减少添加糖的攝入。
  30. Using low-energy sweeteners to replace added sugars in beverages has been proposed as a means to reduce intake of added sugars and energy. 使用低能量甜味劑來代替添加糖已經被提議爲一種减少膳食添加糖及能量攝入的方法。
  31. However, meta-analyses of clinical trials have reported mixed findings with regard to the effects of low-energy sweeteners on body weight and metabolic outcomes.
  32. Feature 8: Choose and Prepare Foods With Little or No Salt
  33. In general, there is a direct, positive relationship between salt (sodium chloride) intake and blood pressure.97
  34. In randomized trials, lowering sodium intake lowers blood pressure in both nonhypertensive and hypertensive individuals, including those treated with antihypertensive medication, thereby improving the prevention and control of hypertension.1,98
  35. 98. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Press; 2019. doi: 10.17226/25353 99. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ. 1988;297:319–328. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6644.319
  36. In general, the effects of sodium reduction on blood pressure tend to be greater in Black individuals, middle-aged and older-aged people, and individuals with hypertension.97
  37. The combination of the DASH diet and reduced sodium is greater than either approach alone.51 一般來說,高鹽(氯化鈉)飲食和高血壓有直接關聯。和其他單一飲食模式相比,降低鈉鹽攝入配合DASH飲食效果最佳。
  38. In the United States, the leading sources of dietary sodium are processed foods, foods prepared outside the home, packaged foods, and restaurant foods, together accounting for almost three-quarters of total dietary sodium.
  39. A promising alternative is replacement of regular salt with potassium-enriched salts, especially in settings in which the addition of salt during food preparation is the most common source.
  40. Feature 9: If You Do Not Drink Alcohol, Do Not Start; If You Choose to Drink Alcohol, Limit Intake
  41. For certain outcomes, the relation is direct, that is, as alcohol intake increases, so does the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and atrial fibrillation.
  42. For CHD and ischemic stroke, there is a J- or U-shaped relationship, with the lowest risk at low alcohol intake, ≈1 to 2 drinks per day, and higher risks at no intake and higher intake. 然而,對於冠心病和缺血性卒中,飲酒與疾病發展存在J型或U型相關,即每日飲酒1-2杯引起疾病的風險最小,不飲酒和過量飲酒均會增加風險。
  43. 儘管低攝入量與 CHD 和缺血性中風的風險較低有關,但 AHA 不支持在任何水平開始飲酒以改善 CVD 健康,因為淨健康影響的不確定性,特別是考慮到酒精的有害影響關於許多其他結果(傷害、暴力、消化系統疾病、傳染病、妊娠結局和癌症)。 Although low intake has been associated with a lower risk of CHD and ischemic stroke, the AHA does not support initiation of alcohol intake at any level to improve CVD health, given the uncertainty about net health effects, especially in light of the deleterious effects of alcohol on numerous other outcomes (injuries, violence, digestive diseases, infectious diseases, pregnancy out comes, and cancer).
  44. The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee recently concluded that those who do drink should consume no more than 1 drink per day and should not drink alcohol in binges.
  45. In contrast, the 2020 to 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans continues to recommend no more than 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men.
  46. Feature 10: Adhere to This Guidance Regardless of Wherever Food Is Prepared or Consumed